The document discusses boat models from ancient Egypt spanning from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom. It describes 9 boat models in detail, providing images and information on the time period, purpose, design features and occupants of each boat model. The models show evolution in boat design from a Naqada II crocodile boat to 12th Dynasty funerary boats. The models demonstrate the ancient Egyptians' mechanical engineering expertise in developing watercraft suited for transportation, fishing and religious purposes.
This paper is the 27th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in
ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians models for
weavers, carpenters, troops and human being. Each model is presented chronically with present location if known
and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The materials used in producing the models are assigned.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
THE REVOLUTIONS IN THE MEANS OF TRANSPORT FROM PRE-HISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORAR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the evolution of land, waterways, air and space transport means throughout history and its future perspectives. The means of transport can be classified into land, pipelines, waterways, air and space. The evolution of the means of transport was essential for the development of humanity. What will the land transport of the future look like? What will the waterway transport of the future look like? What will the air transport of the future look like? What will the space transport of the future look like? This article provides answers to these questions.
The Great Pyramids were built in ancient Egypt as royal burial chambers for pharaohs. There were three main types of pyramids: true pyramids with four triangular sides meeting at a point, bent pyramids which change angle part way up, and stepped pyramids with layers that decrease in size. The pyramids were built using limestone and sandstone, with some like the Red Pyramid at Dashur using reddish sandstone for their cores. They were precisely located and experiments show objects stored inside pyramids can be better preserved.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS IN WATERWAY TRANSPORT THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THEIR FUTUR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river, lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of progress. In the future, vessels will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us.
The document provides information about the Great Pyramids of Egypt, including their history, construction, and appearances. It discusses how the pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs between 2580 BC to 1700 BC. Their construction involved leveling the site, cutting stone blocks, and building ramps to move materials into place over many years using shifts of 100,000 workers. The three main types - true, bent, and stepped - have different shapes and were constructed through various periods over thousands of years as monuments and tombs in ancient Egypt.
Pyramids were massive tombs built by the ancient Egyptians for their pharaohs. They were constructed out of stone blocks, with limestone used for the core and granite for interior chambers. The pyramids were precisely oriented and included hidden burial chambers. As techniques improved over time, pyramids evolved from mastaba tombs to stepped pyramids, then to bent and true pyramid designs. The earliest pyramid was the Step Pyramid of Djoser built around 2630 BC, while the largest was the Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu around 2560 BC.
This paper is the 27th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in
ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians models for
weavers, carpenters, troops and human being. Each model is presented chronically with present location if known
and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The materials used in producing the models are assigned.
This paper is the 38th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians non-stone, non-wooden statues during
the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The presentation is classified according to the material used in producing the
statues.
THE REVOLUTIONS IN THE MEANS OF TRANSPORT FROM PRE-HISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORAR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the evolution of land, waterways, air and space transport means throughout history and its future perspectives. The means of transport can be classified into land, pipelines, waterways, air and space. The evolution of the means of transport was essential for the development of humanity. What will the land transport of the future look like? What will the waterway transport of the future look like? What will the air transport of the future look like? What will the space transport of the future look like? This article provides answers to these questions.
The Great Pyramids were built in ancient Egypt as royal burial chambers for pharaohs. There were three main types of pyramids: true pyramids with four triangular sides meeting at a point, bent pyramids which change angle part way up, and stepped pyramids with layers that decrease in size. The pyramids were built using limestone and sandstone, with some like the Red Pyramid at Dashur using reddish sandstone for their cores. They were precisely located and experiments show objects stored inside pyramids can be better preserved.
THE GREAT INVENTIONS IN WATERWAY TRANSPORT THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THEIR FUTUR...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river, lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of progress. In the future, vessels will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us.
The document provides information about the Great Pyramids of Egypt, including their history, construction, and appearances. It discusses how the pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs between 2580 BC to 1700 BC. Their construction involved leveling the site, cutting stone blocks, and building ramps to move materials into place over many years using shifts of 100,000 workers. The three main types - true, bent, and stepped - have different shapes and were constructed through various periods over thousands of years as monuments and tombs in ancient Egypt.
Pyramids were massive tombs built by the ancient Egyptians for their pharaohs. They were constructed out of stone blocks, with limestone used for the core and granite for interior chambers. The pyramids were precisely oriented and included hidden burial chambers. As techniques improved over time, pyramids evolved from mastaba tombs to stepped pyramids, then to bent and true pyramid designs. The earliest pyramid was the Step Pyramid of Djoser built around 2630 BC, while the largest was the Great Pyramid of Giza built for Khufu around 2560 BC.
The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved from limestone during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre around 4,600 years ago and stands guard behind Khafre's pyramid. The Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens starting before the Old Kingdom, with the three largest at Giza constructed over three generations for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. While it was once believed that slaves built Khufu's pyramid, it was actually constructed by 100,000 workers during the Nile's annual flooding. The Pyramid of Saqqara was the first to be built out of stone blocks rather than mudbrick and served as the prototype for later
Ancient egypt (Great Pyramid Khufu's pyramid)E-pul Kr
Daily life in ancient Egypt revolved around the Nile River. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and allowed for good harvests. Most Egyptians were farmers who lived in mudbrick homes in villages along the Nile. They grew their own food and traded with others. The ancient Egyptians also built large pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs. The largest of these pyramids, known as the Great Pyramid, was built at Giza for the pharaoh Khufu. It took around 20 years and a large workforce to construct the pyramid using stones weighing 2-4 tons each that were dragged into place up ramps.
1. The Great Pyramid was used by Egyptian priests as an advanced scientific tool to calculate astronomical measurements and predict future events.
2. It served as a symbol of the priests' knowledge and power over the pharaoh who funded its construction.
3. Various theories suggest the Great Pyramid was used as an observatory, calendar, sundial, and landmark for navigation.
The Pyramids of Egypt were built over 4,000 years ago as tombs for pharaohs. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stands over 450 feet tall and covers over 13 acres of land. The pyramids were constructed using stone blocks some weighing over 15 tons that were transported and lifted into place. They demonstrate the immense wealth and power of ancient Egyptian civilization.
This document provides a chronology of ancient Egypt from prehistoric times through the New Kingdom period. It lists the major historical events, rulers, and dynasties in ancient Egypt in chronological order. Some key points include: the unification of Egypt under King Narmer around 3100 BC, the Old Kingdom and construction of the pyramids from around 2686-2181 BC, the collapse of central authority and civil war of the First Intermediate Period from 2181-2040 BC, the reunification and stability of the Middle Kingdom from 2040-1795 BC, the rule of the Hyksos and Second Intermediate Period from 1795-1550 BC, and the New Kingdom and Egyptian empire from 1550
This is a group presentation,with at least 3 group members,
it provides abundant knowledge about ancient site of Giza "pyramids of Giza" with full detailed history and amazing facts.
The document details an archeology group's mission trip to Egypt to study the Egyptian pyramids. It describes their travel to Egypt, arrival in Cairo, and visit to the pyramids of Khufu. It provides information about how the pyramids were constructed, including the materials used and the large number of workers involved. It also notes some key facts about the pyramids, such as their purpose as royal tombs and the ancient Egyptians' burial practices.
The document summarizes key information about the Egyptian pyramids and mummification process. It describes how the pyramids were perfectly shaped structures built of granite by slaves for pharaohs like Khufu. The mummification process involved removing internal organs, covering the body in salt for 70 days, and wrapping it in linen before placing it in a coffin with valuable items for the afterlife. The document also mentions the discovery of King Tut's intact tomb and provides timelines of Egyptian history and pyramid construction from 5000 BC to 2500 BC.
The pyramids were built as burial places and monuments for pharaohs. It was believed that pharaohs needed certain items to succeed in the afterlife, so they were buried with treasures. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stood as the tallest structure in the world for 3,800 years and took at least 20,000 workers over 23 years to build using 2.3 million blocks weighing 5.9 million tons.
The document discusses the design and construction of pyramids in ancient Egypt. It provides details on:
- The design process, which was influenced by religious beliefs and used architectural elements like columns and roofs. Over 100,000 workers and 20 years were sometimes needed to complete a pyramid.
- Means of expression in pyramid design including using the golden ratio for proportions, interior inscriptions, and tools like ropes and wood plates. Drawings guided the tunnels and chambers.
- Perceptions of the design process, which considered the environment, climate, economic potential of the area, and need for structures to represent religious thoughts and allow eternal life after death. Stones were sourced locally when possible.
- The first Egyptian pyramid was built for Pharaoh Djoser and designed by Imhotep, taking the form of a step pyramid to allow the pharaoh's soul to ascend to heaven.
- After Egypt came under rule from Napata, pyramid building revived in Sudan, with over 200 constructed.
- Pyramids were designed with symbolic meanings, representing the primordial mound from which Egypt was created and the sun's rays, being faced with reflective limestone.
Pharaoh Djoser, who ruled from 2868-2649 BC, was responsible for the world's first monumental stone building - the Step Pyramid at Sakkara. He commissioned his architect Imhotep to build the structure, which began as a traditional mastaba tomb but was expanded into Egypt's earliest pyramid through three phases of construction. The Step Pyramid marked a major development in funerary architecture and demonstrated Djoser's power and wealth during his long and peaceful reign.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. They believed the pharaohs would need their possessions in the afterlife. It is estimated that around 20,000-30,000 laborers worked for many years to construct the pyramids. The pyramids contained burial chambers and treasures for the deceased pharaoh. Egyptians may have chosen the pyramid shape because it resembled the Ben Ben stone in early temples and symbolized the pharaoh's connection with the gods. The first pyramid was built at Saqqara as a tomb for Pharaoh Djoser.
The document discusses how the Egyptian pyramids and burial practices evolved over time. It begins with mastaba tombs, which were low brick structures that housed possessions for pharaohs. The pyramids developed from mastabas, becoming large stone structures like the iconic Giza pyramids. The pyramids served religious purposes, allowing pharaohs' spirits to ascend to the heavens. Later, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings to make tombs harder to rob. The document examines various pharaohs' pyramids and provides details on their construction and alignment with astronomical phenomena. It poses questions about how the pyramids were built and speculates on possible methods.
The document summarizes key structures and features of the Giza Necropolis in Egypt, including the three main pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. It describes the Sphinx as the largest single stone statue on Earth. It provides details about the sizes and unique aspects of each pyramid, such as Khafre's pyramid retaining some of its limestone casing and Menkaure's pyramid originally containing a beautiful sarcophagus. The Pyramid of Khufu, the largest of the three, was the world's tallest building for over a thousand years and contained over 2 million stone blocks, each weighing around 2 tons.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This document discusses ancient Egyptian tomb inscriptions from the Old Kingdom period, specifically the Third through Fifth Dynasties. It provides several examples of reliefs and scenes from tombs that contain hieroglyphic inscriptions, including a relief of a dentist from the Third Dynasty, a hunting scene from a Fourth Dynasty tomb with an inscription above, and a colorful scene from a Fifth Dynasty tomb with a descriptive text in four columns above the images. The document examines the development of tomb inscriptions during this early period in ancient Egypt and highlights the important role they played in documenting the tomb owners' lives and achievements.
What were the oceans like in ancient days? How did the glaciers comings and goings affect ocean and waterways levels? How did they affect ocean travel and those hearty ancient mariners who went anywhere there were riches to be gained?
This is PART TWO of the Paradigm Project created by Myron Paine, Jeff Bennett, Ida Jane Gallagher, Karol Hoenke, Jay Wakefield, Fred Rydholm, Larry Stroud and Rick Osmon, for presentation at AAPS International Conferences, 2008-2009.
This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues
during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical
design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined
The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was constructed around 2500 BC as the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu. It was built over 20 years using around 2.3 million stone blocks and 100,000 workers, though how it was constructed remains a mystery. Standing 480 feet tall with a base of 750 feet per side, it remains one of the oldest structures in the world and an engineering marvel made of limestone.
In this slide you will find the information of pyramids.
Contents
History
Location
Why pyramids were built?
Who build pyramids?
How Were the Pyramids Built?
Consternation technique
Evolves of Egyptian burial practices
The Pharaoh on Egyptian society
Structure of the great Pyramid of khufu
Great pyramids of Egypt
The Pyramid of Djoser
The Pyramid of Meidum
The Bent Pyramid
The Red Pyramid
The Pyramid of Khufu
The Pyramid of Khafre
The Pyramid of Menkaure
The Pyramid of Sahure
Great Sphinx
The Chambers
The End of the Pyramid Era
Egyptian hieroglyphs
(Pyramid Texts)
Todays pyramid
Wonder facts of pyramid
Unanswered facts of pyramids
Este documento describe diferentes operadores de búsqueda avanzada en Google como +, @, $, #, -, =, * que permiten realizar búsquedas más específicas. El operador - excluye resultados con una palabra, las comillas buscan una frase exacta y * actúa como comodín.
The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved from limestone during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre around 4,600 years ago and stands guard behind Khafre's pyramid. The Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs and their queens starting before the Old Kingdom, with the three largest at Giza constructed over three generations for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. While it was once believed that slaves built Khufu's pyramid, it was actually constructed by 100,000 workers during the Nile's annual flooding. The Pyramid of Saqqara was the first to be built out of stone blocks rather than mudbrick and served as the prototype for later
Ancient egypt (Great Pyramid Khufu's pyramid)E-pul Kr
Daily life in ancient Egypt revolved around the Nile River. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and allowed for good harvests. Most Egyptians were farmers who lived in mudbrick homes in villages along the Nile. They grew their own food and traded with others. The ancient Egyptians also built large pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs. The largest of these pyramids, known as the Great Pyramid, was built at Giza for the pharaoh Khufu. It took around 20 years and a large workforce to construct the pyramid using stones weighing 2-4 tons each that were dragged into place up ramps.
1. The Great Pyramid was used by Egyptian priests as an advanced scientific tool to calculate astronomical measurements and predict future events.
2. It served as a symbol of the priests' knowledge and power over the pharaoh who funded its construction.
3. Various theories suggest the Great Pyramid was used as an observatory, calendar, sundial, and landmark for navigation.
The Pyramids of Egypt were built over 4,000 years ago as tombs for pharaohs. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stands over 450 feet tall and covers over 13 acres of land. The pyramids were constructed using stone blocks some weighing over 15 tons that were transported and lifted into place. They demonstrate the immense wealth and power of ancient Egyptian civilization.
This document provides a chronology of ancient Egypt from prehistoric times through the New Kingdom period. It lists the major historical events, rulers, and dynasties in ancient Egypt in chronological order. Some key points include: the unification of Egypt under King Narmer around 3100 BC, the Old Kingdom and construction of the pyramids from around 2686-2181 BC, the collapse of central authority and civil war of the First Intermediate Period from 2181-2040 BC, the reunification and stability of the Middle Kingdom from 2040-1795 BC, the rule of the Hyksos and Second Intermediate Period from 1795-1550 BC, and the New Kingdom and Egyptian empire from 1550
This is a group presentation,with at least 3 group members,
it provides abundant knowledge about ancient site of Giza "pyramids of Giza" with full detailed history and amazing facts.
The document details an archeology group's mission trip to Egypt to study the Egyptian pyramids. It describes their travel to Egypt, arrival in Cairo, and visit to the pyramids of Khufu. It provides information about how the pyramids were constructed, including the materials used and the large number of workers involved. It also notes some key facts about the pyramids, such as their purpose as royal tombs and the ancient Egyptians' burial practices.
The document summarizes key information about the Egyptian pyramids and mummification process. It describes how the pyramids were perfectly shaped structures built of granite by slaves for pharaohs like Khufu. The mummification process involved removing internal organs, covering the body in salt for 70 days, and wrapping it in linen before placing it in a coffin with valuable items for the afterlife. The document also mentions the discovery of King Tut's intact tomb and provides timelines of Egyptian history and pyramid construction from 5000 BC to 2500 BC.
The pyramids were built as burial places and monuments for pharaohs. It was believed that pharaohs needed certain items to succeed in the afterlife, so they were buried with treasures. The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza, stood as the tallest structure in the world for 3,800 years and took at least 20,000 workers over 23 years to build using 2.3 million blocks weighing 5.9 million tons.
The document discusses the design and construction of pyramids in ancient Egypt. It provides details on:
- The design process, which was influenced by religious beliefs and used architectural elements like columns and roofs. Over 100,000 workers and 20 years were sometimes needed to complete a pyramid.
- Means of expression in pyramid design including using the golden ratio for proportions, interior inscriptions, and tools like ropes and wood plates. Drawings guided the tunnels and chambers.
- Perceptions of the design process, which considered the environment, climate, economic potential of the area, and need for structures to represent religious thoughts and allow eternal life after death. Stones were sourced locally when possible.
- The first Egyptian pyramid was built for Pharaoh Djoser and designed by Imhotep, taking the form of a step pyramid to allow the pharaoh's soul to ascend to heaven.
- After Egypt came under rule from Napata, pyramid building revived in Sudan, with over 200 constructed.
- Pyramids were designed with symbolic meanings, representing the primordial mound from which Egypt was created and the sun's rays, being faced with reflective limestone.
Pharaoh Djoser, who ruled from 2868-2649 BC, was responsible for the world's first monumental stone building - the Step Pyramid at Sakkara. He commissioned his architect Imhotep to build the structure, which began as a traditional mastaba tomb but was expanded into Egypt's earliest pyramid through three phases of construction. The Step Pyramid marked a major development in funerary architecture and demonstrated Djoser's power and wealth during his long and peaceful reign.
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. They believed the pharaohs would need their possessions in the afterlife. It is estimated that around 20,000-30,000 laborers worked for many years to construct the pyramids. The pyramids contained burial chambers and treasures for the deceased pharaoh. Egyptians may have chosen the pyramid shape because it resembled the Ben Ben stone in early temples and symbolized the pharaoh's connection with the gods. The first pyramid was built at Saqqara as a tomb for Pharaoh Djoser.
The document discusses how the Egyptian pyramids and burial practices evolved over time. It begins with mastaba tombs, which were low brick structures that housed possessions for pharaohs. The pyramids developed from mastabas, becoming large stone structures like the iconic Giza pyramids. The pyramids served religious purposes, allowing pharaohs' spirits to ascend to the heavens. Later, pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings to make tombs harder to rob. The document examines various pharaohs' pyramids and provides details on their construction and alignment with astronomical phenomena. It poses questions about how the pyramids were built and speculates on possible methods.
The document summarizes key structures and features of the Giza Necropolis in Egypt, including the three main pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. It describes the Sphinx as the largest single stone statue on Earth. It provides details about the sizes and unique aspects of each pyramid, such as Khafre's pyramid retaining some of its limestone casing and Menkaure's pyramid originally containing a beautiful sarcophagus. The Pyramid of Khufu, the largest of the three, was the world's tallest building for over a thousand years and contained over 2 million stone blocks, each weighing around 2 tons.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This document discusses ancient Egyptian tomb inscriptions from the Old Kingdom period, specifically the Third through Fifth Dynasties. It provides several examples of reliefs and scenes from tombs that contain hieroglyphic inscriptions, including a relief of a dentist from the Third Dynasty, a hunting scene from a Fourth Dynasty tomb with an inscription above, and a colorful scene from a Fifth Dynasty tomb with a descriptive text in four columns above the images. The document examines the development of tomb inscriptions during this early period in ancient Egypt and highlights the important role they played in documenting the tomb owners' lives and achievements.
What were the oceans like in ancient days? How did the glaciers comings and goings affect ocean and waterways levels? How did they affect ocean travel and those hearty ancient mariners who went anywhere there were riches to be gained?
This is PART TWO of the Paradigm Project created by Myron Paine, Jeff Bennett, Ida Jane Gallagher, Karol Hoenke, Jay Wakefield, Fred Rydholm, Larry Stroud and Rick Osmon, for presentation at AAPS International Conferences, 2008-2009.
This paper is the 43rd research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt.
It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians horse, leopard, turtle and frog statues
during the era from Predynastic to Late Period. Each statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with
engineering analysis showing its creativity. The innovation in the designs is outlined and the main concepts of mechanical
design methodology in ancient Egypt are outlined
The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was constructed around 2500 BC as the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu. It was built over 20 years using around 2.3 million stone blocks and 100,000 workers, though how it was constructed remains a mystery. Standing 480 feet tall with a base of 750 feet per side, it remains one of the oldest structures in the world and an engineering marvel made of limestone.
In this slide you will find the information of pyramids.
Contents
History
Location
Why pyramids were built?
Who build pyramids?
How Were the Pyramids Built?
Consternation technique
Evolves of Egyptian burial practices
The Pharaoh on Egyptian society
Structure of the great Pyramid of khufu
Great pyramids of Egypt
The Pyramid of Djoser
The Pyramid of Meidum
The Bent Pyramid
The Red Pyramid
The Pyramid of Khufu
The Pyramid of Khafre
The Pyramid of Menkaure
The Pyramid of Sahure
Great Sphinx
The Chambers
The End of the Pyramid Era
Egyptian hieroglyphs
(Pyramid Texts)
Todays pyramid
Wonder facts of pyramid
Unanswered facts of pyramids
Este documento describe diferentes operadores de búsqueda avanzada en Google como +, @, $, #, -, =, * que permiten realizar búsquedas más específicas. El operador - excluye resultados con una palabra, las comillas buscan una frase exacta y * actúa como comodín.
Las presentes Especificaciones Generales de Construcción de Carreteras forman parte de los contratos celebrados por el Instituto Nacional de Vías para la construcción, rehabilitación, rectificación, mejoramiento y conservación de las carreteras y puentes a cargo de la Nación....
El documento describe los trastornos de acumulación, que ocurren cuando una sustancia normal o anormal se acumula dentro o fuera de las células de manera anormal y puede tener efectos patógenos. Describe varios tipos de trastornos como la esteatosis hepática, que es la acumulación anormal de triglicéridos en el hígado, y la silicosis, que es la acumulación de fragmentos de sílice en los pulmones. Explica los mecanismos por los cuales estas sustancias pueden acumularse en las
Este documento describe un proyecto para implementar una lonchera saludable con el fin de disminuir la desnutrición infantil en estudiantes de inicial de una escuela en Machala, Ecuador. Se realizaron encuestas a padres que mostraron falta de conocimiento sobre nutrición. También se entrevistó a una pediatra que explicó las causas comunes de desnutrición y los alimentos apropiados para niños. Los resultados indicaron altos niveles de desnutrición debido a dietas pobres y falta de educación nutricional. El proyecto bus
El boccia es un deporte paralímpico que se origina en la antigua Grecia. Se juega con bolas de diferentes colores que los jugadores deben lanzar lo más cerca posible de una bola blanca central. Los jugadores se dividen en clasificaciones según su grado de discapacidad y algunos pueden recibir asistencia de un auxiliar.
Este documento describe los tres tipos principales de tejido muscular: músculo estriado voluntario (esquelético), músculo cardíaco y músculo liso involuntario. Explica que el músculo esquelético se encuentra en los miembros y paredes del cuerpo y permite el movimiento voluntario, el músculo cardíaco se encuentra en las paredes del corazón y permite la contracción automática del corazón, y el músculo liso se encuentra en las paredes de los órganos internos y
Este documento discute la protección jurídica del software y la controversia sobre si pertenece al ámbito de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. Explica que la propiedad intelectual protege la creatividad intelectual humana, incluyendo el derecho de autor. El derecho de autor protege a los creadores de obras intelectuales y artísticas. Aunque la ley peruana sobre derecho de autor menciona la protección de los programas de ordenador, la legislación en esta área es escasa y sugiere que los software deben ser prote
La cacofonía se refiere al efecto desagradable producido por la repetición de sonidos similares en palabras cercanas. Puede ocurrir intencionalmente como recurso literario o por error al leer o escribir. Se define como sonidos repetidos que resultan desagradables y pueden corregirse cambiando palabras, usando sinónimos o modificando el orden.
Este documento presenta las actividades de mantenimiento rutinario y periódico para la red vial secundaria pavimentada y en afirmado. Describe 20 actividades específicas de mantenimiento de la plataforma, capa de rodadura y bermas, así como del drenaje longitudinal y transversal. El objetivo del mantenimiento es preservar en buen estado los elementos de la vía y controlar daños para conservar las condiciones iniciales de construcción.
Este documento describe el término "friki" y la cultura friki. Un friki es alguien cuyas aficiones como la ciencia ficción, fantasía, cómics, manga, animación, informática, electrónica y videojuegos son inusuales. La aceptación social de los intereses de los frikis varía, y aunque a veces se les asocia con ser introvertidos, este es un estereotipo equivocado. El Día del Orgullo Friki se celebra el 25 de mayo en honor al estreno de La Guerra de las Galaxias.
CloudZone is an Israeli company that provides end-to-end cloud solutions including migration, security, DevOps, and big data services. It aims to help customers adopt the most advanced cloud technologies at a minimal cost. It offers professional services, managed services, training, and works with customers from sign up through ongoing tasks and integration.
La contaminación ambiental se produce cuando agentes físicos, químicos o biológicos se incorporan al medio ambiente en cantidades dañinas para la salud humana, animal o vegetal. El progreso tecnológico y el crecimiento demográfico han alterado el medio ambiente y amenazan el equilibrio ecológico de la Tierra. La contaminación puede surgir de fuentes naturales o antropogénicas como la industria, la agricultura y los residuos domésticos, y afecta el agua, el suelo y
The document discusses a fault tolerance mechanism for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using recovery nodes. It proposes detecting faulty sensor nodes by calculating the round trip delay (RTD) time for discrete round trip paths (RTPs) and comparing them to a threshold value. Once a faulty node is identified, neighboring nodes with higher energy ("recovery nodes") are selected to take over transmission duties and maintain quality of service. The method is tested through simulations with different numbers of sensor nodes to evaluate scalability.
UX is Team Work - Agile in the City: Bristol, 2016Mariana Morris
Getting the whole project team involved in the UX process is essential to achieve a high quality product: developers meeting users and attending usability testing, designers and developers sketching together, clients actively participating in the design process.
This session provides practical UX techniques and tools to integrate UX in an agile environment and get everyone in the project team contributing to the user experience.
El documento resume el código genético y el proceso de síntesis de proteínas. Explica que el ADN contiene los genes que codifican para las proteínas. El ADN se transcribe en ARNm en el núcleo, y luego el ARNm se traduce en una secuencia de aminoácidos en el citoplasma utilizando ribosomas y ARNt. La secuencia de aminoácidos forma la estructura primaria de la proteína, la cual luego se pliega en estructuras secundaria, terciaria y cuaternaria.
Este documento describe un proyecto de aula sobre la elaboración de yogurt a través de los lactobacilos bulgaros. El yogurt se fabrica utilizando estas bacterias benéficas que ayudan en la digestión y mantienen una flora intestinal saludable. El proyecto tiene como objetivo principal elaborar yogurt de forma casera y económica para mejorar la nutrición de las personas. Se explican los beneficios del yogurt para la salud y su relación con el Plan de Buen Vivir del Ecuador.
OPZON peluqueria en el centro de Madrid, ha colaborado con Loreal para realizar los trabajos de la revista tendencias con Redken. En esta presentación se pueden apreciar los look más divertidos y de tendencia de esta primavera-verano 2014. ¡No te lo pierdas!
Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease that occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. It is usually felt as chest pain or discomfort when one engages in physical exertion or is exposed to stress. There are two main types - stable angina, which occurs predictably in relation to activity or stress, and unstable angina, which occurs unpredictably even at rest. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, and coronary angiography to detect blockages in the arteries. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to manage risk factors and symptoms, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery in severe cases.
The paper investigates the development of the stone vessels industry in Ancient Egypt during the periods from the
Middle Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period. The paper presents samples of the stone vessels during those periods and tries to
analyze each sample showing its characteristics and location if known. The design of each stone vessel is outlined and the
decoration (if any) is investigated. The development aspects of the stone vessels industry is investigated highlighting the
innovations of the designs and their manufacturing. The maximum development of stone vessels in the 18th dynasty is outlined
with example models from the rein of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric and ancient Egyptian architecture. In prehistory, humans first lived in caves for shelter and protection. They later developed more structured huts and shelters using branches, animal skins, and stones. During the Stone Age, humans constructed stone structures like menhirs, dolmens, and Stonehenge. In ancient Egypt, the geography and annual flooding of the Nile river was important to architecture. Egyptians built structures like dams, houses made of mudbricks, and mastabas for burial. Mastabas evolved into stepped and smooth-sided pyramids built by pharaohs like Djoser, Sneferu, and others as expressions of power and for burial purposes
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 from the textbook "Art History" which covers art of the Ancient Near East. It begins with learning objectives for the chapter and then provides summaries of early Mesopotamian cultures like Sumer, Akkad, Ur and Lagash, Babylon, Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians. Key points include the development of writing, temples, royal tombs, cylinder seals and votive figures in Sumer as well as Hammurabi's Code of Laws and Assurnasirpal II's lion hunt relief from Assyria. Images are included to illustrate important works discussed.
This document summarizes stone statues produced in ancient Egypt between the 11th and 17th Dynasties (2050-1550 BC). It presents 9 stone statues from the 11th and 12th Dynasties, including statues of kings, stewards, and officials made of materials like limestone, sandstone, granite and quartzite. The last example shown is a quartzite block statue from the late 12th Dynasty. No further statues are described from the 13th to 17th Dynasties.
This is ninth paper in a series of research papers exploring the history of mechanical engineering during the
Ancient Egypt era. The paper investigates the industry of pottery in Ancient Egypt over periods from Predynastic
to Old Kingdom. The paper presents samples of pottery ware and tries to analyze each sample showing its
characteristics and location if known. The designs of each pottery ware is outlined. The decorations of the pottery
ware are outlined with emphases on the innovations in the pottery industry during the studied periods. The
manufacturing technique of pottery ware is stresses from point of view of mass production.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian art from the Predynastic period through the Old Kingdom. It describes key developments like the unification of Egypt under King Narmer, the evolution of tomb architecture from mastabas to step pyramids and true pyramids, and important artistic conventions like frontalism. Major artworks discussed include the Narmer Palette, the Step Pyramid and mortuary of Djoser, statues of Khafre and Menkaure, and wall paintings from Saqqara tombs. The document also outlines Egyptian contributions to mathematics, shipbuilding, and other areas.
The evolution of tombs in ancient Egypt ssusera531b5
بحث يصف تطور عمارة المقابر الملكية في مصر القديمة من بداية استخدام المصاطب و حتي مقابر وادي الملوك
Research describes the evolution of tombs from Mastaba to Pyramids in ancient Egypt
Review Prior to Writinghephren (Khafre) mastaba during excav.docxcarlstromcurtis
Review Prior to Writing
hephren (Khafre) mastaba during excavation with its upper half visible, Giza, c.2500 BCE
Wikimedia Commons, public domain. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara, 2630-2575. Author: Dennis Jarvis.
Creative Commons 2.0 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
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Menkaure and a Queen, 2490-2472, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Author: unknown. Photo by Jen.
Creative Commons 3.0 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Rock-cut tomb, Beni Hassan, 1938-1756 BCE. Author: Kurohito.
Creative Commons 3.0 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
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Head of Akhenaten, c. 1353-1336, Alexandria National Museum.
Creative Commons 3.0 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
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Welcome to ancient Egypt. Here we find a culture where tradition reigned supreme. Life along the Nile was organized according to a divine plan established by an array of gods and overseen by the king, who was himself divine. Art celebrated the gods and god-king. Much of the art of ancient Egypt was funerary, put to the purpose of helping the king, members of the royal family and high-ranking officials into that life of immortality. The tombs, their contents, as well as temples dedicated to gods and kings were built to endure, just as the deities would endure through eternity. Aside from physical solidity, Egyptian art was changeless in its style conventions, formulas of representation that would last for 3,000 years.
Ancient Egyptian history is divided into three major periods: Old Kingdom (3,000-2181 BCE), Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE) and New Kingdom (1550-1069 BCE). Old Kingdom Egypt is the period of gargantuan tombs, which show a traceable evolution of form through the period. These are solid structures meant to glorify the deceased, as well as provide protection for the king’s belongings and his mummified remains. In the Slideshow are two types of Egyptian tombs from the Old Kingdom, a mastaba tomb and a stepped pyramid.
Old Kingdom Egypt also set into place the style conventions that would be so long lasting. In your readings, note the formula for Egyptian figures that artists were expected to follow, especially when rendering the deceased or anyone of high rank.
Menkaure
and a Queen is a sculpture that exhibits the look for standing figures.
The Middle Kingdom presents another period of strong artistic enterprise that continued the established conventions. During this period, tombs, such as those at Beni Hassan, became much more discreet, carved into hillsides and covered over to prevent theft. Separate mortuary temples commemorated these kings.
The New Kingdom was an imperial period for the Egyptians, when they extended their borders into Mesopotamia and southward into the Sudan. This is a period of great wealth which was lavished on mortuary temples, extensive pylon temples and extravagant burials, such as that of ...
Health And The Environment ( Marine Life ) EssayPaula Smith
1) The document discusses an oil spill that occurred off the coast of New Zealand in 2011 when a cargo ship, the MV Rena, ran aground and spilled oil and debris.
2) There were major environmental, economic, and social impacts from the spill. Efforts have been made to restore the affected marine environment.
3) A key issue is whether to leave the remaining wreck and debris or remove it. Leaving it could allow faster access but also pose risks, while removal could further damage the recovering area. The benefits and risks of each option are debated.
HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE & THE ANCIENT ART OF PLANNING: THE ERA FORGOTTENcivej
This document summarizes the evolution of architecture, planning, and construction techniques from prehistoric times to ancient civilizations around the world. It discusses:
1) Architecture began as basic shelters for safety and evolved with mankind. Early structures included Neanderthal rock caves and megaliths from the British Isles.
2) Major ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and the Indian subcontinent independently developed architectural styles suited to their environments and needs. Egyptian architecture featured pyramids, temples and tombs while Roman architecture combined Greek and Etruscan styles.
3) In India, the Indus Valley civilization featured advanced town planning. Later Vedic and
The document provides a historical overview of human technological development organized into different eras: Agrarian, Modern, and Digital. Some key developments discussed include the domestication of animals in 4000 BC allowing for animal-powered transportation, the development of wheeled wagons in 3000 BC, coins in ancient Greece/Rome in the 6th-7th century BC, state-built roads and canals in ancient Rome, improvements to shipbuilding and navigation from 1000 AD - 1500 AD, the establishment of universities in the 11th-14th centuries, the Age of Discovery from 1400-1600, the Industrial Revolution starting in England in the late 1700s, and the development of railways in the 1820s-1830s
1. Various innovations in technology and social organization allowed early complex civilizations to develop, including agriculture, irrigation systems, construction techniques, writing systems, and advanced medical practices. These innovations made societies more stable and productive.
2. Specific innovations discussed include bronze-casting in ancient China, which brought advances like horse-drawn chariots and new social hierarchies, and cuneiform writing invented by the Sumerians, which allowed record keeping and transmission of ideas.
3. Technologies like mummification in ancient Egypt played important social roles, while innovations like Hammurabi's Code systematized laws in ancient Mesopotamia. Overall, these advances supported more populous, organized societies.
INTRO TO ENGINEERING STUDENT PRESENTATION.pptxBismark Budu
Overview of Engineering which entails
1. History of Engineering
2. What is Engineering
3. Functions of an Engineer
4. Engineering as a Profession
5. Intro to Engineering psychology
The document summarizes how humans have changed the earth from 4000 BC to present day through developments in transportation, infrastructure, industry, and technology. It describes key inventions and advancements such as the domestication of animals, wheeled vehicles, ships, roads, the steam engine, railroads, planes, telecommunications, and space exploration. These developments enabled migration, trade, war, and globalization, fundamentally transforming humans' ability to interact and impact the world.
1) The document outlines the evolution of Egyptian art and architecture from the Predynastic period through the New Kingdom, including the development of royal tombs from mastabas to pyramids and the stylistic conventions that remained consistent over thousands of years.
2) Notable periods discussed include the Old Kingdom with sculptures showing status differences and the innovations of Imhotep, the Middle Kingdom with rock-cut tombs, and the New Kingdom featuring the grand mortuary temples of Hatshepsut and Ramses II along with the distinctive Amarna style during Akhenaten's reign.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian art under the pharaohs, with goals of understanding the evolution of Egyptian culture and key characteristics of its art forms. It covers developments from the Predynastic period through the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Key points discussed include the rise of pyramid tombs in the Old Kingdom, the shift to rock-cut tombs in the Middle Kingdom, and grand mortuary temples constructed in the New Kingdom, such as those built by Hatshepsut and Ramesses II. Sculptural styles are analyzed, ranging from stylized figures to more realistic portraits.
This document provides an overview of Greek history from the Paleolithic Age to Roman Greece. Some key points include:
- Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations developed impressive achievements during the Bronze Age on Crete and the Greek mainland.
- Classical Greece produced remarkable cultural and scientific achievements, with Athens introducing direct democracy. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle established Western philosophy.
- Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great expanded Greek influence throughout Europe and Asia in the 4th century BC.
- The Hellenistic period that followed Alexander's death saw the spread of Greek culture through the Near East and Mediterranean, though with increasing Oriental influences
This document provides an overview of Greek history from the Paleolithic Age to the Classical period. It discusses early human habitation in Greece during the Paleolithic, the rise of Neolithic civilizations like Sesklo and Dimini, and the major Bronze Age civilizations of Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures between 3200-1100 BC. The Archaic period saw the development of the polis system and architecture like the Temple of Zeus. The Classical period is known for Athens' democracy and cultural/scientific achievements. Key sites and artifacts from these eras are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of Bronze Age art in the Aegean region, including the Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures. It describes distinctive art forms from each culture, such as the abstract marble figures produced by the Cycladic civilization. For the Minoan civilization, it highlights artistic achievements like the elaborate palace complexes, vivid frescoes, and finely crafted sculptures. The document aims to familiarize readers with the visual hallmarks and historical context of ancient Aegean art.
The document provides a history of various modes of transport from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans walked along tracks for trade and transporting goods using domesticated animals. Over time, various vehicles were developed including boats, carts pulled by animals, and wheeled vehicles. Major developments included the Roman road networks, innovations in road construction materials, and the first steam-powered vehicles in the late 18th century. The document then outlines the history of specific transport modes such as rail, water, aviation and highlights some important innovations in each field.
Similar to [IJET V2I5P2] Authors:Galal Ali Hassaan (20)
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
This document summarizes a study that determined the liberation size of gold ore from the Iperindo-Ilesha deposit in Nigeria and assessed its amenability to froth flotation. Samples of the ore were collected and subjected to sieve analysis to determine particle size fractions. Chemical analysis found that the actual and economic liberation sizes were 45μm and 250μm, respectively. Froth flotation experiments at 45μm particle size and varying collector dosages achieved a maximum gold recovery of 78.93% at 0.3 mol/dm3 collector dosage, with concentrate grade of 115 ppm Au. These parameters will be used for further processing to extract gold from this deposit.
This document presents a proposal for an IOT-based intelligent baby care system with a web application for remote baby monitoring. The system uses sensors to automatically swing a cradle when a baby cries, sound alarms if the baby cries for too long or the mattress is wet, and sends alerts to a web page for parents to monitor the baby's status from anywhere via internet connection. The proposed system aims to help working parents manage childcare remotely using sensors, a Raspberry Pi, web camera, and cloud server to detect the baby's activities and notify parents through a web application on their phone.
This document discusses various sources of water pollution and new techniques being developed for water purification. It begins by outlining how water pollution occurs from industrial wastes like mining and manufacturing, agricultural runoff containing pesticides, and domestic waste. It then examines some specific pollutants in more depth from these sources. New techniques under research for water purification are also mentioned, with the goal of developing more affordable methods. The document aims to analyze the impact of pollutants on water and introduce promising new purification techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on using big data methodologies with IoT and its applications. It discusses how big data analytics is being used across various fields like engineering, data management, and more. It also discusses how IoT enables the collection of massive amounts of data from sensors and devices. Machine learning techniques are used to analyze this big data from IoT and enable communication between devices. The document provides examples of domains where big data and IoT are being applied, such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and others. It analyzes the similarities and differences in how big data techniques are used across these IoT domains.
The document describes a proposed smart library automation and monitoring system using RFID technology. The system uses RFID tags attached to books and student ID cards. An RFID scanner reads the tags to automate processes like tracking student entry and exit, book check-in/check-out, and inventory management. This allows transactions to occur without manual intervention. The system also includes an Android app for students to search books and check availability. The goals are to streamline library operations, prevent unauthorized access, and help locate misplaced books. Raspberry Pi hardware and a MySQL database are part of the proposed implementation.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes applying principles of Vedic mathematics to optimize the design of multipliers, squarers, and cubers. It begins by providing background on multipliers and their importance in electronic systems. It then reviews related work applying Vedic mathematics to multiplier design. The document outlines the methodology for performing multiplication, squaring, and cubing according to Vedic mathematics principles. It presents simulation and synthesis results comparing the proposed Vedic designs to traditional array-based designs, finding improvements in speed, power, and area. The document concludes that Vedic mathematics provides an effective approach for optimizing the design of these fundamental arithmetic components.
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
fields, for example, computational etymology, Information Retrieval (IR) and data mining. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) methods were utilized to extricate learning from the textual text that is
composed by people. Text mining peruses an unstructured form of data to give important
information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
are an awesome wellspring of correspondence as the vast majority of the general population in this
day and age utilize these destinations in their everyday lives to keep associated with each other. It
turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
this kind of indistinct data; it is elusive out the genuine data arrange. As needs be, we are directing
an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
This document summarizes a research paper on the thermal performance of air conditioners using nanofluids compared to base fluids. Key points:
- Nanofluids, which are liquids containing nanoparticles, can improve heat transfer in heat pipes and cooling systems due to their higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids.
- The document reviews how factors like nanofluid type, nanoparticle size and concentration affect thermal efficiency and heat transfer limits. It also examines using nanofluids to enhance heat exchange in transmission fluids.
- An experimental setup is described to study heat transfer and friction factors of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a horizontal tube under constant heat flux. Temperature, pressure and flow rate are measured
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
More from IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques (20)
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
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Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
[IJET V2I5P2] Authors:Galal Ali Hassaan
1. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep – Oct 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 9
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXV: Models
Industry (Boats, Ploughing, Grain Grinding, Bakery and
Brewery)
Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
I. INTRODUCTION
Modelling is one of the features extensively
applied in recent civilization. However, ancient
Egyptians may be the first nation to adopt physical
modelling of activities, humans, animals, birds,
houses, tools and human accessories thousands of
years ago. They authorized they daily life activities
through models manufactured from wood and other
materials and kept them inside their Tombs. Those
models were a store of a lot of technical
information about science and technology in
ancient Egypt.
Reisner (1913) stated that during the early part of
the 6th
Dynasty, statuettes of servants performing
their usual functions were placed in the serdab
(statue chamber) along with the statues of the
owner and his family. Models of boats of various
sorts were found in the serdab were usually of wood
[1]. Vinson (1987) presented some of the boat
models from Badary, Naqada, 1st
Dynasty and Old
Kingdom. He studied how the ancient Egyptians
represented boats in their Tomba and Temples. He
examined also what is called 'boat burial' and
'funerary boats' [2]. Tooley (1989) traced the
development of wooden model corpus from the
Old Kingdom. She studied in details model
granaries, funerary and pilgrimage model boats and
model offering-bearers [3].
Teeter (2003) in her book about ancient Egypt
through the treasures collected in the Oriental
Institute of the University of Chicago presented
some useful information about models in ancient
Egypt. She presented a very clear photo for a
wooden model for a workshop from the 1st
Intermediate Period (9th
and 10th
Dynasties before
2025 BC). The workshop was for baking, brewing
and slaughtering. She presented a bronze model for
a composite deity from the Late Period (26th
to 31st
Dynasties before 332 BC) with front face of Abunis
and its back for a falcon [4]. Allen (2004)
strengthened the statement of Swain (1995) that the
use of models and miniature vessels and models of
all sorts was common throughout pharaonic history
from the earliest periods onward [5]. She presented
samples of miniature vessel models from the 4th
Dynasty and from the Middle Kingdom [6].
Bard (2007) wrote a wonderful book about the
archaeology of ancient Egypt with too many
illustrations. Among her illustrations a wooden
model of a bakery/brewery workshop from the 12th
Dynasty [7]. Brooker (2009) in his Master of
Philosophy thesis presented ancient Egyptian model
for houses constructed using pottery during the 9th
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Abstract:
The paper investigates the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through the study of models
industry during the Predynastic and Pharaonic Periods. It covers models for boats, ploughing, grain grinding,
bakery and brewery. The time span of each model application is assigned through the different dynasties or time
periods for the Predynastic era. The gender of the labors participated in each activity is assigned.
Keywords — Mechanical engineering history, Ancient Egypt, model industry, boat models, ploughing models,
grinding models, bakery models, brewery models.
2. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
and 12th
Dynasties of the 1st
Intermediate Period
and Middle Kingdom [8]. Kroenke (2010) stated in
her Ph.D. Thesis that the collection of tomb models
from Naga ed-Deir was significant because it was
extensive and spanned the major phases of model
production from Late Old Kingdom to Late Middle
Kingdom. She presented a detailed analysis of tomb
models in each phase of production represented at
Naga ed-Deir. She presented a complete chapter in
her thesis about tomb models from Naga ed
with corpus of tomb models and locations of the
collection [9].
Vinson (2013) indicated that ancient Egyptians
used boats for general transportation, travel,
military use, religious/ceremonial use and fishing.
He presented scenes for boats from different eras
starting from Late Predynastic Period to New
Kingdom [10]. Smith (2014) outlined that ushabti
was an ancient Egyptian practice from the Middle
Kingdom to end of the Pharaonic Period. He
synthesized data from Leiden Museum's catalog of
ushabtis to explore some trends about material, time
period, provenience and inscription [11]. Hagseth
(2015) outlined that cattle boats of the Pharaonic
Period appeared in the reliefs of the elite Tombs
during the Middle and New Kingdoms. In her
Master of Arts thesis, she presented a boat model
from the 12th
Dynasty [12]. Wikipedia (2016) stated
that wooden tomb models were in Egyptian
funerary custom throughout the Middle Kingdom
and the models represented the work of servants,
farmers and other skilled craftsmen, armies and
religious rituals. According to Wikipedia, the best
known models came from the Tomb of the
Chancellor Meketre [13].
II. BOAT MODELS
Egypt has a specific geographic chara
The River Nile crosses the country from its upper
boundaries with Sudan to its lower boundaries with
the Mediterranean Sea. Also it has the Red Sea in
the East and the Mediterranean at the North. This
made the ancient Egyptian keen to build boa
ships suitable for both Nile and Sea
military and religious purposes. We are going to
trace the design of the ancient Egyptian boats
through the different dynasties. .
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
Intermediate Period
and Middle Kingdom [8]. Kroenke (2010) stated in
her Ph.D. Thesis that the collection of tomb models
Deir was significant because it was
extensive and spanned the major phases of model
production from Late Old Kingdom to Late Middle
Kingdom. She presented a detailed analysis of tomb
models in each phase of production represented at
. She presented a complete chapter in
her thesis about tomb models from Naga ed-Deir
with corpus of tomb models and locations of the
Vinson (2013) indicated that ancient Egyptians
used boats for general transportation, travel,
religious/ceremonial use and fishing.
He presented scenes for boats from different eras
starting from Late Predynastic Period to New
Kingdom [10]. Smith (2014) outlined that ushabti
was an ancient Egyptian practice from the Middle
araonic Period. He
synthesized data from Leiden Museum's catalog of
ushabtis to explore some trends about material, time
period, provenience and inscription [11]. Hagseth
(2015) outlined that cattle boats of the Pharaonic
the elite Tombs
during the Middle and New Kingdoms. In her
Master of Arts thesis, she presented a boat model
Wikipedia (2016) stated
that wooden tomb models were in Egyptian
funerary custom throughout the Middle Kingdom
models represented the work of servants,
farmers and other skilled craftsmen, armies and
religious rituals. According to Wikipedia, the best
known models came from the Tomb of the
Egypt has a specific geographic characteristics.
The River Nile crosses the country from its upper
boundaries with Sudan to its lower boundaries with
the Mediterranean Sea. Also it has the Red Sea in
the East and the Mediterranean at the North. This
made the ancient Egyptian keen to build boats and
for civilian,
. We are going to
trace the design of the ancient Egyptian boats
- The 1st
boat model is from Naqada II,
one of the Predynastic Perio
Egypt (3300 BC). It takes the shape of a
crocodile and carries 3 mumiform figures as
shown in Fig.1 [14]. The ancient Egyptian
designer was a mechanical engineering
expert. First, the crocodiles lives with him in
the water resourses of Egypt.
learned from the swimming characteristics
of the crocodile that the surfaces have to be
smoothly profiled. This what we see in the
model body profile of Fig.1
years ago. How great was those people.
Fig.1 Crocodile boat model from Naqada II [14].
- The 2nd
boat model from the Predynastic
Period is from Naqada II/Naqada III (3500
3000 BC) shown in Fig.2 [15]. The boat is
manufactured from pottery and has streamed
surfaces and sharp front to reduce water
resistance to the motion of the boat.
Fig.2 Boat model from Naqada II/III [15].
- The 3rd
boat model is from the End of the
Old Kingdom, from the 6
rowing boat with crew and two steering
– Oct 2016
Page 10
boat model is from Naqada II,
one of the Predynastic Periods of ancient
Egypt (3300 BC). It takes the shape of a
crocodile and carries 3 mumiform figures as
The ancient Egyptian
designer was a mechanical engineering
expert. First, the crocodiles lives with him in
the water resourses of Egypt. Second he
learned from the swimming characteristics
of the crocodile that the surfaces have to be
smoothly profiled. This what we see in the
model body profile of Fig.1 more that 5300
years ago. How great was those people.
Fig.1 Crocodile boat model from Naqada II [14].
boat model from the Predynastic
Period is from Naqada II/Naqada III (3500-
3000 BC) shown in Fig.2 [15]. The boat is
manufactured from pottery and has streamed
surfaces and sharp front to reduce water
resistance to the motion of the boat.
Fig.2 Boat model from Naqada II/III [15].
boat model is from the End of the
Old Kingdom, from the 6th
Dynasty. It is a
rowing boat with crew and two steering
3. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
posts as shown in Fig.3 [16]. The model
a unique design. It has a big ratio of
height/length. It has an extremely long front
pole. What does this mean from navigation
point of view ?. An answer from specialists
is required.
Fig.3 Boat model from the 6th
Dynasty [16].
- The 4th
boat model is from the Tomb
of Herishefhotep in Abusir during the 9
Dynasties and shown in Fig.4 [1
model was for sailing in the River Nile and
probable manufactured from papyrus. It has
a pilot in the front of the boat and a crew at
both sides of the boat. There is a cabinet at
the end. The body takes the shape of an
ovoid with extended cylindrical ends from
both sides.
Fig.4 Boat model from the 9th
/10th
Dynasties
- The 5th
boat model is from the 11
It is a transport boat shown in Fig.
has a decorated cabinet near its end
crew and a steering oar at its end.
travellers set inside the cabin and goods on
the boat deck.
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
The model has
a unique design. It has a big ratio of
ight/length. It has an extremely long front
pole. What does this mean from navigation
An answer from specialists
Dynasty [16].
boat model is from the Tomb
Herishefhotep in Abusir during the 9th
/10th
[17]. This boat
model was for sailing in the River Nile and
probable manufactured from papyrus. It has
and a crew at
both sides of the boat. There is a cabinet at
the end. The body takes the shape of an
ovoid with extended cylindrical ends from
Dynasties [17].
boat model is from the 11th
Dynasty.
It is a transport boat shown in Fig.5 [18]. It
has a decorated cabinet near its end, a pilot, a
crew and a steering oar at its end. The
travellers set inside the cabin and goods on
Fig.5 Transport boat from the 11
- A 6th
example is again from the 11
It is wooden fishing boat
Meketre Tomb and in display in the Egyptian
Museum of Cairo and shown in Fig.6
They are a set of four boat models. The
fishing net is between the first two boats and
the boats are equipped with a full crew
driving the boats and fishing. Each boat has
an ovoid duck and the surfaces are filleted to
smooth the sailing of the boat and provide
high degree of safety during operation.
Fig.6 Fishing boats from Meketre Tomb
- The 7th
boat model is from the 12
of the Middle Kingdom. It is a wooden
funerary boat model in display in the
Metropolitan Museum of NY and shown in
Fig.7 [20]. The boat is painted and has a
cabinet centred on the deck
dead person. The boat has five figures
representing the pilot, 3 persons looking after
– Oct 2016
Page 11
Transport boat from the 11th
Dynasty [18].
again from the 11th
Dynasty.
fishing boats models found in
Meketre Tomb and in display in the Egyptian
Museum of Cairo and shown in Fig.6 [19].
They are a set of four boat models. The
the first two boats and
the boats are equipped with a full crew
driving the boats and fishing. Each boat has
an ovoid duck and the surfaces are filleted to
smooth the sailing of the boat and provide
high degree of safety during operation.
Fishing boats from Meketre Tomb [19].
boat model is from the 12th
Dynasty
of the Middle Kingdom. It is a wooden
model in display in the
Metropolitan Museum of NY and shown in
Fig.7 [20]. The boat is painted and has a
on the deck and carries the
dead person. The boat has five figures
representing the pilot, 3 persons looking after
4. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
the dead and one steering sailor. There is a
large steering oar at the end of the boat and
the surfaces are ideal for sailing purposes
Fig.7 Wooden boat from Dynasty 12
- The 8th
boat model is a river boat from the
reign of King Amenemhat I
Dynasty. It is a model of a transportation boat
driven by ten rowing oars, 5 from each side
and one steering oar at the end. The pilot is in
the front and the rowing and steering staff are
all in working positions. A coloured cabinet is
set near the end of the boat to balance with
the driving crew.
Fig.8 Boat model from Amenemhat I reign [21].
- The 9th
model is for a funerary boat from the
12th
Dynasty displayed in the Metropolitan
Museum of art and shown in Fig.9 [22]. The
boat model has 2 rowing ors and 2 steering
oars, full crew, cabinet with a specially
profiled roof and may be a sail (not clear in
the picture).
Fig.9 Funerary boat model from Dynasty 12 [22].
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
the dead and one steering sailor. There is a
large steering oar at the end of the boat and
the surfaces are ideal for sailing purposes.
[20].
river boat from the
of the 12th
It is a model of a transportation boat
driven by ten rowing oars, 5 from each side
he end. The pilot is in
the front and the rowing and steering staff are
all in working positions. A coloured cabinet is
set near the end of the boat to balance with
Fig.8 Boat model from Amenemhat I reign [21].
model is for a funerary boat from the
Dynasty displayed in the Metropolitan
Museum of art and shown in Fig.9 [22]. The
boat model has 2 rowing ors and 2 steering
oars, full crew, cabinet with a specially
profiled roof and may be a sail (not clear in
Fig.9 Funerary boat model from Dynasty 12 [22].
- Now, we jump to the 18
most wealthy Dynasties of the ancient
Egyptian history. The model is from the
Tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep II, the 7
Pharaoh of the 18th
Dynasty and shown in
Fig.10 [23].
Fig.10 Boat model from Tomb of Amenhotep II
of the 18th
Dynasty [23].
- Another model from the 18
to the young Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the 13
Pharaoh of the 18th
manufactured from alabaster and displayed in
the Egyptian Museum of Cairo and shown in
Fig.11 [24]. The front and back ends of the
boat model take the form of an gazelle and
there is a shrine of 4 pillars and a roof in the
middle of the boat duck with 2 persons at
both ends of the shrine. All cut from rock
alabaster. The model is decorated by multi
colours could survive for more that 3300
years. This piece is an indication of the high
mechanical technology practiced by the
ancient Egyptians.
Fig.11 Boat model from Tomb of Tutankhamun
of the 18th
Dynasty [24].
– Oct 2016
Page 12
Now, we jump to the 18th
Dynasty, one the
most wealthy Dynasties of the ancient
The model is from the
Tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep II, the 7th
Dynasty and shown in
Fig.10 Boat model from Tomb of Amenhotep II
Another model from the 18th
Dynasty belongs
to the young Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the 13th
Dynasty. It is
labaster and displayed in
the Egyptian Museum of Cairo and shown in
The front and back ends of the
boat model take the form of an gazelle and
there is a shrine of 4 pillars and a roof in the
middle of the boat duck with 2 persons at
of the shrine. All cut from rock
alabaster. The model is decorated by multi-
colours could survive for more that 3300
years. This piece is an indication of the high
technology practiced by the
model from Tomb of Tutankhamun
Dynasty [24].
5. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep – Oct 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 13
- The last boat model is for a warship from the
20th
Dynasty during the reign of Pharaoh
Ramses III, the 2nd
Pharaoh of the 20th
Dynasty. The model is shown in Fig.12 [25].
The model was built without crew. It is
powered by 24 rowing oars, one steering oar
and a linen sail. The warship is multi-
coloured , has smooth ovoid profile and a
long pole from the front end.
Fig.12 Warship model from the 20th
Dynasty [25].
III. PLOUGHING MODELS
Ploughing is an agriculture process required
to prepare the land for the new crop. Because
the ancient Egyptian was a successful
agricultural man he gave all his attention to all
activities related to the agriculture process
including ploughing.
- The 1st
ploughing model is from Late 11th
Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom displayed in
the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston and
shown in Fig.13 [26]. The farmer is using a
wooden plougher powered by two oxen's
under the supervision of an overseer.
Fig.13 Field ploughing from the 11th
Dynasty [26].
- The 2nd
ploughing model is from the 11th
/
12th
Dynasties displayed in the British
Museum of UK as shown in Fig.14 [27]. The
plough is powered by two oxen's and guided
by the farmer. There is no overseer as in the
model of Fig.13.
Fig.14 Field ploughing from the 11th
/12th Dynasties
[27].
- The 3rd
ploughing model is from the 13th
Dynasty of the Second Intermediate Period
and shown in Fig.15 [28]. The design of the
ploughing edge in this model is different than
those in Figs.13 and 14. In the present design
of the 13th
Dynasty the plougher has two
cutting edges and there are 4 labour pins, 2
from each side to suit the height of the farmer.
Fig.15 Field ploughing from the 13th
Dynasty [28].
IV. GRANARY MODELS
As an agricultural country, the ancient
Egyptians now have a huge amount of grains
specially wheat which they need all-over the
year to produce bread. Therefore, they need
means for wheat storage. From here, came the
6. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
idea of designing and building differen
granary silos under the full control of the
government as will be illustrated in the
following models they left in their tombs:
- The first granary model is from the 1
Dynasty from Abydos and it is in display in
the Petrie Museum of UK and shown
Fig.16 [29]. The silo is loaded from its top
and discharged from its bottom through a
door not shown in the Fig.16.
Fig.16 Granary model from the 1st
Dynast
- The 2nd
model is from the 4th
Dynasty of the
Old Kingdom found in El-Kap Mastaba. It is
in display in the Ashmolean Museum of UK
and shown in Fig.17 [30]. It consists of 12
domed silos arranged in two rows with cover
on each silo top opening. There is a little
flange in the bottom to help getting better
stability for each silo and the surfaces have
different diameters fillets (wonderful
mechanical engineering design).
Fig.17 Granary model from the 4th
Dynast
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
idea of designing and building different types of
under the full control of the
as will be illustrated in the
following models they left in their tombs:
The first granary model is from the 1st
Dynasty from Abydos and it is in display in
the Petrie Museum of UK and shown in
The silo is loaded from its top
and discharged from its bottom through a
Dynasty [29].
Dynasty of the
Mastaba. It is
in display in the Ashmolean Museum of UK
and shown in Fig.17 [30]. It consists of 12
domed silos arranged in two rows with cover
on each silo top opening. There is a little
flange in the bottom to help getting better
and the surfaces have
different diameters fillets (wonderful
Dynasty [30].
- The 3rd
granary model is from the 6
of the Old Kingdom. It is
model in display in the Egyptian Museum at
Cairo and shown in Fig.18 [31].
mechanical engineer of the 6
designed the discharge doors of those silos to
be sliding doors in the bottom of the silos. Of
course this gives excellent control on the flow
rate of the grains out of the silos.
Fig.18 Five domed granary model
Dynasty [31].
- The 4th
granary model is from the 11
Dynasties of the Medium Kingdom.
display in the Metropolitan Museum of NY
and shown in Fig.19 [32].
parallelogram structure with main entry door
from the front. It is of the closed
compartment design. There are two porters
transferring the grain sacks to the granary
through stairs, one scribe recording the
input/output data of the granary, one o
beside the scribe at the roof surface of the
gallery. The discharge doors of the gallery are
from the bottom in the open
Fig.19 Granary model from the
[32].
– Oct 2016
Page 14
granary model is from the 6th
Dynasty
of the Old Kingdom. It is a wooden granary
display in the Egyptian Museum at
Cairo and shown in Fig.18 [31]. The
mechanical engineer of the 6th
Dynasty
designed the discharge doors of those silos to
be sliding doors in the bottom of the silos. Of
course this gives excellent control on the flow
e of the grains out of the silos.
Five domed granary model from the 6th
].
granary model is from the 11th
/12th
of the Medium Kingdom. It is in
display in the Metropolitan Museum of NY
and shown in Fig.19 [32]. It has a
parallelogram structure with main entry door
It is of the closed-
There are two porters
transferring the grain sacks to the granary
through stairs, one scribe recording the
input/output data of the granary, one overseer
beside the scribe at the roof surface of the
gallery. The discharge doors of the gallery are
from the bottom in the open-air compartment.
from the 11th
/12th
Dynasties
7. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep – Oct 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 15
- The 5th
granary model is from the 12th
Dynasty. It is in display in the Metropolitan
Museum of art and shown in Fig.20 [33]. It is
of the open-compartment design. The porters
go up using stairs and pour their grain-
containers into the storage compartment. The
main door of the granary opens to a scribes
office where a good number of scribes record
the input/output of the granary in a very
successful administration system to reserve
the wealth of the country and fight any
corruption.
Fig.20 Granary model from the 12th
Dynasty [33].
- The last granary model is from the reign of
Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the 18th
Dynasty. It
is in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo
and shown in Fig.21 [34]. Its door is in the
left and internally it has more than 10 internal
compartments, may be for storing different
grains. The partitions height is almost half the
outside walls of the model.
Fig.21 Granary model from the 18th
Dynasty [34].
V. GRAIN GRINDING MODELS
The ancient Egyptians didn't have mills to grind
their grains, but they depended on the main-
power to do this job using simple mechanism
designed specially for this purpose as will be
illustrated in the following models:
- Fig.22 shown a limestone model for a lady
grinding grain from the 5th
Dynasty of the Old
Kingdom [35]. The grinder is a two-elements
mechanism, one stationary (frame) and one
movable by the two hands of the grinder in a
reciprocating rectilinear motion. The position
of the grinding lady applies the body weight
on the moving element to ease grinding with
minimum hand-effort.
Fig.22 Grinding woman from the 5th
Dynasty [35].
- The second grinding model is from the 9th
–
11th
Dynasties Period and shown in Fig.23
[36]. In this model the woman applies more
forces by her hands independent of her body
weight and the stationary part of the grinder
has stoppers at its end to increase the
efficiency of the grinding process.
Fig.23 Grinding woman from the 9th
/11th
Dynasties
[36].
8. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
- The 3rd
grinding model is a wooden model
from the 11th
Dynasty in display
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose,
California and shown in Fig.24 [37]. In this
model, te woman depends on her
weight to apply the grinding force and the
fixed element of the grinder has a roughened
surface to increase the efficiency of the
grinding process.
Fig.24 Grinding woman from the 11th
Dynasty [37].
- The 4th
grinding model is a wooden model
from the 12th
Dynasty in display in Haifa of
Palestine and shown in Fig.25 [38]. The
moving element is hemi-cylindrical and the
body exerts the required grinding force.
-
Fig.25 Grinding woman from the 12th
Dynasty [38].
VI. BAKERY MODELS
Now, the ancient woman has prepared the flower
required to produce the bread which was and still
a gain food item for the Egyptians in all
their history. Here, are some of the available
bakery models:
- Making bread requires heat energy source.
Fig.26 shows a woman from the 5
tending fire as an important step in producing
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
grinding model is a wooden model
Dynasty in display at the
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose,
24 [37]. In this
model, te woman depends on her top part
weight to apply the grinding force and the
fixed element of the grinder has a roughened
surface to increase the efficiency of the
Dynasty [37].
grinding model is a wooden model
Dynasty in display in Haifa of
Palestine and shown in Fig.25 [38]. The
cylindrical and the
body exerts the required grinding force.
Dynasty [38].
MODELS
Now, the ancient woman has prepared the flower
required to produce the bread which was and still
a gain food item for the Egyptians in all-over
their history. Here, are some of the available
s heat energy source.
Fig.26 shows a woman from the 5th
Dynasty
tending fire as an important step in producing
bread. The model is in display at the Museum
of Fine Arts of Boston [39].
Fig.26 Woman from the 5th
Dynasty tending fire
[39].
- The 2nd
model is from the 10
team working in producing bread. It is in
display in the Egyptian Museum at Turin,
Italy and shown in Fig.27 [40]. The team
consists of four members dealing with all the
activities of bread production.
Fig.27 Men making bread from the 10
[40].
- The 3rd
bakery model is a wooden models
group from the 11th
Dynasty for three groups
of people producing bread and looking after
two cows as displayed in the Museum of Fine
Arts of Boston and shown in
- The 4th
bakery model is from
of the 12th
Dynasty for a group of two men
and two women cooperating in producing the
bread and shown in Fig.29 [42].
ladies are preparing the dough. One of the
men is setting in front of the
while the other man is setting the final touch
– Oct 2016
Page 16
bread. The model is in display at the Museum
of Fine Arts of Boston [39].
Dynasty tending fire
model is from the 10th
Dynasty for a
team working in producing bread. It is in
display in the Egyptian Museum at Turin,
Italy and shown in Fig.27 [40]. The team
consists of four members dealing with all the
activities of bread production.
Fig.27 Men making bread from the 10th
Dynasty
a wooden models
Dynasty for three groups
of people producing bread and looking after
two cows as displayed in the Museum of Fine
Arts of Boston and shown in Fig.28 [41].
bakery model is from Meketre Tomb
Dynasty for a group of two men
and two women cooperating in producing the
bread and shown in Fig.29 [42]. The two
ladies are preparing the dough. One of the
men is setting in front of the closed oven,
while the other man is setting the final touch
9. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
on the dough and it seems that he is wearing
gloves in both hands.
Fig.28 Bakery model from the 11th
Dynasty [41].
Fig.29 Bakery model from the 12th
Dynasty [42].
- The last bakery model is from the 21
Dynasty for a bakery and brewery team of
four men and four ladies working in preparing
food and beer as shown in Fig.30 [43].
Fig.30 Bakery and brewery model from the 21
Dynasty [43].
VII. BREWERY MODELS
Ancient Egyptians manufactured bee and wine
from early times of the dynastic periods for two
purposes: drink by wealthy people in
replacement of the contaminated River Nile
water and for medical purposes [44]. Here are
some models of brewery covering a his
from the 6th
Dynasty up to the 12th
Dynasty:
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
on the dough and it seems that he is wearing
Dynasty [41].
Dynasty [42].
bakery model is from the 21st
for a bakery and brewery team of
four men and four ladies working in preparing
food and beer as shown in Fig.30 [43].
Fig.30 Bakery and brewery model from the 21st
MODELS
Ancient Egyptians manufactured bee and wine
from early times of the dynastic periods for two
purposes: drink by wealthy people in
replacement of the contaminated River Nile
water and for medical purposes [44]. Here are
some models of brewery covering a historic era
Dynasty:
- Fig.31 shows two men from the 6
of the Old Kingdom preparing beer and
storing it in specially designed jars [45].
setting man is filling the jars with beer and
sealing them. The model is
least four colours: black, white, light brown
and dark brown. They used dark brown for
the jars lids to differentiate it from the jar
body and direct the user directly to the
location of opening the jar. Such jars are
labelled by the name
indicated by jars of King Aha I of the 1
Dynasty [44].
Fig.31 Brewery model from the 6
- The 2nd
brewery model is from the First
Intermediate Period (7th
–
the Tomb of Wadjet-hotep (2150
The model is shown in Fig.32 [46].
model for a compleat team for bread and beer
making with all the devices required to
complete the two manufacturing processes.
Fig.32 Brewery model from the 1
Period [46].
– Oct 2016
Page 17
Fig.31 shows two men from the 6th
Dynasty
of the Old Kingdom preparing beer and
storing it in specially designed jars [45]. The
setting man is filling the jars with beer and
sealing them. The model is coloured with at
least four colours: black, white, light brown
They used dark brown for
the jars lids to differentiate it from the jar
body and direct the user directly to the
location of opening the jar. Such jars are
labelled by the name of its owner are
indicated by jars of King Aha I of the 1st
Fig.31 Brewery model from the 6th
Dynasty [45].
brewery model is from the First
9th
Dynasties) from
hotep (2150-2050 B.C.).
The model is shown in Fig.32 [46]. This is a
model for a compleat team for bread and beer
making with all the devices required to
complete the two manufacturing processes.
Fig.32 Brewery model from the 1st
Intermediate
Period [46].
10. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
ISSN: 2395-1303
- The 3rd
brewery model is for a lady from the
9th
Dynasty of the First Intermediate Period
brewing beer as shown in Fig.33 [47]. The
model clarifies the role of the ancient
Egyptian model in the society and her
participation in the national economy of the
state.
Fig.33 Brewery model from the 9th
Dynasty [47].
- The 4th
brewery model is for a big factory for
producing beer in the 11th
Dynasty of the
Middle Kingdom. The model is in display in
the British Museum and shown in Fig.34 [48].
The model is produced from wood and has
two rows of working men, one standing row
and one setting row, 3 men in the front in a
3rd
row and an overseer to the extreme left of
the model supervising the whole work. The
model is coloured showing the dress of
operating crew.
Fig.34 Brewery model from the 11th
Dynasty [48].
- The last brewery model is from the 12
Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom and in
display in the Metropolitan Museum of NY
and shown in Fig.35 [49]. The model is from
Meketre Tomb and consists of three men
workers preparing and storing beer in two jars
of them is already sealed.
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep –
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org
brewery model is for a lady from the
Dynasty of the First Intermediate Period
brewing beer as shown in Fig.33 [47]. The
model clarifies the role of the ancient
Egyptian model in the society and her
participation in the national economy of the
Dynasty [47].
brewery model is for a big factory for
Dynasty of the
Middle Kingdom. The model is in display in
the British Museum and shown in Fig.34 [48].
The model is produced from wood and has
two rows of working men, one standing row
and one setting row, 3 men in the front in a
row and an overseer to the extreme left of
the model supervising the whole work. The
model is coloured showing the dress of the
Dynasty [48].
is from the 12th
Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom and in
display in the Metropolitan Museum of NY
and shown in Fig.35 [49]. The model is from
consists of three men
workers preparing and storing beer in two jars
Fig.35 Brewery model from the 12
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
- The mechanical engineering in ancient
Egypt was investigated through the model
industry representing some activities in the
ancient Egyptian society
- Boat models were investigated in a
historical era from Naqada II to the 20
Dynasty.
- They manufactured models for civil and
military boats and ships.
- The models reflected various design scho
for different purposes such as transportation,
fishing, amusement, funerary and war
- Boat models with and without oars, with
and without sails were produced
- Ploughing models were manufactured
during the 11th
to 13th
Dynasties
- Great attention was paid
since Egypt was basically an agricultural
state from the very old history
- They designed and produced granary
models starting from the 1
continued up to the 18th
Dynasty
- Both closed and open granary models were
designed.
- The granary process was under complete
and accurate accounting through scribes and
supervision through overseers.
- They designed cylindrical silos and
parallelogram-shaped granaries
- They used covers for cylindrical silos to
preserve the grains and reduce
bottom doors to discharge the grain
- They invented sliding doors to control the
discharge of the grain flow out of the
granary.
– Oct 2016
Page 18
Fig.35 Brewery model from the 12th
Dynasty [49].
CONCLUSIONS
The mechanical engineering in ancient
Egypt was investigated through the model
representing some activities in the
ancient Egyptian society.
Boat models were investigated in a
historical era from Naqada II to the 20th
They manufactured models for civil and
The models reflected various design schools
for different purposes such as transportation,
fishing, amusement, funerary and war.
Boat models with and without oars, with
and without sails were produced.
Ploughing models were manufactured
Dynasties.
Great attention was paid to the granaries
since Egypt was basically an agricultural
state from the very old history.
They designed and produced granary
models starting from the 1st
Dynasty and
Dynasty.
Both closed and open granary models were
e granary process was under complete
and accurate accounting through scribes and
supervision through overseers..
They designed cylindrical silos and
shaped granaries.
They used covers for cylindrical silos to
preserve the grains and reduce losses and
bottom doors to discharge the grain.
They invented sliding doors to control the
discharge of the grain flow out of the
11. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep – Oct 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 19
- Work in the granaries was allocated only to
men labors and overseers.
- Grain grinding to produce flour required for
the bread industry was a job allocated the
ancient Egyptian woman.
- Models for women grinding grains using
two elements grinders (mechanisms) were
authorized starting from the 5th
up to the 12th
Dynasties.
- Ancient Egyptian women took position
during the grinding process helped them to
exert grinding forces based only on their
body weight (top part).
- Sample of bakery models appeared in the
Tombs of the 5th
Dynasty and continued up
to the 21st
Dynasty.
- Both men and women cooperated in
producing bread for their society.
- Ancient Egyptians had a brewery industry
for beer and wine production for drinking
and medical purposes.
- They authorized the brewery industry
through models found in the Tombs of the
6th
to 12th
Dynasties.
- Both men and women participated in the
brewery industry.
- They stored they production of beer and
wine in sealed and labeled jars.
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BIOGRAPHY
Galal Ali Hassaan
Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics
and Automatic Control.
Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo
University in 1970 and 1974.
Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford
University, UK under the supervision of
Late Prof. John Parnaby.
Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University, EGYPT.
Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical
Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and
History of Mechanical Engineering.
Published more than 190 research papers in
international journals and conferences.
Author of books on Experimental Systems
Control, Experimental Vibrations and
Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.
Chief Justice of the International Journal of
Computer Techniques.
13. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep – Oct 2016
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 21
Member of the Editorial Board of some
international journals including IJET.
Reviewer in some international journals.
Scholars interested in the authors
publications can visit:
http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal