Ushabti statues were magical figures placed in ancient Egyptian tombs, believed to serve as servants in the afterlife and perform tasks for the deceased. These statues, often mummiform and inscribed with spells, were produced in various materials and sizes, reflecting the wealth of the owner. Ushabtis have remained an iconic and collectable aspect of Egyptian artifacts, symbolizing a belief in magic and the agrarian nature of the afterlife.

1. Ushabti Statues
Egyptians believed in magical powers
of servants for the afterlife
One of the most interesting and collectable artifacts from ancient Egypt is the ushabti, the magical
statue found in tombs. Magic played an important role in the daily life of the ancient Egyptians.
Part of their magic was the belief that amulets and statues would protect them from perils, both
real and imagined, in their daily lives and in the next world. During Egypt’s Middle Kingdom
period, small statues began to be placed in the tombs of the deceased. These statues were
intended to be servants, which would magically come to life, and do any unpleasant chore the
deceased might be called upon to perform in the afterlife. Because the daily life of ancient
Egyptians centered on agriculture, they viewed the next world as primarily agrarian. They
believed that the deceased would have to plant the fields and maintain irrigation canals, so the little
statues, buried in tombs, took on the appearance of field workers. They were mummiform, to be
identified with Osiris, the god of the dead, but their hands were protruding from the bandages so
they could do the work. At first, the statues were inscribed with only the name of the deceased,
but soon they were inscribed with magical spells as well to assure that they would really come
alive to do their chores. A typical spell would be “O shawabti, if the deceased is called upon to do
work in the next world, answer, “Here I am!” Plough the fields, fill the canals with water and carry
the sand of the east to the west. The word “shawabti” apparently referred to the persea-tree out
of which these figures were occasionally made. Another name for them was “usabti” which meant
“answerer”. The idea was that when the deceased was called to work, the figure would answer for
him. The statues are called by both names today. Since New Kingdom, it was common to have
hundreds placed in the more elaborate tombs. Because the number of ushabtis found in tombs is
often nearly 365, it is believed by many that the Egyptians intended that there be one for each day
of the year. There is no actual evidence for this, and in fact, the number found is rarely exactly
365. The pharaoh Taharqa had more than one thousand ushabtis, each one beautifully carved from
stone. Ushabtis varied considerably in size and materials, depending upon the wealth of the
deceased. They were usually made of faience, although some were made of terracotta, wood or
stone. Faience, a paste made of ground quartz or of sand with a high percentage of quartz, was
one of the most commonly used materials in producing ushabtis. The faience paste was pressed
into molds and then fired. When baked, the glaze would migrate to the outside producing a smooth
glassy surface. The quality and the color of the glaze depended on the impurities in the paste.
Faience ushabtis range in color from a bright dark blue to various shades of turquoise and pale
green. Faience ushabtis were produced in all sizes and in varying shapes. The poorest quality
were small, uninscibed and with minimal features. Sometimes the faces and inscriptions were
added with black ink. As the cost of figure increased, so too did the quality of workmanship and
the fineness of detail. On the backs of the more detailed figures are sacks, (usually identified by
crosshatching on the left shoulder) that represent seed packs for planting in the fields. Sometimes
the hoes, held close to the chest are protruding from each hand. The better quality statues were
usually larger, with inscriptions on the front and back. If a complete spell was not included on the
ushabti, it was customary to identify the deceased with Osiris by inscribing the name of the
deceased along with that of Osiris on each ushabti. For collectors interested in Egyptian artifacts,
ushabtis offer an interesting and affordable possibility. They are available in all prices, some with
clear features and translatable inscriptions. Ushabtis are an art form that is purely Egyptian,
remaining unchanged in both purpose and form for over 2,000 years.
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