This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
This paper is the 27th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in
ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians models for
weavers, carpenters, troops and human being. Each model is presented chronically with present location if known
and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The materials used in producing the models are assigned.
Elise Morero: Fatimid rock crystal carving techniques (10th -12th century AD) International Framework
Lecture held at the Conference "Gemstones in the first Millennium AD. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism", October 21 2015, at the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Germany.
The exhibition features outstanding Archaic Jades, Archaic Bronzes, Buddhist Sculpture, early Ceramics, and Later Dynastic Jades.
All objects are highly interesting, fully curated, and of the high quality for which we are well known.
Highlights include the Very Large Black Jade Double Bi or “8,” Hongshan Culture, Neolithic Period; the Archaic Gold Inlaid Bronze Covered Hu, Late Eastern Zhou Dynasty; the sublime Longmen Head of Buddha, Tang Dynasty; the very rare Painted Pottery Drinking Horse, Tang Dynasty; and the Very Rare Grey Jade Twin Fish Lotus Dish, Qianlong Period.
This catalogue was just published in October, 2021 for our 50th year exhibition in Hong Kong.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
This paper is the 27th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in
ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians models for
weavers, carpenters, troops and human being. Each model is presented chronically with present location if known
and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The materials used in producing the models are assigned.
Elise Morero: Fatimid rock crystal carving techniques (10th -12th century AD) International Framework
Lecture held at the Conference "Gemstones in the first Millennium AD. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism", October 21 2015, at the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Germany.
The exhibition features outstanding Archaic Jades, Archaic Bronzes, Buddhist Sculpture, early Ceramics, and Later Dynastic Jades.
All objects are highly interesting, fully curated, and of the high quality for which we are well known.
Highlights include the Very Large Black Jade Double Bi or “8,” Hongshan Culture, Neolithic Period; the Archaic Gold Inlaid Bronze Covered Hu, Late Eastern Zhou Dynasty; the sublime Longmen Head of Buddha, Tang Dynasty; the very rare Painted Pottery Drinking Horse, Tang Dynasty; and the Very Rare Grey Jade Twin Fish Lotus Dish, Qianlong Period.
This catalogue was just published in October, 2021 for our 50th year exhibition in Hong Kong.
Industries have been a key part in the growth of a nation’s economy. The growth in industries has also lead to
the growth of tragedies in the past decades, out of which majority caused by oversight or Human errors. This paper
discusses a risk management system to detect hazardous gas leaks and the increase in temperature from the set value
(or critical temperature) using a raspberry pi, MQ6 gas sensor and DS18B20 temperature sensor. Appropriate
measures are taken by the raspberry pi such as switching on the exhaust fans, signaling alarms and alert notifications
via an android application in a smart phone, with respect to the situation to minimize the risk of life and property.
In a variety of industrial projects, different practices of equipment maintenance are followed. Latest
maintenance technologies are used to improve the efficiency of equipment as well as to reduce the chances of
fault occurrence. The different types of maintenance are listed as: Preventing schedule breakdown and
Predictive & Conditions based maintenance. All types of electrical motors, circuit breakers, isolators, fuses and
various other equipment’s need periodic maintenance. In an industry, various maintenance functions have to be
integrated together along with other operations so as to have effective and desired results.These projects aim in
utilizing latest technologies of maintenance and with a range of practices which can improve reliability of
system, extension in life of equipment, lesser asset replacement and improve employer’s safety.
The increased trend to use websites for various purposes has also increase in different domains such
as education, health, government and business. Organizations seeking to obtain benefits from their
websites need to create and maintain websites that are successful in supporting the interaction and
communication of the organization with their users. The main goal of this paper is to design the website
evaluation framework for academic websites. For this purpose the study of academic websites, website
quality models and their quality factors. A new quality evaluation framework consisting of five high level
quality factors namely: Usability, Content, Presentation, Functionality and Reliability
A dual band inverted f
antenna operating at 2.4 GHZ and 5.2
GHZ is designed. The antenna is
designed by using Advance Design
System (ADS) and dissected by the
method of moments (MOM’s) in the
Numerical Electromagnetic Code
(NEC). The complete analysis of
antenna parameters shows the ability of
the designed antennas to operate in the
above specified bands in terms of return
loss, bandwidth, efficiency, gain and
directivity. This antenna is proposed to
obtain less return loss for multi-serving
purposes such as military and the
wireless communication. The antenna
provides a return loss of -3.675 at 2.429
GHZ and -27.906 at 5.4 GHZ
A class of coupled neural networks with different internal time-delays and coupling delays is
investigated, which consists of nodes of different dimensions. By constructing suitable Lyapunov
functions and using the linear matrix inequality, the criteria of exponential stabilization for the coupled
dynamical system are established, and formulated in terms of linear matrix inequality. Finally, numerical
examples are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
This is the third paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the Ancient
Egypt era. The industry of necklaces in Ancient Egypt is investigated over seven periods of Ancient Egypt History from
Predynastic to Late Period. The paper presents samples of necklaces from the seven periods and tries to analyze each sample
showing its materials and location if known. The various designs of necklaces are outlined showing the characteristics of each
design.
Life is the most precious gift to man and safeguarding this gift is of utmost importance.With
increasing number of diseases and fast paced lives, people have less time to look after themselves and
their family members or to even visit the doctor for regular check-ups.Our E-Health patient
monitoring system can remotely monitor the health of the patients and intimate the doctor of critical
conditions without human intervention. Some of the existing E-Health systems include telemedicine
network for Francophone African countries (RAFT) and LOBIN. RAFT is implemented in java and
uses asymmetric public – private key encryption, however it is expensive, does not support mobility
and is not a context aware system. LOBIN is a hardware/software platform to locate and monitor a set
of physiological parameters and context parameters of several patients within hospital facilities.
Although it is a context aware system it cannot handle high and concurrent data traffic load.
To overcome the above flaws, our proposed system puts forward an idea of patient monitoring
using various knowledge based techniques like K-means clustering, Gaussian kernel function, ANN
and Fuzzy inference engine. In our project we intend to do remote patient health monitoring in which
we will be using three-four machines which will send various sensed health parameters to the
centralised server that will make clusters of the sensed health parameters based on criticality of the
health condition. Then depending upon clusters formed and on comparison with the threshold values
appropriate reports will be generated and send to the doctors and caretakers.
This paper deals with the some results on LA– Semirings in which(s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup. In the first case
of the LA - Semiring (S, +, .) satisfying the identity a+1 = 1, for all a in S then it is proved that (S, +) is anti-inverse
semigroup. It is also proved that if (S, +,▪) is a LA – Semiring satisfying the above identity then (S, +) is an abelian
semigroup and sum of two anti inverse elements is again anti inverse element in (S, +) and also proved that (S, +, ▪) is
medial semiring. In this second case we consider LA- semiring (S, +, ▪) in which (s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup satisfying
the identity a+1= a for all a in S then (S, +) is anti inverse semigroup and sum of two inverse elements is again anti inverse
element in (S, +). It is also proved that in LA semiring in which (s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup then (S, +) is an abelian
semigroup and the product of two inverse elements is again inverse element in (s, ▪).
The dynamic nature of Information security scenario these days due to the popularity of online
businesses has posed a daunting challenge to the organizations security paradigm. Organizations are
looking for new policies to be implemented to provide the best possible security mechanism. However,
they tend to ignore the human side of the security compliance measures. Every piece of information that
has been secured using various technologically advanced policies has to be accessed ultimately by the
employees of the organization. Their attitude and commitment to safeguard the interests of the
organization plays a significant role in all measures being taken for information security. Humans and
technology has to play an integrative part in order to guarantee the safety of information assets. This paper
reviews the existing literature of information security management in a comprehensive manner focusing
on the role of top management and employers for effective security measures.
In MANET, the mobiles nodes are connected dynamically with the help of wireless links without
having a fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. These nodes move freely and organize
themselves arbitrarily thus change the network topology rapidly and unpredictably. As a result, there exits
frequent link breakages which leads to path failures and route discoveries. The route discovery can lead to
overhead which cannot be neglected. Therefore, the fundamental challenge of MANET is to develop a
dynamic routing protocol that efficiently establish routes to deliver the packets with minimum overhead,
high throughput and low end to end delay. In order to handle overhead issues, the proposed system has
presented a novel scheme rebroadcast delay and a rebroadcast probability which will help to reduce the
number of retransmissions thereby improving routing performance. In addition, the proposed system is
compared with existing routing protocol AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss and end to
end delay
The congestion control within the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) plays a critical role in
amending data rate to evade congestion from happening possibilities. Based on TCP communication sender
not only guarantees the successful packet delivery, but also maintains the correct sequence of packets by
receiving the frequent acknowledgement from the receiver. In this research we proposed a congestion
control scheme with modified TCP and queue length variation with OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The
TCP protocol performance is modified by forwarding busy channel signals to predecessor nodes through
intermediate nodes in network. The congestion is controlled by that novel method of detecting the node is
busy or ready for communication. If the communication is start in network and the possibility if congestion
is arise, then in that case the queue length is handle the possibility of congestion. The congestion is
minimized due to awaring about the channel busy status and nodes buffer status or queue status. The TCP
protocol is able to handle the congestion situation but i.e. completely based on acknowledgement of receiver
and also not very effective to control it. The proposed TCP congestion control OLSR routing is improves
the network performance by reducing packet loss. The performance of network is measure through
performance metrics like throughput, PDF and Routing overhead in different node density scenarios. The
performance of proposed scheme is provides the better results.
Industries have been a key part in the growth of a nation’s economy. The growth in industries has also lead to
the growth of tragedies in the past decades, out of which majority caused by oversight or Human errors. This paper
discusses a risk management system to detect hazardous gas leaks and the increase in temperature from the set value
(or critical temperature) using a raspberry pi, MQ6 gas sensor and DS18B20 temperature sensor. Appropriate
measures are taken by the raspberry pi such as switching on the exhaust fans, signaling alarms and alert notifications
via an android application in a smart phone, with respect to the situation to minimize the risk of life and property.
In a variety of industrial projects, different practices of equipment maintenance are followed. Latest
maintenance technologies are used to improve the efficiency of equipment as well as to reduce the chances of
fault occurrence. The different types of maintenance are listed as: Preventing schedule breakdown and
Predictive & Conditions based maintenance. All types of electrical motors, circuit breakers, isolators, fuses and
various other equipment’s need periodic maintenance. In an industry, various maintenance functions have to be
integrated together along with other operations so as to have effective and desired results.These projects aim in
utilizing latest technologies of maintenance and with a range of practices which can improve reliability of
system, extension in life of equipment, lesser asset replacement and improve employer’s safety.
The increased trend to use websites for various purposes has also increase in different domains such
as education, health, government and business. Organizations seeking to obtain benefits from their
websites need to create and maintain websites that are successful in supporting the interaction and
communication of the organization with their users. The main goal of this paper is to design the website
evaluation framework for academic websites. For this purpose the study of academic websites, website
quality models and their quality factors. A new quality evaluation framework consisting of five high level
quality factors namely: Usability, Content, Presentation, Functionality and Reliability
A dual band inverted f
antenna operating at 2.4 GHZ and 5.2
GHZ is designed. The antenna is
designed by using Advance Design
System (ADS) and dissected by the
method of moments (MOM’s) in the
Numerical Electromagnetic Code
(NEC). The complete analysis of
antenna parameters shows the ability of
the designed antennas to operate in the
above specified bands in terms of return
loss, bandwidth, efficiency, gain and
directivity. This antenna is proposed to
obtain less return loss for multi-serving
purposes such as military and the
wireless communication. The antenna
provides a return loss of -3.675 at 2.429
GHZ and -27.906 at 5.4 GHZ
A class of coupled neural networks with different internal time-delays and coupling delays is
investigated, which consists of nodes of different dimensions. By constructing suitable Lyapunov
functions and using the linear matrix inequality, the criteria of exponential stabilization for the coupled
dynamical system are established, and formulated in terms of linear matrix inequality. Finally, numerical
examples are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
This is the third paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the Ancient
Egypt era. The industry of necklaces in Ancient Egypt is investigated over seven periods of Ancient Egypt History from
Predynastic to Late Period. The paper presents samples of necklaces from the seven periods and tries to analyze each sample
showing its materials and location if known. The various designs of necklaces are outlined showing the characteristics of each
design.
Life is the most precious gift to man and safeguarding this gift is of utmost importance.With
increasing number of diseases and fast paced lives, people have less time to look after themselves and
their family members or to even visit the doctor for regular check-ups.Our E-Health patient
monitoring system can remotely monitor the health of the patients and intimate the doctor of critical
conditions without human intervention. Some of the existing E-Health systems include telemedicine
network for Francophone African countries (RAFT) and LOBIN. RAFT is implemented in java and
uses asymmetric public – private key encryption, however it is expensive, does not support mobility
and is not a context aware system. LOBIN is a hardware/software platform to locate and monitor a set
of physiological parameters and context parameters of several patients within hospital facilities.
Although it is a context aware system it cannot handle high and concurrent data traffic load.
To overcome the above flaws, our proposed system puts forward an idea of patient monitoring
using various knowledge based techniques like K-means clustering, Gaussian kernel function, ANN
and Fuzzy inference engine. In our project we intend to do remote patient health monitoring in which
we will be using three-four machines which will send various sensed health parameters to the
centralised server that will make clusters of the sensed health parameters based on criticality of the
health condition. Then depending upon clusters formed and on comparison with the threshold values
appropriate reports will be generated and send to the doctors and caretakers.
This paper deals with the some results on LA– Semirings in which(s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup. In the first case
of the LA - Semiring (S, +, .) satisfying the identity a+1 = 1, for all a in S then it is proved that (S, +) is anti-inverse
semigroup. It is also proved that if (S, +,▪) is a LA – Semiring satisfying the above identity then (S, +) is an abelian
semigroup and sum of two anti inverse elements is again anti inverse element in (S, +) and also proved that (S, +, ▪) is
medial semiring. In this second case we consider LA- semiring (S, +, ▪) in which (s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup satisfying
the identity a+1= a for all a in S then (S, +) is anti inverse semigroup and sum of two inverse elements is again anti inverse
element in (S, +). It is also proved that in LA semiring in which (s, ▪) is anti-inverse semigroup then (S, +) is an abelian
semigroup and the product of two inverse elements is again inverse element in (s, ▪).
The dynamic nature of Information security scenario these days due to the popularity of online
businesses has posed a daunting challenge to the organizations security paradigm. Organizations are
looking for new policies to be implemented to provide the best possible security mechanism. However,
they tend to ignore the human side of the security compliance measures. Every piece of information that
has been secured using various technologically advanced policies has to be accessed ultimately by the
employees of the organization. Their attitude and commitment to safeguard the interests of the
organization plays a significant role in all measures being taken for information security. Humans and
technology has to play an integrative part in order to guarantee the safety of information assets. This paper
reviews the existing literature of information security management in a comprehensive manner focusing
on the role of top management and employers for effective security measures.
In MANET, the mobiles nodes are connected dynamically with the help of wireless links without
having a fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. These nodes move freely and organize
themselves arbitrarily thus change the network topology rapidly and unpredictably. As a result, there exits
frequent link breakages which leads to path failures and route discoveries. The route discovery can lead to
overhead which cannot be neglected. Therefore, the fundamental challenge of MANET is to develop a
dynamic routing protocol that efficiently establish routes to deliver the packets with minimum overhead,
high throughput and low end to end delay. In order to handle overhead issues, the proposed system has
presented a novel scheme rebroadcast delay and a rebroadcast probability which will help to reduce the
number of retransmissions thereby improving routing performance. In addition, the proposed system is
compared with existing routing protocol AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss and end to
end delay
The congestion control within the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) plays a critical role in
amending data rate to evade congestion from happening possibilities. Based on TCP communication sender
not only guarantees the successful packet delivery, but also maintains the correct sequence of packets by
receiving the frequent acknowledgement from the receiver. In this research we proposed a congestion
control scheme with modified TCP and queue length variation with OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The
TCP protocol performance is modified by forwarding busy channel signals to predecessor nodes through
intermediate nodes in network. The congestion is controlled by that novel method of detecting the node is
busy or ready for communication. If the communication is start in network and the possibility if congestion
is arise, then in that case the queue length is handle the possibility of congestion. The congestion is
minimized due to awaring about the channel busy status and nodes buffer status or queue status. The TCP
protocol is able to handle the congestion situation but i.e. completely based on acknowledgement of receiver
and also not very effective to control it. The proposed TCP congestion control OLSR routing is improves
the network performance by reducing packet loss. The performance of network is measure through
performance metrics like throughput, PDF and Routing overhead in different node density scenarios. The
performance of proposed scheme is provides the better results.
passSepnegceirasl. pIut rcpoonsesi sotns lionfe tbwuos tarancdkroinidg saypsptelimca tisio dnesv. eFloirpset da ptop lpicroavtiiodne tehseta rbelaisl hteims ec oinmfomrumnaitciaotnio onf bbeutswese eton
central server and bus system which is capable of providing real-time data (GPS coordinates) regarding the
current location of buses. Second application is student side application which displays the current location of the
bus on Google map along with the estimated time of arrival to the specified bus stop hence it saves the time of
students. Both the side applications provide dynamically updated timetable. Another important feature of both the
applications is emergency service through which call or alert messages can be simultaneously sent to college,
police and ambulance in case of accidents. Thus this is a cost effective, efficient system and helps students to
catch their buses at the proper time.
In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), the wireless connections are prone to different type
of attacks. Therefore, security of the data that transfer over the wireless network is a measure
concern in WSN. Due to the limitation of nodes’ energy, efficient energy utilization is also an
important factor. Hence to provide security along with efficient energy utilization of sensor
nodes, Secure and Energy Efficient Hierarchical and Dynamic Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem
(HiDE) scheme is proposed. It includes a hierarchical cluster-based architecture consisting of a
several Area Clusters and a Backbone Network. To provide security Elliptic Curve Cryptography
(ECC) is used. For energy efficient data transmission, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (LEACH) is used to select the Cluster Head dynamically. Each Cluster Head collects
the data from their own cluster and transmit to the Destination through the Gateway (GW) in the
Backbone Network. However, limited by the coverage of Gateway, Source Gateway may not be
directly linked with the Destination Gateway in a single hop, so needs to hop through other
Gateways to reach the Destination. Data encryption using Elliptic Curve Cryptography provides
high security with small key size than the existing RSA. Key management includes key
computation, key exchanges, data encryption and decryption. Cluster-based cryptographic
mechanism provides efficient energy utilization of sensor nodes along with security and lower
message overhead. Thus, Hierarchical and Dynamic Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem can protect the
confidentiality of sensitive data with low computation complexity, and also keep the
performance of the network in Wireless Sensor Network.
This paper presents optimization of condenser water loop in Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems using Artificial Co-operative Search (ACS) algorithm. Condenser
water loop has various components like cooling tower, chiller, fans and pumps. Set points for this
optimization are air and water flow rates, supply water temperature, wet and ambient bulb temperature.
Energy cost obtained by multi objective optimization developed in this paper. ACS based approach is
based methodology is equipped for taking care of the improvement issue In Comparison with the routine
strategies, this technique can possibility of considerable decrease in the operating cost.
Aco mmpecahreasn iac arlo ttaorryq uien ptruatn sshmaifsts aiodna pptreodd ufocri nagt taanch omuetpnut tt ow itthhe vraortiaarbyl ep coownetrr oslolaubrlcee scpoenende tcotreqdu teo c ah amraacitne rsihstaifcts.
This invention relates to a mechanism transferring torque from one rotating shaft to another and in particular to a
ltreavneslsm. iCssoinotnr oml eccahna nbies mut itlhizaet dw tioll aecntaivbalete a onr ednegaicnteiv oart em tohteo rc ltuot cdhe laivlseor p ocwhaenrg teo a tlhoea d paht aospet i m ruemlat tioornqsuheip a n do fs p etehde
driven eccentric masses device in order to vary the transmission output under varying load condition.
Continuous variable transmission system plays a crucial role in order to guarantee the overall vehicle
performance in different working conditions.
Images of different body organs play very important role in medical diagnosis. Images can be taken
by using different techniques like x-rays, gamma rays, ultrasound etc. Ultrasound images are widely used
as a diagnosis tool because of its non invasive nature and low cost. The medical images which uses the
principle of coherence suffers from speckle noise, which is multiplicative in nature. Ultrasound images are
coherent images so speckle noise is inherited in ultrasound images which occur at the time of image
acquisition. There are many factors which can degrade the quality of image but noise present in ultrasound
image is a prime factor which can negatively affect result while autonomous machine perception. In this
paper we will discuss types of noises and speckle reduction techniques. In the end, study about speckle
reduction in ultrasound of various researchers will be compared.
strong passwords such as alphanumeric or graphical passwords. Alphanumerical passwords are not more secure
than graphical passwords. Hackers can easily guess the password with the help of tools such as dictionary attacks.
Information security is the most important factor now a days. To provide security for the cloud we are using
graphical password authentication. Graphical password is the alternative solution for alphanumeric passwords to
provide more security. Graphical password are more secure than alphanumeric passwords. It is quite difficult for the
users to remember the alphanumeric passwords. According to psychological studies the human mind can easily
capture images than alphabets or digits. In this paper we are going to give authentication to cloud services by using
graphical password authentication. We are providing an algorithm which is based on selection of username and
images as a password. In this paper we are to trying to give set of images on the basis of alphabets sequence position
of characters in username. In this paper we will access cloud services using graphical password authentication.
Now a days Twitter has provided a way to collect and understand user’s opinions about many
private or public organizations. All these organizations are reported for the sake to create and monitor
the targeted Twitter streams to understand user’s views about the organization. Usually a user-defined
selection criteria is used to filter and construct the Targeted Twitter stream. There must be an
application to detect early crisis and response with such target stream, that require a require a good
Named Entity Recognition (NER) system for Twitter, which is able to automatically discover emerging
named entities that is potentially linked to the crisis. However, many applications suffer severely from
short nature of tweets and noise. We present a framework called HybridSeg, which easily extracts and
well preserves the linguistic meaning or context information by first splitting the tweets into
meaningful segments. The optimal segmentation of a tweet is found after the sum of stickiness score of
its candidate segment is maximized.This computed stickiness score considers the probability of
segment whether belongs to global context(i.e., being a English phrase) or belongs to local context(i.e.,
being within a batch of tweets).The framework learns from both contexts.It also has the ability to learn
from pseudo feedback. Also from the result of semantic analysis the proposed system provides with
sentiment analysis.
In day-to-day life, we come across many processes where we see the usage of heat exchangers. Some
examples where heat exchangers are extensively utilized are air conditioning plants, thermal power plants, food
processing plants etc. The basic requirement in these industries is to utilize the heat energy used in the heat
exchangers efficiently. This can be done either by developing new designs that are energy efficient or by
modifying the present designs in such a manner that they give better performance under the same working
conditions. Hence, heat exchangers that would provide more heat transfer at the minimum size and cost are
requirement of the present industries. Hence they use the various heat transfer technique for enhance the heat
transfer rate. In this paper review of research work in last decade on heat transfer enhancement.
y during the Predynastic and Pharaonic Periods. It covers models for boats, ploughing, grain grinding,
bakery and brewery. The time span of each model application is assigned through the different dynasties or time
periods for the Predynastic era. The gender of the labors participated in each activity is assigned.
This paper is the 34th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians stone statues during the era from the
11th to the 17th Dynasties. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with engineering
analysis showing its creativity. The stones used in producing the statues are assigned.
This presentations is a brief introduction to the Ancient Greek pottery, and includes all the main styles that flourished while the Greek empire existed.
The whole list of pottery styles discussed are:
- Minoan Pottery
- South Italian Pottery
- Geometric Pottery
- Corinthian Pottery
- Black Figure Pottery
- White Ground Pottery
- Red Figure Pottery
I really hope you find it interesting and useful!
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This work is based on a previously published hypothesis which proposed that the solid matter of the universe can be represented as a vibrational wave of energy propagating over an ether or matrix through a mechanism that scrambles the degree of duality in matter: x% localized (solid), y% delocalized (wave). The main purpose of this paper is to present a two-dimensional approximation of the three-dimensional structure of the shape of the energy distribution of an atomic orbital to propose a mechanism through which the orbital can be transported as a vibration from a point A to point B in the matrix. This process requires cycles or oscillations of mounting-dismounting-remounting in which what travels from point A to point B is the energy forming the orbital and not the solid matter that it can form. The atomic seven-dimensional f orbital of hydrogen-like atoms is used as a model to show an analogy to the transformations that it can be submitted to when transported over the matrix.
This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues
during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical
design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined
Centuries of archeological findings have led to the discovery of tons of amazing artifacts that have helped people to better understand the ancient world, collective history, and various cultures on Earth. All of which intrinsically impacts how people live today. Here are some of the rarest of these discoveries.
Centuries of archeological findings have led to the discovery of tons of amazing artifacts that have helped people to better understand the ancient world, collective history, and various cultures on Earth. All of which intrinsically impacts how people live today. Here are some of the rarest of these discoveries
Similar to [IJET-V2I2P4] Authors:Galal Ali Hassaan (20)
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1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 27
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part IX: Pottery
Industry (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods)
Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
I. INTRODUCTION
Pottery industry is one of the evidences about the
civilization of ancient Egypt. This industry could
survive for thousands of years and still in
application till now. The ancient Egyptians could
produce pottery vessels for various applications
with outstanding design and manufacturing. In this
research work we will trance the pottery industry
since the predynastic to the Late Periods of the
ancient Egypt history.
Garstang (1904) studied the pottery vessels in the
3rd
dynasty of ancient Egypt. He described the 3rd
dynasty pottery vessels , outlined their
characteristics and their positions [1]. Firth (1912)
presented a number of plates supporting volume I
of his book about the archaeological survey of
Nubia. The graves demonstrated a umber of pottery
products of different sizes and from different
periods [2]. In the conference of the University of
California about the Egyptian Pottery, Friedman
(1990) presented a research paper about the
regional diversity in the predynastic pottery of
Upper Egypt settlements. Lacovara presented a
paper in the same conference about the deposit of
domestic pottery at Kerma [3].
Gallorini (1998) described the pottery types with
marks at the Middle Kingdom settlement of Kahun.
He compared with the contemporary pottery corpus
of the Eastern Delta and Memphis/Fayum region.
He/She proposed a chronological sequence for the
pottery and the marks and checked whether the
marks are characteristic of a limited range of
pottery types or are widespread [4]. Teeter (2003)
in his book about ancient Egypt presented a potter
statue using a potter's wheel from the Old Kingdom
[5].
Allen (2004) declared that pottery miniature
vessels were cheap and easy mass produced and
suitable for repeated or daily offerings. She said
that the miniature pots were quickly made using a
turning device in the 4th
dynasty [6]. Mawdsley
(2006) analysed an Egyptian pottery storage jar
from the 1st
dynasty located in the Australian
Institute of Archaeology. The jar length is 0.65 m
and its maximum diameter is 0.12 m. The
manufacturer labelled the jar [7]. Bard (2007)
studied the history of Egyptology and Egyptian
archaeology starting from the Palaeolithic to the
Greco-Roman Periods. She presented the sequence
dating chart of Petrie's predynastic pottery classes
[8].
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
Keywords — Mechanical engineering history, Ancient Egypt, pottery industry, Predynastic to Old Kingdom
periods.
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 28
Baba (2009) discussed the archaeological context
of pottery pit-kilns dating to Naqada II period. He
presented the results of both laboratory analyses
and in-depth observations on pottery from
Hierakonpolis and proposed reconstruction of the
firing technique [9]. Wodzinska (2009) compiled a
large corpus of Egyptian ceramics from all periods
of Egyptian history. She presented some important
vessels in her manual of Egyptian pottery. She
presented useful information about the shape-
terminology of jars and bowls and the shapes of the
body, base and rim [10]. Teeter (2011) presented
the chronology of ancient Egypt before the
pyramids period. The contributors studied the
predynastic pottery of Upper Egypt and presented a
catalog of objects from the Nile Valley including
some potteries [11]. Gallorini and Giuliani (2012)
gave an overview of the Egyptian pottery from the
WK11 in the area of Nag el-Qarmila and suggested
a chorological framework for the site [12]. Sacco
(2014) analysed the pottery unearthed in the Nile
Delta including Tel el-Yahodiyeh pottery. She
concluded that during the Second Intermediate
Period, pottery became regionally diverse and the
new style used in Lower Egypt mixed features from
both Egyptian and Near Eastern types [13].
II. PREDYNASTIC PERIOD
The ancient Egyptians were so clever an genius
in using the Nile River mud in producing house-
hold units required for their daily life. This was so
clear even from their old periods of Badarian
(5000-4000 BC), Naqada I (4400-3500 BC),
Naqada II (3500-3200 BC) and Naqada III (3200-
3000 BC). Samples of the ancient Egyptian pottery
during those periods will be presented with some
efforts to illustrate their characteristics.
- Badarian Period: During this early period the
pottery technician new how to producer
pottery units with multi-colours through
burning. Fig.1 shows a pottery pot of this
kind [14]. The top half is black and the
bottom is brown. The surface is polished and
it has very shining surface. The body is
ovaloid , it has no neck and the rim is round.
Fig.1 Pot from Badarian [14].
The second model from Badarian period is a bowl
number UC9240 located in Petrie Museum of UK.
It is shown in Fig.2 [15]. It has conical body, flat
base and flat rim. The top half is blacked and its
polished from inside and outside.
Fig.2 Bowl from Badari [15].
The third model from Badarian period is a bowl
with a special design. It is shown in Fig.3 [15]. It
has an spherical body, slight flat base and round rim.
Its surface is roughened from internal and external
by paralle lined grooves.
Fig.3 Special bowl from Badari [15].
The last models from Badari reflect the
decoration of their pottery products and the high
level of their imagination and fine art. This is
illustrated in the line diagrams shown in Fig.4 [16]..
The bowls are highly decorated through painting.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 29
The decoration scenes take different design
reflecting the broad mind of the pottery designers in
this early period of ancient Egypt history.
Fig.4 Decorated bowls from Badari [16].
- Naqada I Period: This is the period following
the Badarian one. We will follow up the
development of the pottery industry in this
period through some models available in the
World's Museums. Fig.5 shows a bowl from
this period decorated from inside [17]. The
decoration is from inside the bowl and
represents two persons making a net to fish a
crocodile and a W shape decoration at the left
side. This technique was originated in the
Badarian period and continued in Naqada I.
Fig.5 Decorated bowl from Naqada I [17].
The second model reflects the technology of
blacked pottery top through burning originated in
Badari. A model of this technique from Naqada I is
shown in Fig.6 which is displayed in the North Carolina
Museum of Art [18] . The body is ovaloid, the rim is
small and round (or flat), the base is round. The black
colour covers about 40 % of the height.
Fig.6 Deep bowl from Naqada I [18].
The third model from Naqada 1 represents an
innovation in the pottery industry in ancient Egypt.
It is a bowl with human feet as shown in Fig.7
which is displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of
Art[19]. The body is spherical and polished, the rim
is round and the base is flat. There is no decorations
either from inside or external.
Fig.7 Bowl with human feed from Naqada I [19[.
- Late Naqada I - Early Naqada II Period:
This is a transition period between Naqada I
and Naqada II. The pottery products in this
period have some remarkable characteristics.
The first characteristic is decorating the
pottery ware by animals on the rim. This is
depicted in the bowl shown in Fig.8 using
crocodile and hippopotami figures as
displayed in the British Museum [20]. The
rim is flat and wide to carry the figures.
Fig.8 Figures decorated bowl [20].
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 30
Another innovative model of new characteristic
is for a bowl having the shape of a turtle as shown
in Fig.9 [21], which is in display in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Its body is spherical,
its rim is round and its base has a special design as
it rests on two legs of the turtle. The turtle head is at
the rim. It is not decorated and has one brown
colour.
Fig.9 Turtle-shaped bowl [21].
- Naqada II: The development of the pottery
industry in the Naqada II period will be
investigated through a number of existing
models. Fig.10 shows a pottery jar from
Naqada II displayed in the Museum of Fine
Arts at Boston [22]. The body is ovaloid, the
mouth is wide, the neck is short, the rim is
flat and the base flat. It is externally decorated
by paintings for plants and a boat scene. It has
2 small hanging hands near its top.
Fig.10 Decorated jar from Naqada II [22].
An innovative pottery vessel from Naqada II took
the shape of a fish as shown in Fig.11 and displayed
in the Ashmolean Museum of UK [23]. The mouth
is wide, the rim is flat, it has two small hands for
hanging. It is decorated by crossed red lines and the
fish eys and moth are drawn.
Fig.11 Fish-shaped vessel from Naqada II [23].
- Late Naqada II - Early Naqada III Period:
This is a transition period between Naqada II
and Naqada III. The first model presented
here is a new pottery design consisting of two
similar jars connected to each other as shown
in Fig.12 [24]. Each one has an ovaloid shape,
medium mouth, small round rim and small
flat base. It has one colour without any
decorations.
Fig.12 Dual-pottery jars from Naqada II-III [24].
- Naqada III Period: One of the characteristics
of Naqada III period is having the pottery
vessels decorated from external by scratching
inclined-crossed lines as shown in Fig.13 for
a jar displayed in the Fitzwilliam Museum of
UK [25]. It has an wide mouth, short neck,
round rim, double conical body and flat base.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 31
Fig.13 Decorated vase from Naqada III [25].
Another model from Naqada III for a jar without
any decorations is shown in Fig.14 [26]. It has
medium mouth, short neck, ovaloid bode, and flat
base. It has a new design for the hands what is
called wave hands. This design makes it easy to put
the fingers of the carrier in the slots of the wavy
handle.
Fig.14 Wavy hands jar from Naqada III [26].
A third model from Naqada III is a pottery vase
of large mouth and point base as shown in Fig.15
[27].
Fig.15 Large mouth pottery jar from Naqada III
[27].
III. EARLY-DYNASTIC PERIOD
This period of the ancient Egypt history covers
the first and second dynasties. The pottery
technology during this period was deteriorated
that this in the predynastic period. Here are
samples supporting this conclusion:
- Fig.16 shows a pottery jar from the first
dynasty located in the Metropolitan Museum
of Art [28]. The jar has medium mouth,
ovaloid body, round small rim and round base.
There is no decoration or multi-colours.
- Fig.17 shown another model from the rein of
King Narmer of the first dynasty located in
the Metropolitan Museum of Art [29]. It has a
medium mouth, an ovality body, short neck,
medium rim and medium flat base. It has 3
wavy handles and labelled under one of the
hands.
Fig.16 Pottery jar from the 1st
dynasty [28].
Fig.17 Pottery jar from rein of Narmer [29].
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 32
- The third model is from the rein of King Hor
Aha of the first dynasty which is displayed in
the Kestner-Museum of Hannover and shown
in Fig.18 [30]. The vessel has a unity colour,
cylinderical body except near its top where
the diameter increases gradually, wide mouth.
No neck, round rim, flat base of almost the
same cylinder diameter. It is inscribed by the
name of the King on the outside surface in the
bottom half of the vessel.
Fig.18 Cylindrical vessel from rein of King Hor
Aha [30].
- A fourth model from the first dynasty is
shown in Fig.19 which is displayed in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art is shown in
Fig.19 [31]. The body is nearly cylindrical,
the surface is rough, the mouth is wide, the
base is flat and there is a hanging flange near
the vessel top.
Fig.19 Short cylindrical vessel from 1st
dynasty [31].
- A fifth model belongs to King Den, the 6th
King of the first dynasty is displayed in the
British Museum and shown in Fig.20 [32]. It
is a wine jar sealed by mud seal. It has an
ovaloid body, one colour, small flat base and
no handles. It is labelled and has no
decorations.
Fig.20 Wine jar of King Den [32].
IV. OLD KINGDOM
The generous old Egyptians produced their
fantastic pottery unit without any pottery wheels
up to the old kingdom. In the old kingdom (4th
dynasty), they authorised using the pottery wheel
through a model of a potter using a pottery
wheel found in the mastaba of Ny-kau-Inpu, a
cemetery official in the old kingdom. The model
is shown in Fig.21 [33].
Fig.21 Pottery wheel of the 4th
dynasty [33].
Whilst, the old kingdom is the kingdom of the
pyramids, there were no much improvements of the
pottery design and quality during the old kingdom
except the invention of the pottery wheel for mass
production. This is clear from the models we
present here:
- Fig.22 shows a miniature pottery vessel from
the 4th
dynasty displayed in the Petrie
Museum of UK [34]. This vessel with others
were found in the foundation deposits of the
pyramid temple of King Snefru at Meydum.
It has a double-conical body, wide mouth, big
flat base and a lid. The surface is rough.
Fig.22 Miniature vessel from dynasty 4 [34].
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 33
- Fig.23 shows a miniature pottery ware
extracted from the pyramid temple of King
Raneferef of the 5th
dynasty at Abusir [35].
They are miniature jars and plates reflecting
the designs of the exact pottery ware used
during this period. There is a great variety in
the shape of the body and the thickness of the
unit-body. The base is flat in all the models
and it is expected that they are produced
using the potter's wheel..
Fig.23 Pottery ware from the 5th
dynasty [35].
- Fig.24 shows a high quality pottery plate
from Meydum ware located in the Petrie
Museum of UK [36]. The plate is highly
polished from inside and outside. It has in
inverted V-shape rim to prevent splashes of
the plate contents.
Fig.24 High quality pottery plate from the old
kingdom [36].
V. CONCLUSIONS
- The paper presented pottery ware industry
in Ancient Egypt during the period from
Predynastic to Old Kingdom.
- Old Egyptians produced high quality pottery
ware since more than 6000 years ago during
the Badarian Period.
- They could produce two colors pottery pots
in Badary using the burning technique.
- They produced polished pottery products
that could sustain its shine for thousands of
years..
- During Badarian Period they succeeded to
produce bowls with various decorations
using the painting technique.
- Naqada I Egyptians continued to produce
decorated pottery ware through painting and
burning.
- A unique innovative design of a pottery
bowl appeared in Naqada I for a bowl base
in the form of a human feet.
- In Naqada I – Naqada II transition period,
new design ideas appeared such as
decorating the pottery products by animal
figures or giving the pottery unit the shape
of an animal or a bird.
- In Naqada II, they decorated the pottery jars
externally by drawing boats, plants or cross-
lines. They continued to produce animal-
wise pots.
- In Naqada II – Naqada III transition period,
dual pottery designs appeared.
- In Naqada III, scratched decorations on the
external surface appeared, wavy hands
designs took place and large mouth pottery
ware designs appeared.
- During the Early Dynastic Period,
authorization was given to the pottery
industry through marking the pot by the
King's stamp (name).
- They sealed some of the pottery jars by
mud-labeled seals.
- The pottery decorations of the predynastic
periods disappeared in the Early Dynastic
Period.
8. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 34
- The pottery industry was manual up to the
4th
dynasty of the Old Kingdom where the
potter's wheel appeared.
- In the Old Kingdom, the pottery industry
continued with large quantities using the
potter's wheel for domestic and funeral use
without decorations. They polished some of
the pottery products and applied various
designs for pottery vessels and plates.
REFERENCES
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9. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 2, Mar – Apr 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 35
BIOGRAPHY
Galal Ali Hassaan
• Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics
and Automatic Control.
• Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo
University in 1970 and 1974.
• Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford
University, UK under the supervision of
Late Prof. John Parnaby.
• Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University, EGYPT.
• Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical
Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and
History of Mechanical Engineering.
• Published more than 170 research papers in
international journals and conferences.
• Author of books on Experimental Systems
Control, Experimental Vibrations and
Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.
• Chief Justice of the International Journal of
Computer Techniques.
• Member of the Editorial Board of some
international journals.
• Reviewer in some international journals.
• Scholars interested in the authors
publications can visit:
http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal