This document describes a method for separating source signals from interfering signals using an adaptive AMUSE algorithm. It begins with background on blind source separation and the AMUSE algorithm. The proposed method applies the adaptive AMUSE algorithm to signals obtained from nodes in an analog resistor-capacitor circuit, where one input signal is known. The algorithm estimates the source signals by reconstructing the signals using an extended Kalman smoother. The method is experimentally tested on a simulated resistor-capacitor circuit with three input signals and signals measured at random nodes.
Performance Evaluation of DV-HOP and Amorphous Algorithms based on Localizati...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the field of high-risk observation, the nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are distributed
randomly. The result from sensing becomes meaningless if it is not known from where the originating node
is. Therefore, a sensor node positioning scheme, known as the localization scheme, is required. The
localization scheme consists of distance estimation and position computing. Thus, this research used
connectivity as distance estimation within range free algorithm DV-Hop and Amorphous, and then trilateral
algorithm for computing the position. Besides that, distance estimation using the connectivity between
nodes is not needed for the additional hardware ranging as required by a range-based localization
scheme. In this research compared the localization algorithm based on range free localization, which are
DV-Hop algorithm and Amorphous algorithm. The simulation result shows that the amorphous alg orithm
have achieved 13.60% and 24.538% lower than dv-hop algorithm for each parameter error localization and
energy consumption. On node density variations, dv-hop algorithm gained a localization error that is
26.95% lower than amorphous algorithm, but for energy consumption parameter, amorphous gained
14.227% lower than dv-hop algorithm. In the communication range variation scenario, dv-hop algorithm
gained a localization error that is50.282% lower than amorphous. However, for energy consumption
parameter, amorphous algorithm gained 12.35%. lower than dv-hop algorithm.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
Electroencephalography (EEG) based brain Computer interface (BCI) needs efficient algorithms to extract discriminative features from raw EEG signals. The issue of selecting optimizing spatial spectral features is key to high performance motor imagery(MI) classification, which is one of the main topics in EEG-based brain computer interfaces. Some novel methods are used first which formulates the selection of features as maximizing mutual information between class labels and features. It then uses an efficient algorithms for pattern feature extraction frame work,to select an effective feature set. The results shows the classification accuracy obtained and is compared with the other existing algorithms
EFFECTIVE PEEC MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES STRUCTURES USING A SELECTIVE ME...EEIJ journal
The transmission lines structures are quite common in the system of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
analysis. The increasing complexities of physical structures make electromagnetic modeling an
increasingly tough task, and computational efficiency is desirable. In this paper, a novel selective mesh
approach is presented for partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling where intense coupling parts
are meshed while the remaining parts are eliminated. With the proposed approach, the meshed ground
plane is dependent on the length and height of the above transmission lines. Relevant compact formulae for
determining mesh boundaries are deduced, and a procedure of general mesh generation is also given. A
numerical example is presented, and a validation check is accomplished, showing that the approach leads
to a significant reduction in unknowns and thus computation time and consumed memories, while
preserving the sufficient precision. This approach is especially useful for modeling the electromagnetic
coupling of transmission lines and reference ground, and it may also be beneficial for other equivalent
circuit modeling techniques.
Performance Evaluation of DV-HOP and Amorphous Algorithms based on Localizati...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the field of high-risk observation, the nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are distributed
randomly. The result from sensing becomes meaningless if it is not known from where the originating node
is. Therefore, a sensor node positioning scheme, known as the localization scheme, is required. The
localization scheme consists of distance estimation and position computing. Thus, this research used
connectivity as distance estimation within range free algorithm DV-Hop and Amorphous, and then trilateral
algorithm for computing the position. Besides that, distance estimation using the connectivity between
nodes is not needed for the additional hardware ranging as required by a range-based localization
scheme. In this research compared the localization algorithm based on range free localization, which are
DV-Hop algorithm and Amorphous algorithm. The simulation result shows that the amorphous alg orithm
have achieved 13.60% and 24.538% lower than dv-hop algorithm for each parameter error localization and
energy consumption. On node density variations, dv-hop algorithm gained a localization error that is
26.95% lower than amorphous algorithm, but for energy consumption parameter, amorphous gained
14.227% lower than dv-hop algorithm. In the communication range variation scenario, dv-hop algorithm
gained a localization error that is50.282% lower than amorphous. However, for energy consumption
parameter, amorphous algorithm gained 12.35%. lower than dv-hop algorithm.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
Electroencephalography (EEG) based brain Computer interface (BCI) needs efficient algorithms to extract discriminative features from raw EEG signals. The issue of selecting optimizing spatial spectral features is key to high performance motor imagery(MI) classification, which is one of the main topics in EEG-based brain computer interfaces. Some novel methods are used first which formulates the selection of features as maximizing mutual information between class labels and features. It then uses an efficient algorithms for pattern feature extraction frame work,to select an effective feature set. The results shows the classification accuracy obtained and is compared with the other existing algorithms
EFFECTIVE PEEC MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES STRUCTURES USING A SELECTIVE ME...EEIJ journal
The transmission lines structures are quite common in the system of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
analysis. The increasing complexities of physical structures make electromagnetic modeling an
increasingly tough task, and computational efficiency is desirable. In this paper, a novel selective mesh
approach is presented for partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling where intense coupling parts
are meshed while the remaining parts are eliminated. With the proposed approach, the meshed ground
plane is dependent on the length and height of the above transmission lines. Relevant compact formulae for
determining mesh boundaries are deduced, and a procedure of general mesh generation is also given. A
numerical example is presented, and a validation check is accomplished, showing that the approach leads
to a significant reduction in unknowns and thus computation time and consumed memories, while
preserving the sufficient precision. This approach is especially useful for modeling the electromagnetic
coupling of transmission lines and reference ground, and it may also be beneficial for other equivalent
circuit modeling techniques.
The Effects of Mutual Coupling and Transformer Connection Type on Frequency R...ijsrd.com
in this paper, a novel harmonic modeling technique by utilizing the concept of multi -terminal components is presented and applied to frequency scan analysis in multiphase distribution system. The proposed modeling technique is based on gathering the same phase busses and elements as a separate group (phase grouping technique, PGT) and uses multi-terminal components to model three-phase distribution system. Using multi-terminal component and PGT, distribution system elements, particularly, lines and transformers can effectively be modeled even in harmonic domain. The proposed modeling technique is applied to a test system for frequency scan analysis in order to show the frequency response of the test system in single and three-phase conditions. Consequently, the effects of mutual coupling and transformer connection types on three-phase frequency scan responses are analyzed for symmetrical and asymmetrical line configurations.
A Summative Comparison of Blind Channel Estimation Techniques for Orthogonal ...IJECEIAES
The OFDM technique i.e. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has become prominent in wireless communication since its instruction in 1950’s due to its feature of combating the multipath fading and other losses. In an OFDM system, a large number of orthogonal, overlapping, narrow band subchannels or subcarriers, transmitted in parallel, divide the available transmission bandwidth. The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically optimal such that there is a very compact spectral utilization. This paper reviewed the possible approaches for blind channel estimation in the light of the improved performance in terms of speed of convergence and complexity. There were various researches which adopted the ways for channel estimation for Blind, Semi Blind and trained channel estimators and detectors. Various ways of channel estimation such as Subspace, iteration based, LMSE or MSE based (using statistical methods), SDR, Maximum likelihood approach, cyclostationarity, Redundancy and Cyclic prefix based. The paper reviewed all the above approaches in order to summarize the outcomes of approaches aimed at optimum performance for channel estimation in OFDM systems.
Spatial correlation based clustering algorithm for random and uniform topolog...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of High Speed and Low Power Veterbi Decoder for Trellis Coded Modulati...ijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
Effective range free localization scheme for wireless sensor networkijmnct
Location aware sensors can be used in many areas such as military and civilian applications. Wireless
Sensor Networks help to identify the accurate location of the event. In this paper a cost effective schema for
localization has been proposed. It uses two beacon nodes to identify the location of unknown nodes. It
also uses flooding and estimating method to accurately identify the location of other nodes. Available area
is divided into zones and beacons are provided for each zone. Beacon nodes are placed in appropriate
locations normally two in a zone to provide location information. Using the two nodes location of unknown
nodes can be calculated accurately.
Smart Antenna is a device with signal processing
capability combining multiple antenna elements to optimize its
radiation and reception patterns as per designed specifications.
Smart antennas basically comprise of two functionalities, i.e.,
Direction of Arrival and Beamforming. This paper explains the
estimation of Direction of Arrival using MLM method and a
novel approach called MUltiple Signal Classification which takes
advantage of orthogonal property and performs subspace
computation. With a comparative study of both the algorithms,
we shall prove the advantages of MUltiple Signal Classification
over the MLM method with the aid of MATLAB
Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications IJECEIAES
This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB ® /SIMULINK ™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays cloud computing is emerging Technology. It is used to access anytime and anywhere through the internet. Hadoop is an open-source Cloud computing environment that implements the Googletm MapReduce framework. Hadoop is a framework for distributed processing of large datasets across large clusters of computers. This paper proposes the workload of jobs in clusters mode using Hadoop. MapReduce is a programming model in hadoop used for maintaining the workload of the jobs. Depend on the job analysis statistics the future workload of the cluster is predicted for potential performance optimization by using genetic algorithm. Key Words: Cloud computing, Hadoop Framework, MapReduce Analysis, Workload
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
High Speed Low Power Veterbi Decoder Design for TCM Decodersijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
Hardware realization of Stereo camera and associated embedded systemIJERA Editor
Stereo camera has two lenses about the same distance apart as human eyes with a separate image sensor for each
lenses. This allows the camera to simulate human binocular vision, and therefore gives it ability to capture three
dimensional images. It detects depth information of the subject which allows user to capture image that are
instantly rendered in 3D. Stereo cameras are also required in stereo vision, a ranging method which finds its
application in almost every field. Still stereo 3D hasn’t yet become a standard because of technical problems,
including agronomy issues, cost, and lack of hardware and software standards. Due to above reasons, it is
important to achieve the low cost and standard hardware for 3D vision for which a novel architecture of a stereo
camera is required. This paper proposes to provide low cost solution to stereo cameras as cameras can be
designed as per requirement and mainly focuses on the processing of sensor raw image data.
EFFECTIVE REDIRECTING OF THE MOBILE ROBOT IN A MESSED ENVIRONMENT BASED ON TH...Wireilla
The use of fuzzy logic in redirecting mobile robot is based on two sets of received information. First set is
the instantaneous distance of the robot from the obstacle and second set is the instantaneous information of
the robot's position. For this purpose, the fuzzy rules base consists of forty-two bases, which is extracted
based on the robot's distance from obstacles, and the target position relative to the instantaneous
orientation of the robot. In the structure of fuzzy systems, minimal inference engine are considered. Also,
Extended Kalman filter is used for localization in a noisy environment. Accordingly, the inputs of the fuzzy
systems are determined based on the estimation of the localization process, the information of the obstacles
center and the target position. Also, the linear acceleration and instantaneous orientation of the mobile
robot are determined by the desired fuzzy structures which are applied to its kinematic model.
Path Loss Prediction by Robust Regression Methodsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EFFECTIVE REDIRECTING OF THE MOBILE ROBOT IN A MESSED ENVIRONMENT BASED ON TH...ijfls
The use of fuzzy logic in redirecting mobile robot is based on two sets of received information. First set is the instantaneous distance of the robot from the obstacle and second set is the instantaneous information of the robot's position. For this purpose, the fuzzy rules base consists of forty-two bases, which is extracted based on the robot's distance from obstacles, and the target position relative to the instantaneous orientation of the robot. In the structure of fuzzy systems, minimal inference engine are considered. Also, Extended Kalman filter is used for localization in a noisy environment. Accordingly, the inputs of the fuzzy systems are determined based on the estimation of the localization process, the information of the obstacles center and the target position. Also, the linear acceleration and instantaneous orientation of the mobile robot are determined by the desired fuzzy structures which are applied to its kinematic model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Discours prononcé par le directeur de cabinet du ministre de l'Agriculture en ouverture du forum national d’échanges et de validation du contrat d’exploitation amélioré des aménagements hydro-agricoles de l’ONAHA, qui s'est tenu à Konni le 6 août 2015.
Organisé par l'Office national des aménagements hydro agricoles (ONAHA) en partenariat avec GWI, l'événement était mis en œuvre par l’UICN et l’IIED.
The Effects of Mutual Coupling and Transformer Connection Type on Frequency R...ijsrd.com
in this paper, a novel harmonic modeling technique by utilizing the concept of multi -terminal components is presented and applied to frequency scan analysis in multiphase distribution system. The proposed modeling technique is based on gathering the same phase busses and elements as a separate group (phase grouping technique, PGT) and uses multi-terminal components to model three-phase distribution system. Using multi-terminal component and PGT, distribution system elements, particularly, lines and transformers can effectively be modeled even in harmonic domain. The proposed modeling technique is applied to a test system for frequency scan analysis in order to show the frequency response of the test system in single and three-phase conditions. Consequently, the effects of mutual coupling and transformer connection types on three-phase frequency scan responses are analyzed for symmetrical and asymmetrical line configurations.
A Summative Comparison of Blind Channel Estimation Techniques for Orthogonal ...IJECEIAES
The OFDM technique i.e. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has become prominent in wireless communication since its instruction in 1950’s due to its feature of combating the multipath fading and other losses. In an OFDM system, a large number of orthogonal, overlapping, narrow band subchannels or subcarriers, transmitted in parallel, divide the available transmission bandwidth. The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically optimal such that there is a very compact spectral utilization. This paper reviewed the possible approaches for blind channel estimation in the light of the improved performance in terms of speed of convergence and complexity. There were various researches which adopted the ways for channel estimation for Blind, Semi Blind and trained channel estimators and detectors. Various ways of channel estimation such as Subspace, iteration based, LMSE or MSE based (using statistical methods), SDR, Maximum likelihood approach, cyclostationarity, Redundancy and Cyclic prefix based. The paper reviewed all the above approaches in order to summarize the outcomes of approaches aimed at optimum performance for channel estimation in OFDM systems.
Spatial correlation based clustering algorithm for random and uniform topolog...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of High Speed and Low Power Veterbi Decoder for Trellis Coded Modulati...ijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
Effective range free localization scheme for wireless sensor networkijmnct
Location aware sensors can be used in many areas such as military and civilian applications. Wireless
Sensor Networks help to identify the accurate location of the event. In this paper a cost effective schema for
localization has been proposed. It uses two beacon nodes to identify the location of unknown nodes. It
also uses flooding and estimating method to accurately identify the location of other nodes. Available area
is divided into zones and beacons are provided for each zone. Beacon nodes are placed in appropriate
locations normally two in a zone to provide location information. Using the two nodes location of unknown
nodes can be calculated accurately.
Smart Antenna is a device with signal processing
capability combining multiple antenna elements to optimize its
radiation and reception patterns as per designed specifications.
Smart antennas basically comprise of two functionalities, i.e.,
Direction of Arrival and Beamforming. This paper explains the
estimation of Direction of Arrival using MLM method and a
novel approach called MUltiple Signal Classification which takes
advantage of orthogonal property and performs subspace
computation. With a comparative study of both the algorithms,
we shall prove the advantages of MUltiple Signal Classification
over the MLM method with the aid of MATLAB
Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications IJECEIAES
This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB ® /SIMULINK ™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays cloud computing is emerging Technology. It is used to access anytime and anywhere through the internet. Hadoop is an open-source Cloud computing environment that implements the Googletm MapReduce framework. Hadoop is a framework for distributed processing of large datasets across large clusters of computers. This paper proposes the workload of jobs in clusters mode using Hadoop. MapReduce is a programming model in hadoop used for maintaining the workload of the jobs. Depend on the job analysis statistics the future workload of the cluster is predicted for potential performance optimization by using genetic algorithm. Key Words: Cloud computing, Hadoop Framework, MapReduce Analysis, Workload
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
High Speed Low Power Veterbi Decoder Design for TCM Decodersijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
Hardware realization of Stereo camera and associated embedded systemIJERA Editor
Stereo camera has two lenses about the same distance apart as human eyes with a separate image sensor for each
lenses. This allows the camera to simulate human binocular vision, and therefore gives it ability to capture three
dimensional images. It detects depth information of the subject which allows user to capture image that are
instantly rendered in 3D. Stereo cameras are also required in stereo vision, a ranging method which finds its
application in almost every field. Still stereo 3D hasn’t yet become a standard because of technical problems,
including agronomy issues, cost, and lack of hardware and software standards. Due to above reasons, it is
important to achieve the low cost and standard hardware for 3D vision for which a novel architecture of a stereo
camera is required. This paper proposes to provide low cost solution to stereo cameras as cameras can be
designed as per requirement and mainly focuses on the processing of sensor raw image data.
EFFECTIVE REDIRECTING OF THE MOBILE ROBOT IN A MESSED ENVIRONMENT BASED ON TH...Wireilla
The use of fuzzy logic in redirecting mobile robot is based on two sets of received information. First set is
the instantaneous distance of the robot from the obstacle and second set is the instantaneous information of
the robot's position. For this purpose, the fuzzy rules base consists of forty-two bases, which is extracted
based on the robot's distance from obstacles, and the target position relative to the instantaneous
orientation of the robot. In the structure of fuzzy systems, minimal inference engine are considered. Also,
Extended Kalman filter is used for localization in a noisy environment. Accordingly, the inputs of the fuzzy
systems are determined based on the estimation of the localization process, the information of the obstacles
center and the target position. Also, the linear acceleration and instantaneous orientation of the mobile
robot are determined by the desired fuzzy structures which are applied to its kinematic model.
Path Loss Prediction by Robust Regression Methodsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EFFECTIVE REDIRECTING OF THE MOBILE ROBOT IN A MESSED ENVIRONMENT BASED ON TH...ijfls
The use of fuzzy logic in redirecting mobile robot is based on two sets of received information. First set is the instantaneous distance of the robot from the obstacle and second set is the instantaneous information of the robot's position. For this purpose, the fuzzy rules base consists of forty-two bases, which is extracted based on the robot's distance from obstacles, and the target position relative to the instantaneous orientation of the robot. In the structure of fuzzy systems, minimal inference engine are considered. Also, Extended Kalman filter is used for localization in a noisy environment. Accordingly, the inputs of the fuzzy systems are determined based on the estimation of the localization process, the information of the obstacles center and the target position. Also, the linear acceleration and instantaneous orientation of the mobile robot are determined by the desired fuzzy structures which are applied to its kinematic model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Discours prononcé par le directeur de cabinet du ministre de l'Agriculture en ouverture du forum national d’échanges et de validation du contrat d’exploitation amélioré des aménagements hydro-agricoles de l’ONAHA, qui s'est tenu à Konni le 6 août 2015.
Organisé par l'Office national des aménagements hydro agricoles (ONAHA) en partenariat avec GWI, l'événement était mis en œuvre par l’UICN et l’IIED.
Communiqué final du forum national sur la sécurisation du foncier irrigué au Niger, qui s'est tenu à Konni les 7 et 8 mai 2014.
Organisé par le ministère de l’Agriculture en partenariat avec GWI, l'événement était mis en œuvre par l’UICN et l’IIED, en collaboration avec le haut-commissariat à l’Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (HCAVN) et le haut-commissariat à l’Initiative 3N.
Introducing Ethnicity in your child's wardrobe! Keeping pace with the changing taste in fashion, Pothys offers exotic ethnic wear for the little ones, infusing a touch of modernity to the traditional wear. Be it kutty saree or dhoti set, festivities in small packages for you little ones!
A Novel Approach for Interference Suppression Using a Improved LMS Based Adap...IJRST Journal
A novel adaptive beam forming technique is proposed for wireless communication applications based on the minimum bit error rate (MBER) criterion known as LMS algorithm. LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm is used for steering the antenna beam electronically. Using the Rectangular, Hamming, Kaiser, Chebyshev windows both the block-data and sample-by-sample adaptive implementations of the MBER solution are developed. By making use of window techniques half power beam width of an antenna is enhanced using Matlab simulation. The gain of the system will definitely improve the performance of CDMA based system, where the number of interferes is quite large and helps to increase the spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems. Any beam former that can depress the large number of interferers will improve the capacity and performance. Such beam formers are called smart antennas. They improve signal to interference ratio (SIR) of the communication system efficiently by forming narrow beam towards desired user and low side towards undesired users. Smart antennas offer a broad range of ways to improve wireless system performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Novel method to find the parameter for noise removal from multi channel ecg w...eSAT Journals
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. International Journal of Electrical, Computing Engineering and Communication (IJECC)
Vol. 1, Issue. 3, June – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2394-8310
32
Separation of Source Signal from Interfering Signals using
Adaptive AMUSE Algorithm
M. Antony mecia dali1
, P.Nirmal kumar2
1
M.E Applied Electronics, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, Dept of ECE, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA
ABSTRACT— In recent years, blind source
separation(BSS) have been implemented in a wide range
of applications mainly in signal processing applications. In
this paper we proposed to implement the BSS algorithm
namely adaptive AMUSE algorithm to the analog circuits,
here resistor and capacitor circuit for the separation of
source signals from the interfering signals present at the
nodes. Design of resistor and capacitor circuit and the
Adaptive AMUSE algorithm is applied for the signals
obtained. In order to improve the accuracy, a known input
signal is taken into account.
Keywords— blind source separation; adaptive AMUSE
algorithm; resistor capacitor circuit;
I. INTRODUCTION
Blind source separation is a process of separation of
source signal from the unknown mixture without
knowing the information about the source signal.
Classical example is cocktail party problem where a
number of people are talking simultaneously in the
party hall and one is trying to follow a individual
speech. For this human ear is able to unmix the signals
and can concentrate on the soul conversation. This is
the model of the problem when several signals are
present at the input and these signals interfere with
other signals in the circuit. Hence BSS comprises the
process of blindly recovering the set of unknown
original signals. Such a strategy can retrieve any hidden
or unknown source signal by simply assuming that each
sources are mutually independent.
The application of BSS includes in the
acoustic field where we can remove cross talk and
separation of speech signal. In the field of bio medical
processing for the separation of fetal from electro cardio
grams(ECG). In the field of digital communication BSS
is used for multi channel equalization and multi user
separation. In image processing, for image and video
analysis
Interference occurs in the analog circuits, can
cause poor performance and high power dissipation. In
order to overcome these effects, anti-interference
technique is implemented in the circuit. Electro
magnetic interference produce noise signals which can
be overcome by doing numerical simulation techniques.
But this cannot be applicable when the source and
interfering signals are unknown. In this paper BSS
algorithm is applicable to the analog circuits for the
separation of unknown source signals.
The structure of this paper is as follows: In Section
II, Related work is discussed. In Section III,
Background for the AMUSE algorithm are discussed. In
Section IV, Implemented method is discussed. In
Section V, Experiments and discussions are given. In
Section VI, the paper is concluded.
II. RELATED WORK
In 2005,A.M.tome et al[1] proposed a an approach
called dAMUSE. Here the observed mixed signals are
embedded in a high dimensional feature space.
Unknown source signals are obtained as filtered
versions of Uncorrelated output signals. Weichen et
al[2] proposed the AMUSE algorithm for the random
signals with the sensors. In 2005,Charayaphan[3]
proposed a real time implementation of BSS algorithm.
He took three voices and two microphones, but two
voices alone separated successfully. The third voice
present in both the output signals. S. Chauhan et al[4]
proposed a new scheme called Operational Modal
Analysis(OMA). It is used for the modal analysis where
the dynamic characteristics of the system are identified
based only on the output responses . For this BSS
techniques are used specially AMUSE. It consumes less
time and provides better results. In 2008, J.Taghia et
al[5] proposed an approach for the separation of source
and noise signals from the observed mixture. It is based
on one channel BSS and consists of three stages. In the
first stage EMD is used to decompose the observed
mixture as a collection of some basis components, then
Principal Component Analysis is applied to these IMF‘s
to produce the uncorrelated and dominant basis
components. The components obtained are not
statistically independent, thus Independent component
Analysis is applied. In 2013, Li .Hao et al[6] proposed a
instantaneous linear mixing model. He was interested in
the separation of source signals from the interfering
signals measured at the nodes. In the past decades,
source signals are blindly separated, which provides
less accuracy. In order to provide better results, he
assumed that the sources are statistically independent
and a known input signals. In 2014, hasio et al[7]
proposed a visual tracking method. Here particle filter
implements the Bayesian filter recursively. It maximize
2. International Journal of Electrical, Computing Engineering and Communication (IJECC)
Vol. 1, Issue. 3, June – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2394-8310
33
the likelihood of each particle using both mixed and
intrinsic images color information.
The structure of this paper is as follows. In
section II, Related Work is studied for the
understanding purposes. I Section III, Background for
the BSS algorithm is discussed to get deep into the
proposed algorithm. In Section IV, Proposed algorithm
is discussed briefly. In Section V, Simulation results are
shown. In Section VI, the paper is concluded with the
future work for the enhancements.
III. BACKGROUND FOR AMUSE ALGORITHM
AMUSE (Algorithm for Multiple Unknown
Signals Extraction) algorithm[2] is purely a blind
identification algorithm under some general conditions.
AMUSE Algorithm is as follows:
A. Flowchart for AMUSE algorithm:
Fig. 1, Flowchart for AMUSE algorithm
i. Collect the input data.
ii. Covariance matrix is calculated for the
observations.
Where is the covariance matrix at zero time
lag and N is the number of sources taken.
iii. Estimate the Eigen Value Decomposition
(EVD) / Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
for the covariance matrix
Where Vs is m x n matrix of eigen vectors
associated with n principal eigen values of DS =
diag { 1 , 2 ,……, n } in descending order.
Where Vn is m x (m – n) matrix containing (m
– n) noise eigen vectors associated with noise
eigen values DN = diag { n+1 , n+2 ,……, m }
iv. The number of sources n are thus estimated
based on n most significant eigen values.
v. Perform Data transformation
vi. Estimate covariance matrix for the
transformation vector for the specific time lag
other than zero time lag. Perform SVD / (EVD
in case of eigen values) on the estimated
covariance matrix.
vii. The source signals can be estimated from
Eq(7)
AMUSE algorithm performs well since the Singular
Value Decomposition ordered the val;ues in the
decreasing order. Here Covariance matrix is calculated
in order to perform PCA. AMUSE is more
advantageous because PCA is applied initially to the
data transformation and then to the ordered values of
SVD.
IV. IMPLEMENTED METHOD
This paper includes a step by step algorithm
for the separation of interfering signals from the
original source signals in analog circuits. First of all, it
is necessary to implement the analog circuit. Secondly
the input signals are given to the circuit. Third step is to
select the nodes other than the input nodes randomly.
These nodes are taken as the interfering nodes and the
signals taken from these nodes are the reference signals.
Finally the reference signals are taken from the nodes
and the Adaptive AMUSE algorithm is applied for the
blind separation of original signal.
START
COLLECTION OF
INPUT DATA
ESTIMATION OF
COVARIANCE
MATRIX
PERFORM EVD
PERFORM DATA
TRANSFORMATION
PERFORM EVD
SEPARATION OF
SOURCE SIGNAL
STOP
3. International Journal of Electrical, Computing Engineering and Communication (IJECC)
Vol. 1, Issue. 3, June – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2394-8310
34
A. Flowchart for the separation of source signals
Fig. 2, Flowchart for Adaptive AMUSE algorithm
B. Adaptive AMUSE algorithm:
Generally AMUSE algorithm is a blind
identification algorithm which means the term
‗blind‘ refers to the information about the sources.
In order to produce the better results, here a known
input signal among the number of input signals.
C. Reconstruction using EKS:
a. Kalman filter (KF)
KF consists of two steps. They are Prediction step
and update step. In the first step, next step of the system
is predicted, given the previous measurement. Secondly
current state of the system is estimated , given the
measurement at the step. Predicted and estimated state
covariances on different time steps do not depend on
any measurements, so that they could be calculated off-
line before making any measurements. Predict step can
be done by looping, but accuracy of estimate decreases.
Recursion in this filter moves only in the forward
direction. Kalman Smoother (KS) performs recursion in
backward direction also.
b. Extended kalman filter (EKF):
EKF extends the scope of kalman filter to nonlinear
optimal filtering problems by forming a Gaussian
approximation to joint distribution of state X and
measurements Y using a taylor series based
transformation.EKS combines the term EKF and KS.
D. Separation of source signals.
Once the reference signals are obtained, adaptive
AMUSE algorithm is applied to a known input signal
and the reference signals. Next the reconstruction of
these signals using Extended kalman smoother is done
to provide the better results.
V. EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSION
Resistor and capacitor circuit:
Fig. 3, Resistor and capacitor circuit
The above circuit is designed using
SIMULINK.. Resistor and Capacitor are the only
passive components present in the circuit. Resistance
value ranges upto 70k . Capacitance value ranges upto
nF. Here Vi1 is given a sinusoidal signal. Vi2 is
sawtooth signal, Vi3 is pulse signal. Randomly selected
nodes are A, B and C. The reference signals are taken
from these nodes. At first, the AMUSE algorithm using
MATLAB R2013a is applied to the reference signal to
recover the source signal. The recovered signal are less
accurate.In order to improve the accuracy, a known
input signal is taken into account in addition to the
reference signals to recover the source signal. Hence
START
IMPLEMENTATION
OF CIRCUIT
INPUT SIGNALS
ARE GIVEN
REFERENCE
SIGNALS ARE
TAKEN
RECONSTRUCTION
USING EXTENDED
KALMAN
SMOOTHER
ADAPTIVE AMUSE
ALGORITHM
STOP
4. International Journal of Electrical, Computing Engineering and Communication (IJECC)
Vol. 1, Issue. 3, June – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2394-8310
35
Adaptive AMUSE algorithm is applied to the source
and interfering signals. The following figures, Fig. 1,
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 represents the input signals at Vi1, Vi2
and Vi3.
Fig. 4, Input signals
Fig. 5,Reference signals
Fig. 6(a) Fig. 6(b)
Fig. 6(c)
Fig. 6,Reconstruction of Signals for AMUSE algorithm
Fig. 7, Separated signal using AMUSE algorithm
Fig. 8(a) Fig. 8(b)
Fig. 8(c) Fig. 8(d)
Fig. 8(e) Fig. 8(f)
Fig. 8,Reconstruction of Signals for Adaptive AMUSE
algorithm
5. International Journal of Electrical, Computing Engineering and Communication (IJECC)
Vol. 1, Issue. 3, June – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2394-8310
36
Fig. 9, Separated signal using Adaptive AMUSE
algorithm
From the above figures, while comparing the
output signal obtained from the application of AMUSE
algorithm with output signal obtained from the
application of Adaptive AMUSE algorithm, our
algorithm produces better results.
VI. CONCLUSION
Hence the Resistor and Capacitor circuit for
the separation of source signals from the interfering
signals present at the nodes. Design of the circuit using
Simulink and the application of the Adaptive AMUSE
algorithm produces better results when compared to
AMUSE algorithm. From the AMUSE algorithm
accuracy is improved from a known input signal is
taken into account. In order to obtain further accuracy,
it requires some more enhancements.
REFERENCES
[1] A.M. Tomé , A.R. Teixeiraa, E.W. Langb, K.
Stadlthanner,A.P. Rocha c, R. Almeida
―dAMUSE—A new tool for denoising and blind
source separation‖. Digital Signal Processing 15
(2005) 400–421.
[2] Weichen LIU ,Chong-Yung CHI, ―Research In
AMUSE: A Blind Identification Algorithm‖ .
[3] C. Charoensak and F. Sattar, ―Design of Low-Cost
FPGA Hardware for Real-time ICA-Based Blind
Source Separation Algorithm‖. EURASIP Journal
on Applied Signal Processing 2005:18, 3076–3086.
[4] S. Chauhan, R.J. Allemang, R. Martell, D.L.
Brown, ―Application of Independent Component
Analysis and Blind Source Separation Techniques
to Operational Modal Analysis‖.
[5] J. Taghia, M. H. Savoj, ―Noise separation in analog
integrated circuits using EMD-PCA-ICA‖.16th
European Signal Processing Conference
(EUSIPCO 2008), Lausanne, Switzerland, August
25-29, 2008.
[6] Li Hao1, Chen Zhiyong1, Zhang Ruixue2, Dong
Yonggui1, ―Blind Source Separation of Interfering
Signals in Analog Circuits‖ 22nd International
Conference on Measurement, Information and
Control-2013.
[7] Hsiao-Tzu Chen and Chih-Wei Tang, ―Visual
tracking using Blind source separation for mixed
images‖IEEE International Conference on
Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)-
2014.
[8] Jouni Hartikainen, Arno Solin, and Simo Särkkä,
―Optimal Filtering with Kalman Filters and
Smoothers‖.