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Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprisesILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers, Virtual, 23 November 2020
Presented by Barbara Wieland at the First Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM) and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4-8 September 2016
Women farmers are more equipped with
knowledge and skills on livelihood-related issues;
they feel more empowered and confident in
doing agriculture; they have more access to
agro-based input and output markets.
Livestock research contributions to the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
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Global health and sustainable food security: Why the livestock sectors of dev...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the Global Animal Health Conference on Developing Global Animal Health Products to Support Food Security and Sustainability, Arlington, Virginia, 17−18 October 2013
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
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imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. Dairy development pathways: ILRI’s experience
Isabelle Baltenweck
International Livestock Research Institute
18th IFCN Dairy Conference, Kiel, Germany, 13 June 2017
3. Improved food and
nutrition security for
health
Improved natural
resource systems and
ecosystem services
Reduced poverty
ILRI’s mandate
ILRI’s mission is
to improve food and nutritional security
and to reduce poverty in developing countries
through research for
efficient, safe and sustainable
use of livestock —
ensuring better lives through livestock.
4. Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock:
Livestock and the SDGs
Image courtesy of Henning Steinfeld, FAO
5. Increase in demand for livestock products
(including milk)
• Three of the five highest-valued
agricultural products in the world
are livestock products
• The ‘Livestock Revolution’: demand
for livestock products is on a rapid
rise, following globalization,
population and income growth,
urbanization
• Sector growth to continue, backed
by demand for animal-sourced
foods.
Sources: Delgado et al, 2002
6. Projections of Livestock Production to 2050
Production(millionsoftonnes)
LMICs
Year
HICs
•Sector growth is huge
in the LMICs- including
demand for grains
•How, where and who
will produce such
amounts of livestock
produce?
Sources: ILRI computations, based on FAO data
7. Demand for livestock commodities in developing
economies will be met
Scenario #1
Meeting livestock demand by
importing livestock products
Scenario #2
Meeting livestock demand by
importing livestock industrial production know-how
Scenario #3
Meeting livestock demand by
transforming smallholder livestock systems
8. Steinfeld et al. 2006
Characteristics of dairy value chains in Developing
Countries
Big productivity gaps persist between
rich and poor countries: some
developing country regions have gaps
of up to 430% in milk
Inadequate access to inputs
and services, including
extension
Most of the milk is
traded outside formal
channels
Women dominate short/
informal value chains; men
dominate formal and more
lucrative chains Most of the milk comes from
smallholders farms (60-90% in
Kenya, 69% in India)
9. Milkmatters: Forincome
• In India, more than 70 million farm
families rely directly on micro level
dairying for income and employment
• In Kenya, more than 30 percent of
household income among smallholders
comes from milk
• Over 70% of livestock products are sold
‘informally’
ILRI work:
• How to improve farmers’ access to
market, or the ‘last mile delivery’
challenge?
Sources: Staal et al., 2009; Bebe et al., 2003
10. TRANSPORTERS
TESTIN
G
FARMERS
FIELD
DAYS
FEED
SUPPLY
AI &
EXTENSION
VILLAGE BANKS
OTHER RELATED
MEs HARDWARE
SUPPLIERS
CHILLING or
BULKING
FACILITIES
Milkmatters forincome-ILRI work
• The dairy business hub approach supported by the East Africa Dairy Development
(EADD) project, led by Heifer International, ILRI as ‘knowledge partner’
• Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda (till 2014), Tanzania (from 2014)
• 2 possible output
linkages: “pure
processor” or “mixed-
linkage”
Does the difference in
linkages:
• influence revenues
and access to inputs
• impact income and
farm performance?
11. Results from studies in Kenya and Uganda reveal that:
• Participation in hubs leads to higher dairy revenues and total household
income, ceteris paribus
• Higher effects for households participating in “pure processor” hubs
• But no significant influence on productivity from processor linkages
Milkmatters forincome-ILRI work
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
1
Probability
-5000 0 5000 10000 15000
Average treatment effect on treated (for dairy revenu
Pure processorMixed linkage
Implication: Linking farmers to
processors produces positive impact on
income
• But it’s not translated to increased
productivity and input use
• Hence other interventions are
necessary to spur growth in
productivity
Sources: Rao et al, 2016
12. Milkmatters: Forfoodandnutrition
• Despite progress in recent years,
malnutrition continues to be a significant
concern in many developing countries,
particularly for young children and
women of reproductive age
• The inclusion of milk in the diet has been
shown to promote growth in children
• Livestock raised by pastoralists on
rangelands produce meat and milk from
land that cannot directly grow crops
ILRI work:
• What value chains and system modalities
to promote cost-effective nutrition-
sensitive livestock-related interventions ?
13. Milkmatters: Forgenderequity
• Women account for two-thirds of the world’s 600
million poor livestock keepers
• Although the role of women in livestock
production is at least equal to that of men, their
contribution has remained underestimated
• Women tend to dominate the daily, homestead-
based labour with limited control over benefits
• Women are better able to control income from
milk sale in short, informal, markets but less so in
organized/ formal value chains
• Gender norms play a key role in reducing
women’s involvement in the revenue-generating
nodes of the milk value chain
ILRI work:
• Integrating gender in livestock ‘technical’ work
Sources: FAO. 2012; Njuki and Sanginga, 2013
14. Milkmatters forgender-ILRI work
Ololili is a traditional Maasai forage conservation system used by
families to feed their cows during the dry months
Sources: Galie and Lukuyu, 2016
• In these months, men take the
herd on transhumance and
women stay at the homestead to
manage and feed the family,
including on cow milk
• It is a viable option for enhancing
dairy productivity by improving
forage availability
• The gender dimensions of ololili
have not been studied
15. Milk matters for gender: Ololili study
Findings:
• Ololili are key for women to feed the family during the dry season
• Men take decisions about ololili management and women use ololili based
on these decisions
• Collapse of an ololili leads households into a spiral of poverty
• Building or restoration of ololili are hindered by community power and
gender dynamics, particularly for those with low social status and poorer
women and widows
Therefore:
• Gender-responsive forage improvement initiatives through ololili can help
women secure food for their families
• The introduction on a forage technology may only be successful if there’s
equitable governance of ololili
16. Milkmatters: Foremployment, including foryouth
Over 2 million people supported by milk-
based enterprises in Kenya (12% of adult
workforce)- farm, input and service
provision including milk traders
17. Milk(cattle) matters: Fornon-monetary benefits
non- monetary benefits
• Cattle for manure and traction- to
improve overall farm productivity
• In the poorest countries, livestock
manure comprises over 70% of soil
fertility amendments
• Cattle fed using crop residues-
including for feed conservation
• Prestige
• Cattle as assets (store of wealth)
ILRI work:
• Estimation of non monetary benefits in
Kenya: about 20% of the animals total
value across different livestock systems
Source: Ouma et al, 2003
18. Opportunities and challenges in dairy
development: concluding remarks
• Last mile delivery: what are effective and efficient mechanisms for
farmers to access inputs and services?
• Cooperatives, hubs, contract farming, traders
• Gender and dairy value chain: moving from value chain
transformation to gender transformative approaches, or how to
promote gender inclusive value chains?
• Dual path towards transformation of milk markets, given current
importance of raw milk marketing in Developing Countries
• Gradual transition, through e.g. training and certification of milk
traders- serving poorer consumers and providing employment
(milk traders)
• Direct move to processed/ capital intensive systems- serving
better off consumers
19. References
Bebe, B. O., Udo, H. M. J., Rowlands, G. J. and Thorpe, W. 2003. ‘Smallholder Dairy Systems in Kenya Highlands: Breed
preferences and breeding practices’, LivestockProduction Science 82(2-3): 117–27.
Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M. & Meijer, S. 2002. Livestock to 2020: the revolution continues. World. Brahman Congress.
Rockhampton
FAO. 2012. “Invisible Guardians-Women Manage Livestock Diversity.” 174. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers.
Rome, IT.
Galiè A. and B. Lukuyu 2016: ‘Getting by in the dry season: Ololilis in Tanzania’ in Pyburn, R. and Eerdewijk, A. van.
(eds), A different kettle of fish? Gender integration in livestock and fish research, Volendam: LM Publishers.
Njuki, J. and Sanginga, P.C.2013. Women, livestock ownership and markets: Bridging the gender gap in eastern and
southern Africa. London, UK: Routledge
Ouma, E.A., Obare, G.A and S. J. Staal. 2003. Cattle as assets: assessment of non-market benefits from cattle in
smallholder Kenyan crop- livestock systems. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference of Agricultural
Economists (IAAE) 16, Durban, South Africa.
Rao E J, I Omondi, A Karimov and I Baltenweck. 2016. Dairy farm households, processor linkages and household
income: the case of dairy hub linkages in East Africa. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review
Volume 19, Issue 4
Staal, S., Poole, J., Baltenweck, I., Mwacharo, J., Notenbaert, A., Randolph, T., Thorpe, W., Nzuma, J., Herrero, M.,
2009. Targeting strategic investment in livestock development as a vehicle for rural livelihoods. International Livestock
Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
20. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
ilri.org
ILRI thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions
to the CGIAR system