The document discusses methods in Java. It explains that a method declaration specifies the code that is executed when the method is called. The method header includes the return type, name, and parameters. The method body contains local variables and statements. Parameters passed to the method become local variables, and a return statement returns a value. When a method is called, the code in its body is executed before returning to the calling location.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programs. It covers relational operators and logical expressions used for comparisons. Selection control structures like if, if-else, and switch statements are examined along with examples. The chapter also provides an example programming problem on cable company billing that demonstrates using control structures and nested conditional logic.
This material is to help designers who just started peddling on FPGA RTL design. This explains about RTL design guidelines for better performance and less resource utilization. We know that, timing closure in any FPGA design is very much important and many engineers spend most of their time in meeting the timings because of bad coding style. In this blog we will explore good RTL coding styles in order make our life easy and better. All the information presented in this blog is mostly taken from “sunburst design technical papers”.
In this you learn about Control Statements
1. Selection Statements
i. If
ii. If-else
iii. Nested-if
iv. If-Elseif ladder
2. Looping Statements
i. while loop
ii. do-while loop
iii. For loop
3. Jumping Statements
i. break
ii. continue
iii return
Implicit and explicit sequence control with exception handlingVIKASH MAINANWAL
This document presents information on exception handling in programming languages. It discusses implicit and explicit sequence control, defines exceptions as erroneous situations during program execution, and describes different types of errors like syntax errors and runtime errors. It also explains exception handling keywords like try, catch, and finally, and shows the exception handling control flow. Code examples are provided to illustrate syntax errors, runtime errors, logical errors, and exception handling.
Notes: Verilog Part 4- Behavioural ModellingJay Baxi
This is the 4th part of the Verilog HDL notes prepared from Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar .
It contains a broad view on behavioural modelling the second most frequently used level of abstraction needed for designing of sequential circuits.
The PDF contains one of the six parts to learn Verilog in the simplest possible way.
It contains notes of first three chapters of the reference book Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar
This document discusses scope in programming languages. Scope refers to the context where a variable name is valid and can be used. There are two types of scope: static and dynamic. With static scope, a variable's scope is the block of code it is defined in such as a function. With dynamic scope, a variable's scope is the period of time a function executes, so the variable remains accessible after the function returns. The key difference is that static scope searches parent blocks for variable names while dynamic scope searches called functions.
The document provides information about Java programming concepts including:
- How to download, install Java, and write a simple "Hello World" program.
- Common operators in Java like arithmetic, assignment, logical, and comparison operators.
- How to compile and run a Java program from the command line.
- Core Java concepts like variables, data types, classes, and methods.
- The document is intended as an introduction to Java programming for beginners.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programs. It covers relational operators and logical expressions used for comparisons. Selection control structures like if, if-else, and switch statements are examined along with examples. The chapter also provides an example programming problem on cable company billing that demonstrates using control structures and nested conditional logic.
This material is to help designers who just started peddling on FPGA RTL design. This explains about RTL design guidelines for better performance and less resource utilization. We know that, timing closure in any FPGA design is very much important and many engineers spend most of their time in meeting the timings because of bad coding style. In this blog we will explore good RTL coding styles in order make our life easy and better. All the information presented in this blog is mostly taken from “sunburst design technical papers”.
In this you learn about Control Statements
1. Selection Statements
i. If
ii. If-else
iii. Nested-if
iv. If-Elseif ladder
2. Looping Statements
i. while loop
ii. do-while loop
iii. For loop
3. Jumping Statements
i. break
ii. continue
iii return
Implicit and explicit sequence control with exception handlingVIKASH MAINANWAL
This document presents information on exception handling in programming languages. It discusses implicit and explicit sequence control, defines exceptions as erroneous situations during program execution, and describes different types of errors like syntax errors and runtime errors. It also explains exception handling keywords like try, catch, and finally, and shows the exception handling control flow. Code examples are provided to illustrate syntax errors, runtime errors, logical errors, and exception handling.
Notes: Verilog Part 4- Behavioural ModellingJay Baxi
This is the 4th part of the Verilog HDL notes prepared from Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar .
It contains a broad view on behavioural modelling the second most frequently used level of abstraction needed for designing of sequential circuits.
The PDF contains one of the six parts to learn Verilog in the simplest possible way.
It contains notes of first three chapters of the reference book Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar
This document discusses scope in programming languages. Scope refers to the context where a variable name is valid and can be used. There are two types of scope: static and dynamic. With static scope, a variable's scope is the block of code it is defined in such as a function. With dynamic scope, a variable's scope is the period of time a function executes, so the variable remains accessible after the function returns. The key difference is that static scope searches parent blocks for variable names while dynamic scope searches called functions.
The document provides information about Java programming concepts including:
- How to download, install Java, and write a simple "Hello World" program.
- Common operators in Java like arithmetic, assignment, logical, and comparison operators.
- How to compile and run a Java program from the command line.
- Core Java concepts like variables, data types, classes, and methods.
- The document is intended as an introduction to Java programming for beginners.
Notes: Verilog Part 2 - Modules and Ports - Structural Modeling (Gate-Level M...Jay Baxi
The Notes Verilog Part 2 includes the notes and keypoints of a reference book "Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar.
This is the second part out of the total six parts.
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
The document discusses control structures in Java, including selection statements like if-else and switch statements, and iteration statements like for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples and explanations of how each statement works. Key points covered include how if-else statements evaluate conditions and execute the appropriate block, how switch statements can be used as a replacement for long if-else-if chains, and how the different loop constructs like for, while, do-while iterate until a condition is met. It also discusses concepts like break, continue and return which change the flow of control.
itft-Decision making and branching in javaAtul Sehdev
Decision Making Statements,The if Statement, SIMPLE IF STATEMENT, The If…else Statement, Nesting of IF..Else Statements, THE else if ladder, The Switch Statement, rules apply to a switch statement
This document discusses the Expression Transformer component in Mule. It can evaluate one or more expressions on the current message and set the result as the new payload. Key points include:
- It requires an expression evaluator and expression to run. Expressions can return null or multiple values.
- The Advanced tab allows configuring return arguments with custom evaluators and expressions.
- An example flow is described that uses expressions to set properties, pass data between flows, transform payloads, and route based on expression results.
The document discusses storage classes and functions in C/C++. It explains the four storage classes - automatic, external, static, and register - and what keyword is used for each. It provides examples of how to declare variables of each storage class. The document also discusses different types of functions like library functions, user-defined functions, function declaration, definition, categories based on arguments and return values, actual and formal arguments, default arguments, and recursion.
This is a step by step slides to study JSP, all the concepts which are required for a JSP are present in this ppt. The whole JSP is divided into SESSIONS.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, scope rules, recursion, and examples. Functions allow dividing a program into smaller modular pieces to make it more manageable. Key points include defining functions with a return type, name, and parameters; using function prototypes for validation; and recursively calling functions to solve problems by breaking them down into base cases.
Process synchronization allows multiple processes to access shared resources in a coordinated way to avoid inconsistencies. It introduces mechanisms to handle issues that arise from concurrent process execution, such as ensuring only one process accesses a printer at a time to prevent deadlocks. Common techniques for process synchronization include using a critical section to restrict access to shared resources to only one process at a time, Peterson's algorithm for mutual exclusion between two processes, and semaphores to coordinate access through wait and signal operations.
The document discusses different types of control statements in Java programming including selection statements (if/else, switch), iteration statements (for, while, do-while), and jump statements (break, continue, return). Examples are provided for each type of statement to illustrate their usage in loops and conditional execution. Selection statements allow a program to choose different paths of execution based on variable values or expressions. Iteration statements allow code to repeat execution. Jump statements allow skipping the rest of the current block and transferring control elsewhere.
This document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer that is used to point to individual rows in a database table. It explains that there are two types of cursors: implicit cursors and explicit cursors. Implicit cursors are used automatically for SQL statements and have attributes like %FOUND and %ROWCOUNT to check the status of DML operations. Explicit cursors must be declared, opened, values fetched from them into variables, and then closed to access multiple rows from a table in a controlled manner using PL/SQL.
1. The document introduces generics in Java, which were added in Java 5 to provide compile-time type checking and remove the risk of ClassCastExceptions.
2. Generics allow type-safe operations on parameterized types like List<String> rather than raw types like List. This eliminates the need for casts when accessing elements of the list.
3. The document discusses bounded types, wildcards, and the Producer Extends Consumer Super (PECS) principle for wildcards. PECS states that producer methods use <? extends T> for input and consumer methods use <? super T> for output.
The document discusses various techniques for process synchronization and solving the critical section problem where multiple processes need exclusive access to shared resources. It describes the critical section problem and requirements that must be met (mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting). It then summarizes several algorithms to solve the problem for two processes and multiple processes, including using semaphores which are basic synchronization tools using wait and signal operations.
OCA JAVA - 2 Programming with Java StatementsFernando Gil
OCA JAVA Training Material
Talking about Programming with Java Statements
- Understanding Assignment Statements
- Understanding Conditional Statements
- Understanding Iteration Statements
- Understanding Transfer of Control Statements
Slides based in the book: "OCA Java SE 7 Programmer I Study Guide (Examn 1Z0-803)"
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It explains the basic components of a loop - initialization, condition checking, execution, and increment/decrement. It provides examples of for, while, do-while, and entry-controlled vs exit-controlled loops. The key aspects of loops including initialization, condition, body, and increment/decrement are visualized through flow charts and output.
Conditional statements in Java include if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and switch statements. If-else statements execute code based on a boolean condition, while switch statements allow testing multiple conditions. Type conversion in Java includes widening (automatic) conversions between compatible types like int to double, and narrowing (manual) conversions between incompatible types using explicit casting like double to int. Methods like parseInt() allow converting between types like String to int.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses different types of control statements in C programming including sequential, selective, and iterative statements. It provides examples and explanations of common control statements like if, if-else, if-else ladder, switch case, for, while, do-while, and goto statements. Control statements are used to control the flow and logic of a program by allowing conditional execution, repetition, and branching in code. They help structure programs, improve clarity, and facilitate debugging.
El documento presenta un índice de fechas y sesiones realizadas por los Hamiltons y la Sra. Poole entre Marzo y Noviembre de 1921. En estas sesiones obtuvieron mensajes a través de una mesa que se inclinaba, haciendo referencia a la Biblia, sueños de la Sra. Poole y nombres de familiares fallecidos. Los Hamiltons descubrieron que la Sra. Poole poseía habilidades psíquicas y comenzaron a investigar y desarrollar sus facultades mediante experimentos de telequinesis y comunicación mental.
This document summarizes a meeting about science meeting business held on March 18, 2015 at Health Valley Event. It discusses the Novio Tech Campus and Radboudumc facilities for supporting startups and SMEs in life sciences through rentable lab space, coaching, networking opportunities, and access to expertise. Contact information is provided for SMB Life Sciences which helps bring knowledge to patients through licensing, business development, and starting new companies.
Notes: Verilog Part 2 - Modules and Ports - Structural Modeling (Gate-Level M...Jay Baxi
The Notes Verilog Part 2 includes the notes and keypoints of a reference book "Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar.
This is the second part out of the total six parts.
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
The document discusses control structures in Java, including selection statements like if-else and switch statements, and iteration statements like for, while, do-while loops. It provides examples and explanations of how each statement works. Key points covered include how if-else statements evaluate conditions and execute the appropriate block, how switch statements can be used as a replacement for long if-else-if chains, and how the different loop constructs like for, while, do-while iterate until a condition is met. It also discusses concepts like break, continue and return which change the flow of control.
itft-Decision making and branching in javaAtul Sehdev
Decision Making Statements,The if Statement, SIMPLE IF STATEMENT, The If…else Statement, Nesting of IF..Else Statements, THE else if ladder, The Switch Statement, rules apply to a switch statement
This document discusses the Expression Transformer component in Mule. It can evaluate one or more expressions on the current message and set the result as the new payload. Key points include:
- It requires an expression evaluator and expression to run. Expressions can return null or multiple values.
- The Advanced tab allows configuring return arguments with custom evaluators and expressions.
- An example flow is described that uses expressions to set properties, pass data between flows, transform payloads, and route based on expression results.
The document discusses storage classes and functions in C/C++. It explains the four storage classes - automatic, external, static, and register - and what keyword is used for each. It provides examples of how to declare variables of each storage class. The document also discusses different types of functions like library functions, user-defined functions, function declaration, definition, categories based on arguments and return values, actual and formal arguments, default arguments, and recursion.
This is a step by step slides to study JSP, all the concepts which are required for a JSP are present in this ppt. The whole JSP is divided into SESSIONS.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, scope rules, recursion, and examples. Functions allow dividing a program into smaller modular pieces to make it more manageable. Key points include defining functions with a return type, name, and parameters; using function prototypes for validation; and recursively calling functions to solve problems by breaking them down into base cases.
Process synchronization allows multiple processes to access shared resources in a coordinated way to avoid inconsistencies. It introduces mechanisms to handle issues that arise from concurrent process execution, such as ensuring only one process accesses a printer at a time to prevent deadlocks. Common techniques for process synchronization include using a critical section to restrict access to shared resources to only one process at a time, Peterson's algorithm for mutual exclusion between two processes, and semaphores to coordinate access through wait and signal operations.
The document discusses different types of control statements in Java programming including selection statements (if/else, switch), iteration statements (for, while, do-while), and jump statements (break, continue, return). Examples are provided for each type of statement to illustrate their usage in loops and conditional execution. Selection statements allow a program to choose different paths of execution based on variable values or expressions. Iteration statements allow code to repeat execution. Jump statements allow skipping the rest of the current block and transferring control elsewhere.
This document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer that is used to point to individual rows in a database table. It explains that there are two types of cursors: implicit cursors and explicit cursors. Implicit cursors are used automatically for SQL statements and have attributes like %FOUND and %ROWCOUNT to check the status of DML operations. Explicit cursors must be declared, opened, values fetched from them into variables, and then closed to access multiple rows from a table in a controlled manner using PL/SQL.
1. The document introduces generics in Java, which were added in Java 5 to provide compile-time type checking and remove the risk of ClassCastExceptions.
2. Generics allow type-safe operations on parameterized types like List<String> rather than raw types like List. This eliminates the need for casts when accessing elements of the list.
3. The document discusses bounded types, wildcards, and the Producer Extends Consumer Super (PECS) principle for wildcards. PECS states that producer methods use <? extends T> for input and consumer methods use <? super T> for output.
The document discusses various techniques for process synchronization and solving the critical section problem where multiple processes need exclusive access to shared resources. It describes the critical section problem and requirements that must be met (mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting). It then summarizes several algorithms to solve the problem for two processes and multiple processes, including using semaphores which are basic synchronization tools using wait and signal operations.
OCA JAVA - 2 Programming with Java StatementsFernando Gil
OCA JAVA Training Material
Talking about Programming with Java Statements
- Understanding Assignment Statements
- Understanding Conditional Statements
- Understanding Iteration Statements
- Understanding Transfer of Control Statements
Slides based in the book: "OCA Java SE 7 Programmer I Study Guide (Examn 1Z0-803)"
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It explains the basic components of a loop - initialization, condition checking, execution, and increment/decrement. It provides examples of for, while, do-while, and entry-controlled vs exit-controlled loops. The key aspects of loops including initialization, condition, body, and increment/decrement are visualized through flow charts and output.
Conditional statements in Java include if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and switch statements. If-else statements execute code based on a boolean condition, while switch statements allow testing multiple conditions. Type conversion in Java includes widening (automatic) conversions between compatible types like int to double, and narrowing (manual) conversions between incompatible types using explicit casting like double to int. Methods like parseInt() allow converting between types like String to int.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses different types of control statements in C programming including sequential, selective, and iterative statements. It provides examples and explanations of common control statements like if, if-else, if-else ladder, switch case, for, while, do-while, and goto statements. Control statements are used to control the flow and logic of a program by allowing conditional execution, repetition, and branching in code. They help structure programs, improve clarity, and facilitate debugging.
El documento presenta un índice de fechas y sesiones realizadas por los Hamiltons y la Sra. Poole entre Marzo y Noviembre de 1921. En estas sesiones obtuvieron mensajes a través de una mesa que se inclinaba, haciendo referencia a la Biblia, sueños de la Sra. Poole y nombres de familiares fallecidos. Los Hamiltons descubrieron que la Sra. Poole poseía habilidades psíquicas y comenzaron a investigar y desarrollar sus facultades mediante experimentos de telequinesis y comunicación mental.
This document summarizes a meeting about science meeting business held on March 18, 2015 at Health Valley Event. It discusses the Novio Tech Campus and Radboudumc facilities for supporting startups and SMEs in life sciences through rentable lab space, coaching, networking opportunities, and access to expertise. Contact information is provided for SMB Life Sciences which helps bring knowledge to patients through licensing, business development, and starting new companies.
This document discusses several topics related to the music industry, including:
1. Cross media convergence, which involves companies delivering music products across multiple media outlets.
2. Synergy between brands who promote each other's products to reach broader audiences. Examples given include artist/brand partnerships.
3. The four main areas of the music industry: production, distribution, marketing, and exchange/exhibition. Digital technology is discussed in relation to each area.
Este documento presenta tres opciones para una despedida de soltero en Córdoba, España en 2015. La primera opción es una cena y discoteca con animación que cuesta 35 euros por persona. La segunda opción es una cena privada con menú y strippers que cuesta entre 24 y 44 euros dependiendo del menú. La tercera opción es alquilar una pista de karting por entre 17 y 35 euros dependiendo de la duración y tipo de carrera.
Este documento trata sobre la deducción natural y sus estrategias. Presenta las reglas básicas de la deducción natural como la introducción y eliminación de conectivos lógicos como la conjunción, disyunción, negación e implicación. También explica estrategias como el razonamiento hipotético, la refutación y la prueba exhaustiva. Finalmente, proporciona recursos adicionales sobre deducción natural.
BSG Financial Solutions Limited provides financial planning services including investments, pensions, mortgages, and protection products. They follow a 6 stage financial planning process: 1) identifying goals, 2) collecting client information, 3) analyzing the client's situation, 4) designing a strategy, 5) implementing recommendations, and 6) providing regular reviews. Fees are charged for advice and implementation, with optional ongoing service fees. Products are offered from a variety of providers through the Openwork platform.
Veterans Annual report 2015 Latest edition 1st June 15Dave Smith
The Sefton Veterans Project provides support to ex-service personnel, reservists, and their families in Sefton. In its first year, the project supported over 200 individuals through drop-in services, mentoring, and referrals to partner organizations. It aims to be a single point of contact for veterans in Sefton, coordinating support services and bridging gaps. There is an estimated 25,000 veterans living in Sefton, 12,500 of whom are over age 65, and thousands more may return due to cuts to the armed forces. Younger veterans are more likely to experience long-term health issues like mental health problems compared to the general population.
Nancy K. Kuzava is a project manager transitioning her skills from technology to interior design. She has successfully completed numerous construction and remodel projects. Her services include design concepts, project management, 3D modeling, order management, client support, and vendor management. She aims to build relationships through collaboration, clear communication, and a positive approach to meet client needs and create beautiful design projects.
This document discusses Seema Singh's experience applying for an NIHR fellowship for her PhD in renal dietetics. It describes her motivation for pursuing a PhD in order to advance both her career and clinical practice. The document outlines the development of her project idea to modify dialysis delivery based on clinical referrals and reviews the key steps of crafting her application, including emphasizing past research experience, proposed collaborations, and support from supervisors. It also provides advice for the application and interview process, noting the importance of practice, preparation, and rehearsal. While challenging to organize, the fellowship provided new experiences in acquiring skills, unexpected findings, networking opportunities, and involvement in other initiatives.
The document analyzes and compares several movie posters to understand how they target different audiences. One poster for a female-focused movie uses pink colors and depicts the actresses as confident but "bitchy". Another poster for an action movie aimed at young boys features dark colors, weapons, and machinery to seem masculine. A third poster shows intimidating robots and planes to indicate a war between technologically advanced enemies.
The document provides an overview of applying for NIHR Clinical Doctoral Awards from the perspective of a panel member. It discusses the composition of the panel, the selection process including shortlisting applications and interviews, and implications for preparing successful applications. The panel is multidisciplinary with over 30 members from medical and research backgrounds. The selection process involves independent reviews by 3 academics and 1 patient representative, followed by shortlisting and interviews. Successful applications clearly address the candidate's development and the project's quality, impact, and relevance to the NHS.
Java Chapter 04 - Writing Classes: part 4DanWooster1
This document summarizes key concepts about classes and methods in Java. It discusses the anatomy of a class including encapsulation. It describes method declarations, headers, bodies, parameters, return types, and local data. It provides an example of a Bank Account class that demonstrates creating objects and using class methods like deposit(), withdraw(), and addInterest(). The example also includes a driver class to test the functionality. Key concepts covered are constructors not returning values, parameters being copied into method parameters, and local variables only existing within methods.
Java Chapter 05 - Conditions & Loops: part 5DanWooster1
The document discusses loops in Java programming. It defines loops as repetition statements that allow a program to execute a statement multiple times. The while loop executes a statement repeatedly until a condition becomes false. Key aspects covered include the syntax of a while loop, the logic of evaluating the condition each repetition, using sentinel values to terminate loops, nested loops, and avoiding infinite loops.
The document discusses operators, loops, and conditional statements in C#. It covers various arithmetic, logical, binary, and comparison operators as well as operator precedence. It also covers the if, if-else, switch, break, continue, for, while, do-while, and foreach conditional statements and loops. Examples are provided for arithmetic operators, if/else statements, switch statements, and while loops. The document concludes with exercises involving reading input, ordering numbers, printing patterns, and calculating factorials and powers using loops and conditional statements.
1) Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type under one variable name using subscripts. One-dimensional arrays store elements in a single list, while multi-dimensional arrays can store elements in multiple lists.
2) Control statements like if/else, switch, while, do-while, for, break, continue and return allow altering the flow of execution in a program.
3) Classes are blueprints that define the structure and behavior of objects. Classes contain variables and methods, and objects are instances of classes that store their own set of variable values.
Unit 2-data types,Variables,Operators,Conitionals,loops and arraysDevaKumari Vijay
The document discusses various Java data types including primitive data types like byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean and their ranges. It also explains variables in Java - local variables, instance variables, static variables. Different types of operators like arithmetic, assignment, comparison, logical, bitwise operators are defined along with examples. The document also covers conditional statements like if-else, switch case and different loops in Java - for, while, do-while loops along with examples. Break and continue statements in Java loops are also explained.
The document provides an overview of advanced class features in Java, including method overloading, overriding, and constructors. It discusses the differences between overloaded and overridden methods, and how to call parent class methods using super. It also covers enumerations, wrapper classes, autoboxing/unboxing, annotations, and inner classes.
Ive posted 3 classes after the instruction that were given at star.pdfdeepaarora22
I\'ve posted 3 classes after the instruction that were given at start
You will implement and test a PriorityQueue class, where the items of the priority queue are
stored on a linked list. The material from Ch1 ~ 8 of the textbook can help you tremendously.
You can get a lot of good information about implementing this assignment from chapter 8.
There are couple notes about this assignment. 1. Using structure Node with a pointer point to
Node structure to create a linked list, the definition of the Note structure is in the priority queue
header file (pqueue1.h). 2. Using a typedef statement to define the underlying data type, we can
easily change to a new data type on all the typedef data type by change one statement. 3.
Abandoning the usage of linked list toolkit, all the needed function will be implemented in the
class.
I want to mention it again you that you are welcome to use more advance skills than the
techniques introduce in the textbook to do the assignment. But the implemented class needs to
pass the examining file to get credit.
Following is an introduction to some files in this program.
pqueue1.h is the headers file for this first version of the PriorityQueue class. You can start from
this version and add your name and other documentation information at the top. Please look into
and understand the structure Note. Without understanding this, you will have tough time to finish
this project. Reading through this file carefully you need to know what functions you need to
implement and the preconditions and postcondition of each function. This file should be a good
guide to your implementation of the class. By the way if a member function of a class is an inline
function, it is implemented in this file. You don’t need to redo it in the implementation file which
is pqueue1.cpp.
pqueue1.cpp is the implementation file for the PriorityQueue class. You need to create this file
and implement all the function defined in the pqueue1.cpp. I want to bring to you attention that
the PriorityQueue\'s linked list consists of allocating memory. So we have to define a copy
constructor, an assignment operator, and also a destructor to cope with the demand of dynamic
memories allocation.
pqtest.cpp is the same style interactive test program that you used in the previous assignments.
You can open it with your editor or import it to a compiler project to run with the pqueue1.cpp
and pqueue1.h.
pqexam1.cpp is the same style non-interactive examine program as you use in the previous
assignment. You can add this file to a compiler to run with the pqueue1.cpp and pqueue1.h to
grade your pqueue1.cpp implementation.
CISP430V4A4Exam.exe is an executable file which you can generate this file by compiling and
running the pqexam1.cpp, pqueue1.cpp (proper implemented) and pqueue1.h. When you click it
you can see the following results.
file one (pqexam1.cpp)
#include // Provides memcpy.
#include // Provides size_t.
#include \"pqueue1.h\" // Provides the PriorityQueue cl.
The Java Application Programming Interface (API) provides predefined classes organized into packages. There are three editions of the Java API: Java 2 Standard Edition for desktop apps/applets, Java 2 Enterprise Edition for server-side apps, and Java 2 Micro Edition for mobile apps. Strings in Java are represented by the String class and can be concatenated using the + operator or formatted for output using methods like println(), print(), and printf().
Control statements allow programs to select different execution paths based on conditions or iterate through loops. Common control statements in Java include if/else for conditional branching, while, do-while and for for iterative loops, and break, continue, return for jumping execution.
Classes are templates that define the form and behavior of objects. A class contains instance variables to represent object state and methods to implement object behavior. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory at runtime. Methods allow classes to encapsulate and reuse code. Constructors initialize new objects and this keyword refers to the current object instance. Garbage collection automatically reclaims unused memory from objects no longer referenced.
This document provides an overview of basic Java syntax, program structure, comments, and the Javadoc tool. It describes variable types, expressions, selection/iteration statements, classes, exceptions, and comments. It also gives examples of Java programs demonstrating Hello World, string methods, reversing a string with and without StringBuffer, and checking for palindromes. The document is intended to introduce basic Java concepts and illustrate their usage through sample code.
The document discusses PL/SQL, a programming language extension of SQL that adds procedural language features. It defines PL/SQL blocks and their components. It describes advantages like better performance and error handling. It also covers conditional statements, iterative statements, cursors, stored procedures, functions, exception handling, triggers, and embedded SQL in PL/SQL.
The document provides an overview of Lesson 3 which will address random and math classes, conditional statements including if, if-else, and switch statements. It discusses variables, data types, operators, and methods from classes like Random, Math, and Scanner. The document also covers formatting output, indentation, block statements, nested if statements, and the logic of if and if-else statements.
This presentation of ROBO INDIA comprises all of the elements that must be known to learn the programming language C.
This ppt also explains all these topics in details.
We welcome all you views and queries. Please write us, we are found at-
website: http://roboindia.com
mail: info@roboindia.com
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3. The switch Statement
• The switch statement provides another way to
decide which statement to execute next
• The switch statement evaluates an
expression, then attempts to match the result to
one of several possible cases
• Each case contains a value and a list of
statements
• The flow of control transfers to statement
associated with the first case value that
matches
3
4. The switch Statement
• The general syntax of a switch statement is:
switch ( expression )
{
case value1 :
statement-list1
case value2 :
statement-list2
case value3 :
statement-list3
case ...
}
switch
and
case
are
reserved
words
If expression
matches value2,
control jumps
to here
4
5. The switch Statement
• Often a break statement is used as the last
statement in each case's statement list
• A break statement causes control to transfer
to the end of the switch statement
• If a break statement is not used, the flow of
control will continue into the next case
• Sometimes this may be appropriate, but
often we want to execute only the statements
associated with one case
5
6. The switch Statement
switch (option)
{
case 'A':
aCount++;
break;
case 'B':
bCount++;
break;
case 'C':
cCount++;
break;
}
• An example of a switch statement:
6
7. The switch Statement
• A switch statement can have an optional
default case
• The default case has no associated value
and simply uses the reserved word default
• If the default case is present, control will
transfer to it if no other case value matches
• If there is no default case, and no other value
matches, control falls through to the
statement after the switch
7
8. The switch Statement
• The type of a switch expression must be
integers, characters, or enumerated types
• As of Java 7, a switch can also be used with
strings
• You cannot use a switch with floating point
values
• The implicit boolean condition in a switch
statement is equality
• You cannot perform relational checks with a
switch statement
• See GradeReport.java
8
9. //********************************************************************
// GradeReport.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a switch statement.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class GradeReport
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a grade from the user and prints comments accordingly.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int grade, category;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter a numeric grade (0 to 100): ");
grade = scan.nextInt();
category = grade / 10;
System.out.print ("That grade is ");
continue
9
10. continue
switch (category)
{
case 10:
System.out.println ("a perfect score. Well done.");
break;
case 9:
System.out.println ("well above average. Excellent.");
break;
case 8:
System.out.println ("above average. Nice job.");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println ("average.");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println ("below average. You should see the");
System.out.println ("instructor to clarify the material "
+ "presented in class.");
break;
default:
System.out.println ("not passing.");
}
}
}
10
11. continue
switch (category)
{
case 10:
System.out.println ("a perfect score. Well done.");
break;
case 9:
System.out.println ("well above average. Excellent.");
break;
case 8:
System.out.println ("above average. Nice job.");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println ("average.");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println ("below average. You should see the");
System.out.println ("instructor to clarify the material "
+ "presented in class.");
break;
default:
System.out.println ("not passing.");
}
}
}
Sample Run
Enter a numeric grade (0 to 100): 91
That grade is well above average. Excellent.
11
13. Method Declarations
• Let’s now examine methods in more detail
• A method declaration specifies the code that will
be executed when the method is invoked (called)
• When a method is invoked, the flow of control
jumps to the method and executes its code
• When complete, the flow returns to the place
where the method was called and continues
• The invocation may or may not return a value,
depending on how the method is defined
13
14. //********************************************************************
// Guessing2.java Author: Adapted from Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a block statement in an if-else.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.*;
public class Guessing2
{
static void checkGuess(int, answer, int, guess)
{
if (guess == answer)
System.out.println ("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
System.out.println ("That is not correct, sorry.");
System.out.println ("The number was " + answer);
}
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Plays a simple guessing game with the user.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MAX = 10;
int answer, guess;
continue 14
15. Continue
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
Random generator = new Random();
answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1;
System.out.print ("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and "
+ MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
guess = scan.nextInt();
checkGuess(answer,guess);
}
}
15
16. Continue
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
Random generator = new Random();
answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1;
System.out.print ("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and "
+ MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
guess = scan.nextInt();
checkGuess(answer,guess);
}
}
Sample Run
I'm thinking of a number between 1 and 10. Guess what it is: 6
That is not correct, sorry.
The number was 9
16
19. Method Header
• A method declaration begins with a method
header
char calc (int num1, int num2, String message)
method
name
return
type
parameter list
The parameter list specifies the type
and name of each parameter
The name of a parameter in the method
declaration is called a formal parameter
19
20. Method Body
• The method header is followed by the method
body
char calc (int num1, int num2, String message)
{
int sum = num1 + num2;
char result = message.charAt (sum);
return result;
}
The return expression
must be consistent with
the return type
sum and result
are local data
They are created
each time the
method is called, and
are destroyed when
it finishes executing
20
21. The return Statement
• The return type of a method indicates the
type of value that the method sends back to
the calling location
• A method that does not return a value has a
void return type
• A return statement specifies the value that
will be returned
return expression;
• Its expression must conform to the return
type
21
22. Parameters
• When a method is called, the actual
parameters in the invocation are copied into
the formal parameters in the method header
char calc (int num1, int num2, String message)
{
int sum = num1 + num2;
char result = message.charAt (sum);
return result;
}
ch = obj.calc (25, count, "Hello");
22
23. Local Data
• As we’ve seen, local variables can be declared
inside a method
• The formal parameters of a method create
automatic local variables when the method is
invoked
• When the method finishes, all local variables are
destroyed (including the formal parameters)
• Keep in mind that instance variables, declared at
the class level, exists as long as the object
exists
23
24. //********************************************************************
// testMethod.java Author: Isaias Barreto da Rosa
//
// Demonstrates the use of methods.
//********************************************************************
package testmethod;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestMethod {
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Receives one integer as parameter and multiply it by 1000
// if it is positive and by 500 if it is negative
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
static int executeFormula(int x)
{
int result;
if (x>0)
result = x*1000;
else
result = x*500;
return result;
}
continue
24
25. //-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads one integers from the user and multiply it by 1000
// if it is positive and by 500 if it is negative (by calling
// executeFormula)
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
int value;
int r;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("write a number");
value = scan.nextInt();
r = executeFormula(value);
System.out.println("The result is: "+r);
}
}
25
26. //-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads one integers from the user and multiply it by 1000
// if it is positive and by 500 if it is negative (by callin TestMethod)
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
int value;
int r;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("write a number");
value = scan.nextInt();
r = executeFormula(value);
System.out.println("The result is: "+r);
}
}
26
Sample Run
Enter a number : 2
The result is .2000
Enter a number: -2
The result is : -1000
27. Lexicographic Ordering
• Lexicographic ordering is not strictly alphabetical
when uppercase and lowercase characters are
mixed
• For example, the string "Great" comes before
the string "fantastic" because all of the
uppercase letters come before all of the
lowercase letters in Unicode
• Also, short strings come before longer strings
with the same prefix (lexicographically)
• Therefore "book" comes before "bookcase"
27
29. Writing Classes
• The programs we’ve written in previous
examples have used classes defined in the
Java standard class library
• Now we will begin to design programs that rely
on classes that we write ourselves
• The class that contains the main method is just
the starting point of a program
• True object-oriented programming is based on
defining classes that represent objects with
well-defined characteristics and functionality
29
31. Classes
• A class can contain data declarations and
method declarations
int size, weight;
char category;
Data declarations
Method declarations
31
32. Classes
• The values of the data define the state of an
object created from the class
• The functionalities of the methods define the
behaviors of the object
32
33. Classes
• We’ll want to design the Student class so
that it is a versatile and reusable resource
• Any given program will probably not use all
operations of a given class
• See StudentManager.java
33
34. //********************************************************************
// StudentManager.java Author: Isaias Barreto da Rosa
//
// Demonstrates the creation and use of a user-defined class.
//********************************************************************
package studentmanager;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class StudentManager {
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Compares the grades of two students and tells who is the best
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
static void compareStudents(Student st1, Student st2)
{
if (st1.getGrade() > st2.getGrade())
{ System.out.print(st1.getName +" is a better student");}
else
{
if (st2.getGrade() > st1.geGrade())
{System.out.print(st2.getName() +" is a better student");}
else
{System.out.println(st1.getNname() + " and " + st2.getName()
+ "are on the same level");}
}
}
continue
34
35. Continue
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student st1, st2, st3;
String name;
double grade;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Insert the first name for Student 1");
name = scan.nextLine();
System.out.println("Insert the grade for Student 1");
grade = scan.nextDouble();
st1 = new Student(name,grade);
System.out.println("Insert the first name for Student 2");
name = scan.nextLine();
System.out.println("Insert the grade for Student 2");
grade = scan.nextDouble();
st2 = new Student(name,grade);
compareStudents(st1,st2);
}
}
35
36. continue
class Student{
private String name;
private double grade;
public final double MAXGRADE=20;
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor: Sets the student’s name and initial grade.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public Student (String name1, double grade1)
{
name = name1;
grade = grade1;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns the student's name
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
String getName()
{
return name;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns the student's grade
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
double getGrade()
{
return grade;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Increase the studens's grade
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
double increaseGrade()
{
if (grade < MAXGRADE);
{grade++;}
return grade;
}
}
36
37. The Student Class
• The Student class contains two data
values
– a String name that represents the student's
name
– an double grade that represents the student’s
grade
37
38. Constructors
• As mentioned previously, a constructor is
used to set up an object when it is initially
created
• A constructor has the same name as the
class
• The Student constructor is used to set the
name and the initial grade
38
39. Data Scope
• The scope of data is the area in a program in
which that data can be referenced (used)
• Data declared at the class level can be
referenced by all methods in that class
• Data declared within a method can be used only
in that method
• Data declared within a method is called local
data
• In the compareStudents class, the variable
scan is declared inside the main method -- it
is local to that method and cannot be referenced
anywhere else
39
40. Instance Data
• A variable declared at the class level (such as name)
is called class attribute or instance variable
• Each instance (object) has its own instance variable
• A class declares the type of the data, but it does not
reserve memory space for it
• Each time a Student object is created, a new name
variable is created as well
• The objects of a class share the method definitions,
but each object has its own data space
• That's the only way two objects can have different
states
40
41. Instance Data
• We can depict the two Student objects from
the StudentManager program as follows:
st1 Johnname
st2 Maryname
Each object maintains its own name
variable, and thus its own state
41
43. Quick Check
What is the relationship between a class and an
object?
A class is the definition/pattern/blueprint of an
object. It defines the data that will be managed
by an object but doesn't reserve memory space
for it. Multiple objects can be created from a
class, and each object has its own copy of the
instance data.
43
44. Quick Check
Where is instance data declared?
What is the scope of instance data?
What is local data?
44
45. Quick Check
Where is instance data declared?
What is the scope of instance data?
What is local data?
At the class level.
It can be referenced in any method of the class.
Local data is declared within a method, and is
only accessible in that method.
45