This is the third paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the Ancient
Egypt era. The industry of necklaces in Ancient Egypt is investigated over seven periods of Ancient Egypt History from
Predynastic to Late Period. The paper presents samples of necklaces from the seven periods and tries to analyze each sample
showing its materials and location if known. The various designs of necklaces are outlined showing the characteristics of each
design.
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian pyramids such as why parts are missing now, their internal structures, how long they took to build, why they were built, the materials used, the oldest and youngest pyramids, their sizes, artifacts found around them, who built them, and why they have their distinctive shape. It provides details on the capstones, outer walls, ventilation shafts and chambers, grand gallery, queen's chamber, estimated construction timelines, their purpose as pharaoh tombs, stone types used, the oldest at Djoser and youngest pyramids, dimensions of pyramids at Giza, buried skeletons and boats found, and that specialized builders rather than slaves constructed them
1) The Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis, Greece is the largest ancient tomb ever discovered in Greece. It has multiple chambers decorated with sculptures and mosaics.
2) The tomb is surrounded by a tall marble wall and had a large stone lion on top. Its entrance features two headless sphinx statues.
3) Three chambers have been explored so far, containing sculptures like caryatids and a mosaic floor depicting figures from Greek mythology. A grave containing a skeleton was found in the third chamber.
The history of the discovery, excavation, construction, and features of the Terracotta Army, as well as a brief biography of its creator, the first Emperor of China. Great for a class presentation. Approximately 10-20 minutes long to present.
The document discusses various architectural elements used in Roman structures such as arches, barrel vaults, groin vaults and domes. It explains how arches work by converting tensile stresses into compression, allowing Romans to span greater distances with stone than previous builders. It then provides examples of specific Roman architectural features like Roman concrete and various temple designs.
The Etruscans inhabited central Italy between the Arno and Tiber rivers from the 7th century to 89 BCE. They emerged as a distinct culture with wealthy city-states and were originally influenced by Mesopotamian and Greek art. Over time, Etruscan art became more Greek in style as they traded extensively with Greece. Etruscan rule over Rome ended in the 5th century BCE and their culture was gradually assimilated into the growing Roman Republic and Empire. Roman art was initially inspired by Greek styles but developed its own forms like veristic portraiture and architecture using concrete, which spread across Europe and the Mediterranean as the Empire expanded over centuries.
The document summarizes and describes several ancient Greek sculptures from the 5th century BC, including the Kritios Boy statue from 480 BC, the Riace Bronze Warriors from around 460-450 BC, the Charioteer of Delphi statue from around 470 BC, and Myron's Discobolos statue from around 450 BC. It discusses the development of contrapposto stance and details features like material, size, and stylistic elements of the works.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para enderezar una imagen distorsionada en Photoshop en 9 pasos: 1) duplicar la capa original, 2) mostrar la cuadrícula, 3) usar la transformación libre para alinear las columnas, 4) estirar la imagen verticalmente si es necesario, 5) modificar el tamaño de la imagen para aumentar su altura y dar una sensación de mayor altura al edificio.
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian pyramids such as why parts are missing now, their internal structures, how long they took to build, why they were built, the materials used, the oldest and youngest pyramids, their sizes, artifacts found around them, who built them, and why they have their distinctive shape. It provides details on the capstones, outer walls, ventilation shafts and chambers, grand gallery, queen's chamber, estimated construction timelines, their purpose as pharaoh tombs, stone types used, the oldest at Djoser and youngest pyramids, dimensions of pyramids at Giza, buried skeletons and boats found, and that specialized builders rather than slaves constructed them
1) The Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis, Greece is the largest ancient tomb ever discovered in Greece. It has multiple chambers decorated with sculptures and mosaics.
2) The tomb is surrounded by a tall marble wall and had a large stone lion on top. Its entrance features two headless sphinx statues.
3) Three chambers have been explored so far, containing sculptures like caryatids and a mosaic floor depicting figures from Greek mythology. A grave containing a skeleton was found in the third chamber.
The history of the discovery, excavation, construction, and features of the Terracotta Army, as well as a brief biography of its creator, the first Emperor of China. Great for a class presentation. Approximately 10-20 minutes long to present.
The document discusses various architectural elements used in Roman structures such as arches, barrel vaults, groin vaults and domes. It explains how arches work by converting tensile stresses into compression, allowing Romans to span greater distances with stone than previous builders. It then provides examples of specific Roman architectural features like Roman concrete and various temple designs.
The Etruscans inhabited central Italy between the Arno and Tiber rivers from the 7th century to 89 BCE. They emerged as a distinct culture with wealthy city-states and were originally influenced by Mesopotamian and Greek art. Over time, Etruscan art became more Greek in style as they traded extensively with Greece. Etruscan rule over Rome ended in the 5th century BCE and their culture was gradually assimilated into the growing Roman Republic and Empire. Roman art was initially inspired by Greek styles but developed its own forms like veristic portraiture and architecture using concrete, which spread across Europe and the Mediterranean as the Empire expanded over centuries.
The document summarizes and describes several ancient Greek sculptures from the 5th century BC, including the Kritios Boy statue from 480 BC, the Riace Bronze Warriors from around 460-450 BC, the Charioteer of Delphi statue from around 470 BC, and Myron's Discobolos statue from around 450 BC. It discusses the development of contrapposto stance and details features like material, size, and stylistic elements of the works.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para enderezar una imagen distorsionada en Photoshop en 9 pasos: 1) duplicar la capa original, 2) mostrar la cuadrícula, 3) usar la transformación libre para alinear las columnas, 4) estirar la imagen verticalmente si es necesario, 5) modificar el tamaño de la imagen para aumentar su altura y dar una sensación de mayor altura al edificio.
The document describes various bronze artifacts and statues for sale from an ancient Roman and Egyptian art gallery. It includes summaries of over 50 bronze items from Roman and Egyptian antiquity ranging from small pendants and statues to larger door knockers and candlestick holders. The pieces date from 100 BC to 300 AD and range in price from $100 to $3,200. The gallery offers these authentic ancient bronze and faience artifacts for sale and provides contact information for purchases.
This document analyzes a faience tile from the Djoser Step Pyramid through non-destructive testing methods to explore the possibility of low-temperature glazing. X-ray fluorescence, environmental scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and micro-computed tomography were used to analyze the tile's composition and microstructure. The results provide some evidence that may support hypotheses of low-temperature glazing, though the phosphorus content alone does not fully explain the phenomena. The glazing method appears to be application and further research is needed.
One of the most interesting and collectible artifacts from
ancient Egypt is the ushabti, the magical statue found in
tombs. Magic played an important role in the daily life of
the ancient Egyptians. Part of their magic was the belief that amulets and statues would protect them from perils, both real and imagined, in their daily lives and in the next world.
Visit our website www.sadighgallery.com to see our entire Ushabti collection and more...
Jewelry in Ramesside Egypt served religious, status, and utilitarian purposes. Religiously, jewelry adorned statues of gods and was included in burials to protect the dead. Materials like gold, silver, and gemstones symbolized parts of the gods and were seen as protective. Jewelry exhibited the status and wealth of pharaohs and officials through ornate pieces awarded by the king. Both men and women displayed their rank through jewelry. Amulets protected the living from harm. Functionally, signet rings and necklaces identified roles. Overall, jewelry production supported religious rituals and expressed the social hierarchy of this Egyptian period.
This document discusses the use of ancient Egyptian shabti figurines and faience ceramics in burial practices from 2000-340 BCE. It then describes ongoing research using the Australian Synchrotron to analyze the chemical composition and production techniques of faience through non-destructive testing. This includes identifying that copper was used to create the characteristic blue-green glaze but the form of copper used is still unknown. The research aims to better understand faience and the role of women and trade in its production.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
The document discusses the art and culture of the Etruscans in Italy before the rise of Rome. It examines their origins, geographical locations, and art including architecture, sculpture, and funerary art. Some key aspects discussed include that Etruscan temple architecture differed from Greek temples in materials and placement of statuary. Etruscan tombs and sarcophagi provide insight into their funerary customs and beliefs. Their wall paintings depicted scenes of daily life and revealed social practices. Etruscan art was influenced over time by the Greeks and Romans through contact and eventual conquest.
This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues
during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical
design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined
The earliest known metal castings date back to around 3000BC and were typically made of copper for weapons and religious idols. Casting originated in the Middle East and India using clay molds. During World War 2, investment casting became important for producing precision metal parts for military needs. It has since expanded into commercial applications. Around 1100AD, the lost wax method was documented and advanced casting techniques. Today, casting is used to create complex precision parts for applications like aerospace through advanced computer technologies.
The document provides an overview of Etruscan art and civilization from 1000 BCE to 100 BCE. It discusses the Etruscan cities and origins, as well as art from different periods. Key points include:
1) The Etruscans flourished in modern Tuscany, Italy for around 900 years and greatly influenced Roman art and architecture.
2) Early Etruscan art was influenced by Greek styles and featured luxurious objects incorporating Eastern motifs made from local minerals.
3) Temple architecture consisted of wood structures on stone platforms decorated with terracotta statues. Rock cut tombs resembled houses and were decorated with paintings.
4) Late Etruscan art
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
1. Egyptian cultural heritage spanning over 7,000 years is preserved in museums, showcasing civilizations from prehistoric to modern times.
2. Ancient Egyptians wore jewelry for decoration, as magical amulets, and to display wealth and status. Ornaments were made from materials available in Egypt like stone, bone, ivory, gold, and copper.
3. Jewelry styles evolved over time but commonly included necklaces, earrings, rings, and costume pieces like headdresses. Specific pieces were believed to have protective properties. Metals and gemstones were sourced locally or imported and used widely in ancient Egyptian jewelry.
Elise Morero: Fatimid rock crystal carving techniques (10th -12th century AD) International Framework
Lecture held at the Conference "Gemstones in the first Millennium AD. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism", October 21 2015, at the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Germany.
This document summarizes stone statues produced in ancient Egypt between the 11th and 17th Dynasties (2050-1550 BC). It presents 9 stone statues from the 11th and 12th Dynasties, including statues of kings, stewards, and officials made of materials like limestone, sandstone, granite and quartzite. The last example shown is a quartzite block statue from the late 12th Dynasty. No further statues are described from the 13th to 17th Dynasties.
The document discusses the Etruscan civilization of ancient Italy. It examines the origins, geography, art, architecture, and funerary practices of the Etruscans. Key points include that the Etruscans inhabited central Italy north of Rome, their origins are unknown but they were influenced by eastern Mediterranean cultures, and they are known for elaborate tombs decorated with wall paintings that depict daily life and the afterlife.
This document provides information about earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. It discusses the various types of earrings such as hoop, dangle, and stud earrings. It also discusses the materials used to make jewelry such as gold, silver, and gemstones. The document then gives a brief history of earrings, necklaces, and bracelets, noting that some of the oldest earrings were discovered in Iraq dating back to 2500 BC and that ancient Egyptians wore elaborate necklaces and bracelets as part of their dress. It provides context that early bracelets and charms date back thousands of years.
This chapter discusses Prehistoric Aegean art, including the Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures. It covers Cycladic marble sculptures from islands in the Aegean Sea dated around 2500 BCE. Minoan culture centered on Crete, with the palace at Knossos exhibiting advanced architecture and frescoes depicting daily life. Mycenaean palaces on the Greek mainland were influenced by Minoan styles but developed corbeled stonework and depicted martial themes in their pottery.
The document analyzes slate ornaments called tezcacuitlapilli from Teotihuacan through various chemical and physical analyses. Ten representative specimens from the Pareyon Collection were studied. The analyses revealed that three different types of slate were used. Pigments on the ornaments contained gypsum, iron oxide, and other materials. Many of the ornaments featured bas-reliefs depicting people, monsters, butterflies, and other symbols. The ornaments were identified as coming from the Cave of the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan based on photographs and previous literature. The goal was to better understand the materials and symbolic meanings represented on the artifacts.
Introduction to the history of jewelry, specifically aimed at teaching wire jewelry, so is thus described as a selective overview as many important historicall aspects have been omitted due to the context of the lesson
This document provides an overview of Prehistoric Aegean art, including Cycladic sculptures from 2500-2300 BCE which depicted stylized female and male figures. It also discusses Minoan culture on Crete from 1700-1400 BCE, noting their advanced palace architecture at sites like Knossos with frescoes depicting bull leaping. Minoan pottery styles like Kamares Ware featured naturalistic imagery. The document also describes Mycenaean culture from 1400-1200 BCE, noting their fortified palaces at sites like Mycenae and Tiryns showed Minoan influence mixed with mainland styles like the Lion Gate entrance.
The document describes various bronze artifacts and statues for sale from an ancient Roman and Egyptian art gallery. It includes summaries of over 50 bronze items from Roman and Egyptian antiquity ranging from small pendants and statues to larger door knockers and candlestick holders. The pieces date from 100 BC to 300 AD and range in price from $100 to $3,200. The gallery offers these authentic ancient bronze and faience artifacts for sale and provides contact information for purchases.
This document analyzes a faience tile from the Djoser Step Pyramid through non-destructive testing methods to explore the possibility of low-temperature glazing. X-ray fluorescence, environmental scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and micro-computed tomography were used to analyze the tile's composition and microstructure. The results provide some evidence that may support hypotheses of low-temperature glazing, though the phosphorus content alone does not fully explain the phenomena. The glazing method appears to be application and further research is needed.
One of the most interesting and collectible artifacts from
ancient Egypt is the ushabti, the magical statue found in
tombs. Magic played an important role in the daily life of
the ancient Egyptians. Part of their magic was the belief that amulets and statues would protect them from perils, both real and imagined, in their daily lives and in the next world.
Visit our website www.sadighgallery.com to see our entire Ushabti collection and more...
Jewelry in Ramesside Egypt served religious, status, and utilitarian purposes. Religiously, jewelry adorned statues of gods and was included in burials to protect the dead. Materials like gold, silver, and gemstones symbolized parts of the gods and were seen as protective. Jewelry exhibited the status and wealth of pharaohs and officials through ornate pieces awarded by the king. Both men and women displayed their rank through jewelry. Amulets protected the living from harm. Functionally, signet rings and necklaces identified roles. Overall, jewelry production supported religious rituals and expressed the social hierarchy of this Egyptian period.
This document discusses the use of ancient Egyptian shabti figurines and faience ceramics in burial practices from 2000-340 BCE. It then describes ongoing research using the Australian Synchrotron to analyze the chemical composition and production techniques of faience through non-destructive testing. This includes identifying that copper was used to create the characteristic blue-green glaze but the form of copper used is still unknown. The research aims to better understand faience and the role of women and trade in its production.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
The document discusses the art and culture of the Etruscans in Italy before the rise of Rome. It examines their origins, geographical locations, and art including architecture, sculpture, and funerary art. Some key aspects discussed include that Etruscan temple architecture differed from Greek temples in materials and placement of statuary. Etruscan tombs and sarcophagi provide insight into their funerary customs and beliefs. Their wall paintings depicted scenes of daily life and revealed social practices. Etruscan art was influenced over time by the Greeks and Romans through contact and eventual conquest.
This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues
during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical
design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined
The earliest known metal castings date back to around 3000BC and were typically made of copper for weapons and religious idols. Casting originated in the Middle East and India using clay molds. During World War 2, investment casting became important for producing precision metal parts for military needs. It has since expanded into commercial applications. Around 1100AD, the lost wax method was documented and advanced casting techniques. Today, casting is used to create complex precision parts for applications like aerospace through advanced computer technologies.
The document provides an overview of Etruscan art and civilization from 1000 BCE to 100 BCE. It discusses the Etruscan cities and origins, as well as art from different periods. Key points include:
1) The Etruscans flourished in modern Tuscany, Italy for around 900 years and greatly influenced Roman art and architecture.
2) Early Etruscan art was influenced by Greek styles and featured luxurious objects incorporating Eastern motifs made from local minerals.
3) Temple architecture consisted of wood structures on stone platforms decorated with terracotta statues. Rock cut tombs resembled houses and were decorated with paintings.
4) Late Etruscan art
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
1. Egyptian cultural heritage spanning over 7,000 years is preserved in museums, showcasing civilizations from prehistoric to modern times.
2. Ancient Egyptians wore jewelry for decoration, as magical amulets, and to display wealth and status. Ornaments were made from materials available in Egypt like stone, bone, ivory, gold, and copper.
3. Jewelry styles evolved over time but commonly included necklaces, earrings, rings, and costume pieces like headdresses. Specific pieces were believed to have protective properties. Metals and gemstones were sourced locally or imported and used widely in ancient Egyptian jewelry.
Elise Morero: Fatimid rock crystal carving techniques (10th -12th century AD) International Framework
Lecture held at the Conference "Gemstones in the first Millennium AD. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism", October 21 2015, at the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Germany.
This document summarizes stone statues produced in ancient Egypt between the 11th and 17th Dynasties (2050-1550 BC). It presents 9 stone statues from the 11th and 12th Dynasties, including statues of kings, stewards, and officials made of materials like limestone, sandstone, granite and quartzite. The last example shown is a quartzite block statue from the late 12th Dynasty. No further statues are described from the 13th to 17th Dynasties.
The document discusses the Etruscan civilization of ancient Italy. It examines the origins, geography, art, architecture, and funerary practices of the Etruscans. Key points include that the Etruscans inhabited central Italy north of Rome, their origins are unknown but they were influenced by eastern Mediterranean cultures, and they are known for elaborate tombs decorated with wall paintings that depict daily life and the afterlife.
This document provides information about earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. It discusses the various types of earrings such as hoop, dangle, and stud earrings. It also discusses the materials used to make jewelry such as gold, silver, and gemstones. The document then gives a brief history of earrings, necklaces, and bracelets, noting that some of the oldest earrings were discovered in Iraq dating back to 2500 BC and that ancient Egyptians wore elaborate necklaces and bracelets as part of their dress. It provides context that early bracelets and charms date back thousands of years.
This chapter discusses Prehistoric Aegean art, including the Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures. It covers Cycladic marble sculptures from islands in the Aegean Sea dated around 2500 BCE. Minoan culture centered on Crete, with the palace at Knossos exhibiting advanced architecture and frescoes depicting daily life. Mycenaean palaces on the Greek mainland were influenced by Minoan styles but developed corbeled stonework and depicted martial themes in their pottery.
The document analyzes slate ornaments called tezcacuitlapilli from Teotihuacan through various chemical and physical analyses. Ten representative specimens from the Pareyon Collection were studied. The analyses revealed that three different types of slate were used. Pigments on the ornaments contained gypsum, iron oxide, and other materials. Many of the ornaments featured bas-reliefs depicting people, monsters, butterflies, and other symbols. The ornaments were identified as coming from the Cave of the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan based on photographs and previous literature. The goal was to better understand the materials and symbolic meanings represented on the artifacts.
Introduction to the history of jewelry, specifically aimed at teaching wire jewelry, so is thus described as a selective overview as many important historicall aspects have been omitted due to the context of the lesson
This document provides an overview of Prehistoric Aegean art, including Cycladic sculptures from 2500-2300 BCE which depicted stylized female and male figures. It also discusses Minoan culture on Crete from 1700-1400 BCE, noting their advanced palace architecture at sites like Knossos with frescoes depicting bull leaping. Minoan pottery styles like Kamares Ware featured naturalistic imagery. The document also describes Mycenaean culture from 1400-1200 BCE, noting their fortified palaces at sites like Mycenae and Tiryns showed Minoan influence mixed with mainland styles like the Lion Gate entrance.
The document provides a brief history of different brooch styles from ancient times to present day, including:
- Spina brooches from Roman times, some of the earliest "brooches" used to fasten clothing.
- Fibulae, similar to modern safety pins, were commonly used across Europe to fasten clothing from antiquity through medieval periods.
- Penannular and annular brooches from the 8th-10th centuries that took the form of incomplete or complete rings.
- Discoidal brooches from the 6th-15th centuries with decorative fronts and pin mechanisms on the back.
- Luckenbooth and Sølje brooches of Scotland
This document discusses the prehistoric Aegean cultures of the Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean civilizations. It describes Cycladic marble figurines from 2500-2300 BCE. It then covers Minoan culture on Crete, including the elaborate palace at Knossos and vibrant frescoes depicting scenes like bull leaping. Minoan pottery evolved over time, from early Kamares ware to later Marine Style jars. The document next examines Mycenaean culture, including fortified citadels and palaces with features like the Lion Gate. Mycenaean artifacts include gold masks and an inlaid dagger from tombs at Mycenae. The document compares artistic
British Museum has a “permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum in the world.
The Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation” Wikipedia.
This document discusses the origins and development of Islamic art and architecture from the 7th century onwards. It examines early Islamic structures like the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus, noting their derivation from pre-Islamic Near Eastern traditions. Key architectural elements of mosques are defined, and the spread of Islamic architecture across regions like North Africa, Spain, Turkey, Iran and India is chronicled. Specific art forms like calligraphy, tilework, carpet weaving and metalworking that flourished under Islam are also explored.
Similar to [IJET-V2I1P11] Authors:Galal Ali Hassaan (20)
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
This document summarizes a study that determined the liberation size of gold ore from the Iperindo-Ilesha deposit in Nigeria and assessed its amenability to froth flotation. Samples of the ore were collected and subjected to sieve analysis to determine particle size fractions. Chemical analysis found that the actual and economic liberation sizes were 45μm and 250μm, respectively. Froth flotation experiments at 45μm particle size and varying collector dosages achieved a maximum gold recovery of 78.93% at 0.3 mol/dm3 collector dosage, with concentrate grade of 115 ppm Au. These parameters will be used for further processing to extract gold from this deposit.
This document presents a proposal for an IOT-based intelligent baby care system with a web application for remote baby monitoring. The system uses sensors to automatically swing a cradle when a baby cries, sound alarms if the baby cries for too long or the mattress is wet, and sends alerts to a web page for parents to monitor the baby's status from anywhere via internet connection. The proposed system aims to help working parents manage childcare remotely using sensors, a Raspberry Pi, web camera, and cloud server to detect the baby's activities and notify parents through a web application on their phone.
This document discusses various sources of water pollution and new techniques being developed for water purification. It begins by outlining how water pollution occurs from industrial wastes like mining and manufacturing, agricultural runoff containing pesticides, and domestic waste. It then examines some specific pollutants in more depth from these sources. New techniques under research for water purification are also mentioned, with the goal of developing more affordable methods. The document aims to analyze the impact of pollutants on water and introduce promising new purification techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on using big data methodologies with IoT and its applications. It discusses how big data analytics is being used across various fields like engineering, data management, and more. It also discusses how IoT enables the collection of massive amounts of data from sensors and devices. Machine learning techniques are used to analyze this big data from IoT and enable communication between devices. The document provides examples of domains where big data and IoT are being applied, such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and others. It analyzes the similarities and differences in how big data techniques are used across these IoT domains.
The document describes a proposed smart library automation and monitoring system using RFID technology. The system uses RFID tags attached to books and student ID cards. An RFID scanner reads the tags to automate processes like tracking student entry and exit, book check-in/check-out, and inventory management. This allows transactions to occur without manual intervention. The system also includes an Android app for students to search books and check availability. The goals are to streamline library operations, prevent unauthorized access, and help locate misplaced books. Raspberry Pi hardware and a MySQL database are part of the proposed implementation.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes applying principles of Vedic mathematics to optimize the design of multipliers, squarers, and cubers. It begins by providing background on multipliers and their importance in electronic systems. It then reviews related work applying Vedic mathematics to multiplier design. The document outlines the methodology for performing multiplication, squaring, and cubing according to Vedic mathematics principles. It presents simulation and synthesis results comparing the proposed Vedic designs to traditional array-based designs, finding improvements in speed, power, and area. The document concludes that Vedic mathematics provides an effective approach for optimizing the design of these fundamental arithmetic components.
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
fields, for example, computational etymology, Information Retrieval (IR) and data mining. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) methods were utilized to extricate learning from the textual text that is
composed by people. Text mining peruses an unstructured form of data to give important
information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
are an awesome wellspring of correspondence as the vast majority of the general population in this
day and age utilize these destinations in their everyday lives to keep associated with each other. It
turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
this kind of indistinct data; it is elusive out the genuine data arrange. As needs be, we are directing
an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
This document summarizes a research paper on the thermal performance of air conditioners using nanofluids compared to base fluids. Key points:
- Nanofluids, which are liquids containing nanoparticles, can improve heat transfer in heat pipes and cooling systems due to their higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids.
- The document reviews how factors like nanofluid type, nanoparticle size and concentration affect thermal efficiency and heat transfer limits. It also examines using nanofluids to enhance heat exchange in transmission fluids.
- An experimental setup is described to study heat transfer and friction factors of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a horizontal tube under constant heat flux. Temperature, pressure and flow rate are measured
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
More from IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques (20)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
[IJET-V2I1P11] Authors:Galal Ali Hassaan
1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 59
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part III: Jewellery
Industry (Necklaces)
Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
I. INTRODUCTION
The evolution of mechanical engineering goes
through different civilizations of the human beings
over centuries. This is a trial to point how the
mechanical engineering is developed starting from
very old civilizations. Since the Ancient Egyptian
Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations leaving
evidence of its glory up to now, this series of
research papers are devoted to the role of
mechanical engineering in production of different
things required during the daily life of the ancient
Egyptians.
Smith (1960) briefed the history of Ancient Egypt
from Predynastic to the Late Period. He presented
some features of each period through the available
scenes and artefacts including necklaces [1]. Scott
(1972) studied the Egyptian jewellery covering
periods from predynastic to the 19th
dynasty. He
included some necklaces from predynastic period,
18th
dynasty and 19th
dynasty [2]. Pinch (1994)
studied different aspects regarding magic in
Ancient Egypt. He presented samples of necklaces
in Ancient Egypt starting from the predynastic
period where they added amulets to the necklaces
and from the Middle Kingdom [3].
Hardwick et. Al. (2003) presented a gallery for
the Egyptian antiques in the Ashmolean Museum.
His gallery included a necklace from the 12th
dynasty [4]. Tate et. Al. (2009) examined a 17th
dynasty gold necklace by optical microscopy, X-
radiography, air-path X-ray fluorescence and protoe
induced X-ray analysis. They summarized their
findings and proposed the method of manufacture
[5].
II. PREDYNASTIC PERIOD
The predynastic period covers the timeline 5500
– 3100 BC [6]. The first sample of Ancient
Egyptian necklaces is from Badarian (4400 – 3800
BC) and located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
It is shown in Fig.1 [7].
Fig.1 Necklace from Badarian [7].
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
This is the third paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the Ancient
Egypt era. The industry of necklaces in Ancient Egypt is investigated over seven periods of Ancient Egypt History from
Predynastic to Late Period. The paper presents samples of necklaces from the seven periods and tries to analyze each sample
showing its materials and location if known. The various designs of necklaces are outlined showing the characteristics of each
design.
Keywords — Mechanical engineering history, Ancient Egypt, jewellery industry, necklaces, production materials.
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 60
It is composed of a 8 beads of different sizes and
design. Another necklace sample was produced in
4000 BC with beads manufactured from shell, coral,
bone, invory and glazed steatite. A collection of
necklaces produced in the predynastic period is
shown in Fig.2 [8].
Fig.2 Predynastic necklaces 4000 BC [8].
The five necklaces shown in Fig.2 have different
designs.
Another example of necklaces of the Ancient
Egyptians was produced about 4000 BC and
produced from shell, coral, bone, invory and glazed
steatite. The necklace is shown in Fig.3 [9]. It is
consisted of a large number of small beads with
three amulets at the middle on the chest including a
hippo in the centre.
Fig.4 Predynastic necklace 4000 BC [9].
The last model in this period returns to 3200 BC.
Fig.5 shown two necklaces from late predynastic
found in a tomb in Gerza south of Egypt [10]. The
necklaces have beads manufactured from lapis
lazuli, carnelian, agate and gold. Separate beads
manufactured from iron of different size are also
shown in Fig.5 (2000 years befor Egypt's iron age).
Fig.5 Predynastic necklaces 3200 BC [10].
III. OLD KINGDOM
It looks that the great pharaohs of this period had
paid all their attention to building the great
structures such as pyramids and statues. I could not
find enough samples of necklaces from this period.
It seems that its a continuation of the predynastic
and early dynasties. Fig.6 shows a necklace from
the 4th
dynasty located in the FitzWiliam Museum
[11]. It has 3 long faience beads, round carnelian
bead, 2 bone or shell beads, 2 dual conical green
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 61
faience beads. All beads are separated by small ring
faience beads [11].
Fig.6 Necklace from the 4th
dynasty [11].
IV. MIDDLE KINGDOM
Well designed and accurately produced necklaces
with excellent use of available and new materials
appeared during this period of Ancient Egypt
history. Fig.7 shows a necklace for Queen Khnumit
from the 12th
dynasty is shown in Fig.7 [12].
Fig.7 Necklace of queen Khnumit of the 12th
dynasty [11].
The are a series of 10 amulets on either sides of
the central symbol Ankh (Ancient Egyptian
Symbol). The amulets are located between 2
columns of golden beads. The amulets are
manufactured from gold and semiprecious stones:
carnelian, turquoise and lapis lazuli. There are 60
pendants joined to the outer beads row. The
necklace is fastened using two falcon heads at the
two ends of the necklace. The complexity of the
design is clear and the high technology of units
production and necklace assembly is dominant.
Another different design model from the 12th
dynasty is shown in Fig.8 [13].
Fig.8 Faience necklace from 12th
dynasty [13].
The beads have graduating diameter from
smallest at the end to largest in the middle and are
produced from faience. The beads are spaced by
thin carnelian beads.
An outstanding and fantastic model of necklaces
of this period is that of Sathathor the daughter of
Pharaoh Senwosrt II of the 12th
dynasty. The
necklace is shown in Fig.9 [14]. It has beads
manufactured from carnelian of different colours
and sizes. The long beads are separated by small
blue ball beads. There is a pendant in the front
presenting 2 falcons holding the Pharaoh cartouche.
Fig.9 Necklace of Sathathor from 12th
dynasty [14].
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
The last example from the middle kingdom is a
unique necklace manufactured from the gold
alloy (electrum). Fig.10 shows the electrum
necklace [15]. Its length is 154 mm and it is located
in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Fig.10 Electrum necklace from the middle
kingdom[15].
V. SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
This is one of the weakness periods in the
Ancient Egyptian history. Even though we have
some samples of necklaces in this historical
period between 1780 to 1546 BC. Fig.11 a long
necklace from Thebes of Upper Egypt [16]. It is
manufactured from garnet, gold, silver, carnelian,
blue faience and turquoise. Its length is 340 mm
and is located in the Metropolitan Museum of
Art.
Fig.11 Long necklace from the 2nd
intermediate
period [16].
Another necklace model from the 17
shown in Fig.12 [5]. It consists of a large number of
thin gold rings. There is one strand at the back split
into 4 strands in the front. It is located in the
National Museum Scotland.
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan -
The last example from the middle kingdom is a
unique necklace manufactured from the gold-silver
alloy (electrum). Fig.10 shows the electrum
necklace [15]. Its length is 154 mm and it is located
ecklace from the middle
PERIOD
This is one of the weakness periods in the
Ancient Egyptian history. Even though we have
some samples of necklaces in this historical
Fig.11 a long
from Thebes of Upper Egypt [16]. It is
manufactured from garnet, gold, silver, carnelian,
s length is 340 mm
is located in the Metropolitan Museum of
intermediate
Another necklace model from the 17th
dynasty is
shown in Fig.12 [5]. It consists of a large number of
thin gold rings. There is one strand at the back split
into 4 strands in the front. It is located in the
Fig.12 17th
dynasty necklace [5].
VI. NEW KINGDOM
The new kingdom is the greet kingdom in
Ancient Egypt and it is expected to demonstrate
a large collection of its necklaces either for the
Pharaohs, Nobles of public.
Fig.13 shows a necklace of faience beads and
carnelian amulet from the 18th
dynasty [17]. The
necklace was donated to the Kelsey Museum of
Archaeology by William Petrie in 1923.
Fig.13 Faience necklace from 18
The beads are gradually increasing in size from
back to front without spacing beads.
Another faience beads necklace is shown in
Fig.14 [18]. It has 2 strands with long dual
beads and short ball spacers. The strands are
connected near the necklace fasteni
- Feb 2016
dynasty necklace [5].
The new kingdom is the greet kingdom in
Ancient Egypt and it is expected to demonstrate
a large collection of its necklaces either for the
Fig.13 shows a necklace of faience beads and
dynasty [17]. The
Kelsey Museum of
Archaeology by William Petrie in 1923.
Fig.13 Faience necklace from 18th
dynasty [17].
are gradually increasing in size from
back to front without spacing beads.
Another faience beads necklace is shown in
with long dual-conical
beads and short ball spacers. The strands are
connected near the necklace fastening device. The
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 63
outer strand has aqua beads with two spacers one
yellow and one aqua. The inner strand has dark blue
beads and aqua single spacers.
Fig.14 Two strands necklace from the 18th
dynasty
[18].
A multiple materials necklace from the 18th
dynasty is shown in Fig.15 [19]. It has a big
pendant in the front centre and a single strand
beads ended with a number of blue cords at the
back of the necklace not to harm the user. It is
manufactured from faience, copper alloy, glass,
agate, carnelian, lapis lazuli and turquoise.
Fig.15 Multiple materials necklace from the 18th
dynasty [19].
More sophistication in necklaces industry
appeared in this period. This is illustrated in the
sample shown in Fig.16 which was found in Zawyet
el-alaryan of Egypt [20]. The beads are
manufactured from carnelian and gold. The
carnelian beads increases gradually in size from the
end at back to the front centre. The biggest bead is
at the centre and has a dual-conical shape. The first
20 beads from both sides of the fastener have
almost no spacer beads. The last three carnelian
beads are separated from each other and from the
main carnelian bead by three or four gold beads.
The gold beads are completely symmetric.
Fig.16 Carnelian and gold beads necklace [20].
The ancient Egyptians in the new kingdom
were innovative in thinking and jewellery design.
The used insects and animals to decorate their
necklaces. For example they used fly as a main unit
in producing the necklace shown in Fig.17 [21].
There 38 gold fly pendants separated by two small
ball bead. There is a fastener at each end of the
necklace
Fig.17 Gold fly necklace [21].
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 64
Here, a sample of using the designer both insects
and animals as important symbols in designing 18th
dynasty necklaces. The designer used a scarab and
two monkeys in the pendant of one of Pharaoh
Tutankhamun necklaces. It is shown in Fig.18 [22].
Fig.18 Pendant necklace of Pharaoh Tut [22].
It is manufactured from gold and a number of
semiprecious stones. The scarab carries a ball
representing the sun and the monkeys carry a
crescent representing the moon and enclosing the
sun.
The have used also plants in decorating their
necklaces and indicating the wealth of Egypt. For
example they used a gold date-shaped pendants in a
necklace from the 18th
dynasty as shown in Fig.19
[20].
Fig.19 Gold necklace with date-shaped pendants
[20].
It is composed of about 68 gold pendent of date
shape spaced by spherical beads. There are 20
spherical beads at the end around the fastener.
From the 19th
dynasty we have a golden necklace
of Queen Tausret, the last Pharaoh of the 19th
dynasty. Her golden necklace is shown in Fig.20
[23].
Fig.20 Gold necklace of queen Tausret [23].
It is consisted of 80 gold spherical beads and 26
gold pendants having a plant shape. It is located in
the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
In the third intermediate period classical
materials such as faience and semiprecious stones
were in use by the Egyptian jewellery engineers and
technicians. A sample of necklaces in this period is
shown in Fig.21 [24]. It has one strand at the back
with large number of small semiprecious stone
beads, split into two strands of same size beads and
faience amulet in the front middle of the necklace.
It is located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Fig.21 Semiprecious stone necklace [24].
Necklaces of Pharaohs have gold with
semiprecious stones as materials used in necklace
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 65
production. For example, Fig.22 shows a necklace
for Pharaoh Psusannes I of the 21st
dynasty [25]. It
is consisted of two strands ending at the back at the
fastener. The outer strand composes 24 spherical
lapis lazuli beads and one spherical gold bead. The
inlet strand composes 22 bead and one gold bead.
Fig.22 Pharaoh Psusennes I necklace [25].
A sophisticated necklace model for Pharaoh
Pasussennes I is shown in Fig.23. It weighs more
than six kg and manufactured from gold, lapis lazuli
and agate [26]. It consists of five golden strands
gathered together by a clasp taking the form of the
Pharaoh cartouche. From the clasp comes down 14
pendants taking the form of a palm. It is available in
the Egyptian Museum.
Fig.23 Gold necklace of Psussennse I [26].
The last example of necklaces in the 3rd
intermediate period is from the 22nd
dynasty is
shown in Fig.24 [27].
Fig.24 Necklace from the 22nd
dynasty [27].
It has small red jasper spherical beads separated by
pendants and gold amulets of various shapes. The
pendants and amulets take the form of lotus flowers,
tawerets, Hathor head, fly bird and falkon [27].
VII. LATE PERIOD
We have two necklace models from the 26th
dynasty of the Late Period. The first model is
shown in Fig.25 and consists of one strand shaped
in two loops [28]. The disc beads are manufactured
from faience and joint at the back by silver clasps.
Its lengtj is 482 mm and it is a collection of
Simonian Family of Switzerland.
Fig.25 Two loops necklace of the 26th
dynasty
[28].
The other model is also from the 26th
dynasty.
It is shown in Fig.26 [28].
8. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 66
Fig.26 Six strands necklace of the 26th
dynasty
[28].
The design is completely different than that in
Fig.25. The necklace consists of a single beaded-
strand at the back of the user. The, six strands are
joint to the single strand with a conical ring. The
beads are of the tubular type and have different
colours. Its length is 458 mm and it a collection of
Simonian Family of Switzerland.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
- The paper presented necklaces industry in
Ancient Egypt.
- Samples of necklaces from the predynastic,
old kingdom, middle kingdom, second
intermediate period, new kingdom, third
intermediate period and late kingdom were
presented.
- The ancient Egyptians produced necklaces
with beads, pendants and amulets from
bones, shells, ivory, steatite, iron,
semiprecious stones, silver and gold.
- They designed necklaces with number of
strands from one to six.
- They could produced necklaces of up to 6.3
kg mass.
- They used beads of various configurations:
disc, cylindrical, spherical and dual conical.
- They used pendants and amulets within the
construction of the necklace for decoration
and religious purposes.
- The pendants took the shape of insect, birds
and animals.
- In most of the designs, they used spacer
beads to separate the main beads of the
necklace.
- Some of their designs of necklaces were
attractive and fantastic and remains suitable
for reproduction in all over the world.
REFERENCES
1. W. Smith, “Ancient Egypt as represented in the Museum
of Art, Boston", Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1960 .
2. N. Scott, "Egypt jewelry", Bulletin of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, vol.5, issue 2, pp.223-234, June 1972.
3. G. Pinch, "Magic in Ancient Egypt", British Museum
Press, 1994.
4. T. Hardwick et. Al., "Sackler gallery of Egyptian
antiquities from 1st
dynasty to Byzantine period", The
Ashmolean Museum, 2003.
5. J. Tate, K. Eremin, L. Troalen, M. Guerra, E. Goring and
B. Manley, "The 17th
dynasty gold necklace from Qurneh,
Egypt", Archeo Sciences, vol.33, pp.121-128,2009.
6. E. Teeter (Editor), "Before the pyramids", Oriental
Institute Museum Publications, Chicago, 2011.
7. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/340514421803219131/
8. N. Scott, p.225.
9. G. Pinch, p.10.
10. D. Chow, "Ancient Egyptian jewlry came from outer
space", August 2013,
http://www.livescience.com/38995-egyptian-beads-
made-from-meteorites.html
11. https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=mxAZpKoo-
YwC&pg=PA308&lpg=PA308&dq=old+kingdom+nec
klace+egypt&source=bl&ots=ZnDOH5qS-
s&sig=YjXa7Zra64b3j9c1GpciH1zJ9WU&hl=ar&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwjvgePnucTKAhUMExoKHeYWBeI
4ChDoAQg_MAU#v=onepage&q=old%20kingdom%2
0necklace%20egypt&f=false
12. "About necklace of Princess Khnumit",
http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/H
omeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element
&story_id=&module_id=&element_id=1335&language_id
=1&text=text
13. " An Egyptian carnelian and faience bead necklace,
Middle Kingdom, c.2000 BC - 1700 BC",
http://www.sandsoftimedc.com/products/ej117
14. “The pectoral of Sat-Hathor”,
http://egyptianhistory.libsyn.com/webpage/category/ge
neral/page/2/size/10
15. http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-
online/search/552388
9. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 67
16. " Circlet necklace",
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-
online/search/552182
17. D. Ng, "The Petrie gift in the Kelsey Museum of
Archaeology", Bulletin of the University of
Michigan Museums of Art and Archaeology,
vol.17, 2007.
18. https://www.pinterest.com/ThLapidary/egypt-new-
kingdom-1550-1069-bce/
19. " Menat necklace from Malqata",
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-
online/search/544509
20. https://www.pinterest.com/ThLapidary/egypt-new-
kingdom-1550-1069-bce/
21. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/475903885599958763/
22. https://www.pinterest.com/hirotagood36/ancient-egypt-
tut-objects/
23. " Necklace in Gold Filagree of Queen Tausret",
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-
online/search/544769
24. "Necklace with Bastet pendant",
http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-
online/search/552596
25. " Egyptian Museum - Necklace of Psusennes The
First", https://www.pinterest.com/Josephinadjm/ae-
21st-dynasty-psusennes-i/
26. "ي ول ا دة
ة ا21 ",
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=
376830529160169&id=266948683481688
27. " An Egyptian red jasper and gold necklace",
http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/ancient-art-
antiquities/an-egyptian-red-jasper-and-gold-necklace-
5859340-details.aspx
BIOGRAPHY
Galal Ali Hassaan
• Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics
and Automatic Control.
• Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo
University in 1970 and 1974.
• Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford
University, UK under the supervision of
Late Prof. John Parnaby.
• Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University, EGYPT.
• Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical
Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and
History of Mechanical Engineering.
• Published 10’s of research papers in
international journals and conferences.
• Author of books on Experimental Systems
Control, Experimental Vibrations and
Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.
• Chief Justice of the International Journal of
Computer Techniques.
• Member of the Editorial Board of some
international journals.
• Reviewer in some international journals.
• Scholars interested in the authors
publications can visit:
http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal