If the mechanism of DNA replication (semi-conservative, conservative.pdf
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If the mechanism of DNA replication (semi-conservative, conservative, and dispersive) was not yet known: a. What experiment(s) could distinguish between the three possible mechanisms. Explain how this method can distinguish between the 3 models. b. Compare your experiment with the original mechanism. What are the advantages, disadvantages to each Solution If the DNA replication mechanism is not yet known Messelson-Stahl experiment set forward to distinguish the three mechanisms; conservative, semi- conservative and dispersive mode of replication. Messelson-Stahl experiment model used non radioactive heavy isotope of Nitrogen as they found nitrogen is abundant element in DNA. They labelled the DNA of E.coli bacteria with heavy isotope 15N and grew in a medium. Soon after many generations 15N labelled DNA were synthesised. Then they removed the 15N labelled DNA from the medium and placed in normal 14N medium. The cells were then extracted from this medium and were placed in CsCl solution and are centrifused..
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Chapter 3ppthorti
This is brief introductory to genetic material course to Horticultural students in Mekdela Amba Univesity by Kasahun Amare
Prokaryotic DNA replication
Prokaryotic DNA replication : These slides contains basics of the prokaryotic DNA replication for S.Y.B.Sc and T.Y.B.Sc students of Microbiology and biotechnology
It covers topics like Enzymes used in replication, Semiconservative replication, Meselson and Stahl experiment, Termination of replication, modes of replication: theta and rolling circle, basic rules of replication
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Know how M. Meselson and Franklin Stahl proved the semi-conservative model of DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA .pdf
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:
Solution
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:.
Recommended
Chapter 3ppthorti
This is brief introductory to genetic material course to Horticultural students in Mekdela Amba Univesity by Kasahun Amare
Prokaryotic DNA replication
Prokaryotic DNA replication : These slides contains basics of the prokaryotic DNA replication for S.Y.B.Sc and T.Y.B.Sc students of Microbiology and biotechnology
It covers topics like Enzymes used in replication, Semiconservative replication, Meselson and Stahl experiment, Termination of replication, modes of replication: theta and rolling circle, basic rules of replication
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Know how M. Meselson and Franklin Stahl proved the semi-conservative model of DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA .pdf
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:
Solution
Meselson and Stahl in 1957 gave experimental evidence that each DNA strand served as a
template for new DNA synthesis, a process called semi-conservative replication. At that time,
there were three proposed models for DNA replication put forward by the scientific community
after DNA structure had been discovered- Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive
replication.
Semi-conservative replication: In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other,
and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two
DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.
Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of
both original DNA strands and another molecule that consists of two new strands with exactly
the same sequences as the original molecule.
Meselson and Stahl used the density gradient sedimentation experiment (done with the E.Coli
bacteria) to establish that DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model of replication as
follows:
Results of analysis:.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. DNA sequence information is important to scientists investigating the functions of genes.
In medicine, DNA sequencing is used for a range of purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In general, sequencing allows health care practitioners to determine if a gene or the region that regulates a gene contains changes, called variants or mutations, that are linked to a disorder.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often referred to by the first letters of their chemical names: A, T, C, and G) encodes the biological information that cells use to develop and operate. Establishing the sequence of DNA is key to understanding the function of genes and other parts of the genome. There are now several different methods available for DNA sequencing, each with its own characteristics, and the development of additional methods represents an active area of genomics research.
DNA replication
DNA replication is the most important process central dogma in the molecular genetics. So i hope this power point presentation useful to the students of B.Sc Agriculture and M.Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding.
Neutrons cant be detected by the same detectors as alphas, betas, and.pdf
Neutrons cant be detected by the same detectors as alphas, betas, and gammas. Why? Briefly
describe some methods for detecting neutrons.
Solution
Neutron:
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n, with no net electric charge and a mass slightly
larger than that of a proton
Neutron Detection:
Neutrons have mass but no electrical charge. Because of this they cannot directly produce
ionization in a detector, and therefore cannot be directly detected. This means that neutron
detectors must rely upon a conversion process where an incident neutron interacts with a nucleus
to produce a secondary charged particle. These charged particles are then directly detected and
from them the presence of neutrons is deduced.
The most common reaction used for high efficiency thermal neutron detection today is:
n + 3He p + 3H + 765 keV
where both the proton and the triton are detected by a gas filled proportional counters using 3He
fill gas. Quench gas is also added to control the ionization process.
Methods for neutron detection
Gas Proportional detector:
Gas proportional detectors can be adapted to detect neutrons. While neutrons do not typically
cause ionization, the addition of a nuclide with high neutron cross-section allows the detector to
respond to neutrons. Nuclides commonly used for this purpose are helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10
and uranium-235. Since these materials are most likely to react with thermal neutrons (i.e.,
neutrons that have slowed to equilibrium with their surroundings), they are typically surrounded
by moderating materials to reduce their energy and increase the likelihood of detection.
Further refinements are usually necessary to differentiate the neutron signal from the effects of
other types of radiation. Since the energy of a thermal neutron is relatively low, charged particle
reactions are discrete (i.e., essentially monoenergetic and lie within a narrow bandwidth of
energies) while other reactions such as gamma reactions will span a broad energy range, it is
possible to discriminate among the sources.
As a class, gas ionization detectors measure the number (count rate), and not the energy of
neutrons.
Fast neutron detectors
Fast neutrons are often detected by first moderating (slowing) them to thermal energies.
However, during that process the information on the original energy of the neutron, its direction
of travel, and the time of emission is lost. For many applications, the detection of “fret” neutrons
that retain this information is highly desirable
Typical fast neutron detectors are liquid scintillators,[30] 4-He based noble gas detectors and
plastic detectors. Fast neutron detectors differentiate themselves from one another by their 1.)
capability of neutron/gamma discrimination (through pulse shape discrimination) and 2.)
sensitivity. The capability to distinguish between neutrons and gammas is excellent in noble gas
based 4-He detectors due to their low electron density and excellent pulse shape discrimination
propert.
List each hypothesis that is being tested in a twofactor ANOVA.S.pdf
List each hypothesis that is being tested in a twofactor ANOVA.
Solution
In two factor ANOVA there are two independent variables.
Hence the hypothesis are :
1) H01 : Population means of the first factor are equal.
HA1 : Population means of the first factor are not equal.
2) H02 : Population means of the second factor are equal.
HA2 : Population means of the second factor are not equal.
3) H03: There is no interaction between two factors.
HA3 : There is interaction between two factors..
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Similar to If the mechanism of DNA replication (semi-conservative, conservative.pdf
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. DNA sequence information is important to scientists investigating the functions of genes.
In medicine, DNA sequencing is used for a range of purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In general, sequencing allows health care practitioners to determine if a gene or the region that regulates a gene contains changes, called variants or mutations, that are linked to a disorder.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often referred to by the first letters of their chemical names: A, T, C, and G) encodes the biological information that cells use to develop and operate. Establishing the sequence of DNA is key to understanding the function of genes and other parts of the genome. There are now several different methods available for DNA sequencing, each with its own characteristics, and the development of additional methods represents an active area of genomics research.
DNA replication
DNA replication is the most important process central dogma in the molecular genetics. So i hope this power point presentation useful to the students of B.Sc Agriculture and M.Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding.
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Neutrons cant be detected by the same detectors as alphas, betas, and.pdf
Neutrons cant be detected by the same detectors as alphas, betas, and gammas. Why? Briefly
describe some methods for detecting neutrons.
Solution
Neutron:
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n, with no net electric charge and a mass slightly
larger than that of a proton
Neutron Detection:
Neutrons have mass but no electrical charge. Because of this they cannot directly produce
ionization in a detector, and therefore cannot be directly detected. This means that neutron
detectors must rely upon a conversion process where an incident neutron interacts with a nucleus
to produce a secondary charged particle. These charged particles are then directly detected and
from them the presence of neutrons is deduced.
The most common reaction used for high efficiency thermal neutron detection today is:
n + 3He p + 3H + 765 keV
where both the proton and the triton are detected by a gas filled proportional counters using 3He
fill gas. Quench gas is also added to control the ionization process.
Methods for neutron detection
Gas Proportional detector:
Gas proportional detectors can be adapted to detect neutrons. While neutrons do not typically
cause ionization, the addition of a nuclide with high neutron cross-section allows the detector to
respond to neutrons. Nuclides commonly used for this purpose are helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10
and uranium-235. Since these materials are most likely to react with thermal neutrons (i.e.,
neutrons that have slowed to equilibrium with their surroundings), they are typically surrounded
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other types of radiation. Since the energy of a thermal neutron is relatively low, charged particle
reactions are discrete (i.e., essentially monoenergetic and lie within a narrow bandwidth of
energies) while other reactions such as gamma reactions will span a broad energy range, it is
possible to discriminate among the sources.
As a class, gas ionization detectors measure the number (count rate), and not the energy of
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Fast neutron detectors
Fast neutrons are often detected by first moderating (slowing) them to thermal energies.
However, during that process the information on the original energy of the neutron, its direction
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List each hypothesis that is being tested in a twofactor ANOVA.S.pdf
List each hypothesis that is being tested in a twofactor ANOVA.
Solution
In two factor ANOVA there are two independent variables.
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Ans:
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It\'s natural to experience fear in dangerous situations. But people with PTSD may behave as
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A person who suffers PTSD typically re-experiences the trauma through flashbacks and
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the person of a traumatic situation.
2).What questions might be helpful in identifying the cause of these manifestations?
The first step in diagnosing trauma is making an appointment with a doctor, preferably someone
trained in mental health disorders. The doctor will talk with the patient to determine their state of
mind. The practitioner will have to determine whether the prerequisite symptoms for PTSD are
present before deciding how to proceed. For a diagnosis of PTSD, the patient must have
experienced the following for at least one month:
· 3). What other manifestation would make the nurse suspect PTSD?
Since Mr. S was in the military and might have undergone life threatening events. Based on his
reactions and his wife statements, nurse suspect that, Mr. S is under depression ie., Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder (PSTD).
4).What three criteria must be met to confirm the diagnosis of PTSD?
Currently, diagnosis of PTSD is based on 8 criteria
1) The first criterion has 4 components, as follows:
2) The second criterion involves the persistent re experiencing of the event in 1 of several ways:
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EYCONNEC Cell Structures the arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane 2. helps
make and transport proteins and lipids 3. stores and transports protein and lipid molecules 4.
helps the cell maintain itsshape and holds cell organelles in place within the cytoplasm of a plant
cell layer that samoundsthe Plasma membrane help organize the chromosomes before cell
division the cell 7. organene that processes proteins and prepares them for use both inside and
outside larger of the sac-like organelles that store and transport materials in the cem 9. describes
the formation of eukaryotic cells 10, eneray carrying molecule 11. stores substances such as
water, and salts in plant cells enzymes, 12.-power plann of the cell a, ATP b cell wall c, central
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the appropriate tem. is often considered to be the cell\'s control center. 1, The 2 The consists of
everything inside the plasma membrane of the cell. 3. The plasma membrane forms a between
the inside and outside of the cell 4, The is essentially a \"skeleton\" inside the cell.
Solution
1->j)phospholid bilayer->the arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane
2.->f)endoplasmic reticulum->Helps make and transport protein and lipid molecules
3.l)->vesicle->Stores and transports protein and lipid molecules
4)e)cytoskeleton->Helps the cell maintain it\'s shape and holds cell organelles in place within the
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6)d)centriole->help organize the chromosomes before cell division
7)h)Golgi apparatus->Organelle that processes protein and prepares them for use both inside and
outside the cell
8)k)vacuole->Larger of the sac-like organelles that store and transport materials in the cell
9)g)endosymbiotic theory->Describes the formation of eukaryotic cells
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short term liabilities= accounts payable,accrued expenses, notes payable (if amount due within
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long term liabilities= mortgage, notes payable ( if amount not due within one year of the balance
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in 1945 at the Trinity test. The explosive yield of the bomb was classified by the U.S. Army;
however, in 1950 British physicist Sir Geoffrey Taylor made a good estimate of the yield based
on publicly available photographs and data. He developed an equation that linked several key
test and used it to calculate the yield: R = S (Et^2/rho)^1/5 R is the blast radius in meters; t is
seconds after the detonation, rho (the Greek letter rho) is the air density at the blast site; S is a
constant describing the heat capacity of the air; and E is the energy released by the bomb in
joules. (1 joule (J) = 1 kg middot m^2/s^2). From the available atmospheric data, Taylor
concluded that S = 1.041 and rho = 1.00 kg/m^3. By studying a picture of the blast taken at t =
0.025, the estimated that the blast radius was 140 similar meters. Explosive yield is often
described by how much TNT would be required to produce a similar explosion. The explosive
force of 1 kiloton (kt) of TNT is approximately 4.184 Times 10^12 joules. Rearrange Taylor\'s
equation to give you a formula for the yield of the bomb in kilotons. Calculate the yield of the
Trinity bomb to the nearest kiloton. Taylor\'s estimate was lower than the actual yield of 20.08
kilotons. Which quantities might he have underestimated when using them in his equations?
Which might he have overestimated?
Solution
Reason
Short information.
Deoxy sugars are modified sugars where one or more OH groups are remo.pdf
Deoxy sugars are modified sugars where one or more OH groups are removed from a carbon.
For example, deoxyribose is a deoxy form of ribose. However, as a result, deoxy sugars often
can have multiple names that describe the same molecule. Find alternate names for the for the
following deoxy sugars:
Solution
1. 2-deoxy-mannose->2-Deoxy-glucose
2.2-deoxy-arabinose->deoxypentose
3.3-deoxy-psicose->D-Psicose
4.3-deoxy-xylucose->1-Deoxy-2-pentulose
5.3-deoxy-talose-> 3-amino-3-deoxy-l-talose.
Determine truth value of the statement. Domain consists of all real .pdf
Determine truth value of the statement. Domain consists of all real numbers. Please explain I do
not understand with nested.
a) xy(x^2 = y)
b) xy(x = y^2)
Solution
a) says that for every x there exists a y, Its True. Since there is only 1 y for every x
b) says that for every x there exists a y, Its False. Since there are no y`s for negative x.
Describe the niches of at least 3 species of wildlife that might be .pdf
Describe the niches of at least 3 species of wildlife that might be found in Michigan.
Solution
The forest landscape of Michigan represents wide variety of species. The land is mostly occupied
by red wood trees and shaded land is dominated by ferns. The trees support wide species of wild
life. The fallen logs in the forest support Salamanders, snakes, flying squirrels, small insects and
several invertebrates.
The downy and hairy woodpeckers live on dying and dead standing trees known as snags. The
hairy woodpeckers require larger snags than down woodpeckers. The trees provide food for
insects and shelter. The hairy woodpeckers feed on large insects. These small differences in
habitats are observed between downy and hairy woodpeckers. Each type of woodpecker occupies
a different niche and exhibits different functional role in the forest ecosystem.
Two types of forests are abudant. Coniferous forests are habitat for Red squirrels that feed on
large pine cones. The deciduous forests are habitat of grey squirrels. These feed on acorns and
beechnuts.
Amphibians like redbacked and spotted salamanders live in moist, mature deciduous forest floors
and at dead and decaying logs. Red shouldered hawks are found extensively in deciduous forest
types and use lowland for nesting.
Several types of birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians, squirrels, black bears and various types of
fungi and mushrooms live in different ecological niches in the Michigan forests..
Define multicollinearity in the following termsa. In which type o.pdf
Define multicollinearity in the following terms:
a. In which type of regression is it likely to occur?
Solution
Collinearity is a linear association between two explanatory variables.
Two variables are perfectly collinear if there is an exact linear relationship between them.
Multicollinearity is a phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple
regression model are highly correlated, means that one can be linearly predicted from the others
with a substantial degree of accuracy
Hence multi collinearity occurs in multiple regression.
Convert the for loop Into MIPS Instructions. Use the sit instruction .pdf
Convert the for loop Into MIPS Instructions. Use the sit instruction to determine the branch. Be
sure to Initialize I properly. for (Int I = 1; I min &&i;>l; Else A[i] = 0; I: $t0, min: $t1, max:
$t2, base address of A: $s0
Solution
Answer:
a)
.zero 1
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 1
.L3:
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 6
jg .L2
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-8]
add DWORD PTR [rbp-4], eax
add DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 1
jmp .L3
.L2:
mov eax, 0
pop rbp
ret
__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int):
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
sub rsp, 16
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edi
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], esi
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1
jne .L7
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 65535
jne .L7
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit
call std::ios_base::Init::Init()
mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:__dso_handle
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::ios_base::Init::~Init()
call __cxa_atexit
.L7:
nop
leave
ret
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov esi, 65535
mov edi, 1
call __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)
pop rbp
ret
b)
.zero 1
main:
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]
cmp eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-8]
jle .L2
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]
cmp eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-12]
jge .L2
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]
cdqe
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-96+rax*4], 1
jmp .L3
.L2:
mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]
cdqe
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-96+rax*4], 0
.L3:
mov eax, 0
pop rbp
ret
__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int):
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
sub rsp, 16
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edi
mov DWORD PTR [rbp-8], esi
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1
jne .L7
cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-8], 65535
jne .L7
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit
call std::ios_base::Init::Init()
mov edx, OFFSET FLAT:__dso_handle
mov esi, OFFSET FLAT:std::__ioinit
mov edi, OFFSET FLAT:std::ios_base::Init::~Init()
call __cxa_atexit
.L7:
nop
leave
ret
push rbp
mov rbp, rsp
mov esi, 65535
mov edi, 1
call __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)
pop rbp
ret.
Clarify how cells and molecules are linked to tissuesSolutionA.pdf
Clarify how cells and molecules are linked to tissues
Solution
Answer:
Various molecules together are going to from organelles & finally to form cells and cells
together to form tissues, a complex multicellular component of organs & organs systems in an
organism. These cells are linked to the tissues via cell adhesion molecules, integral membrane
receptors, connexins, selectins & integrins and cadherins via either homophillic homophillic
binding or heterophillic binding. The cells are going to connect within the tissues via Cell-Matrix
Interactions to basal lamina & cell-cell adhesions or gap junctions or focal adhesions as part of
combinatorial diversity
Foe example:
Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium mainly existing in urothelium, urinary bladder,
prostrate and intercellular adhesion is essential for cell to cell communication & these are
existing where the epithelial tissues subjecting to traction & pressure. The prominent
intercellular adhesions existing in transitional epithelium are occluding junctions (zonula
occludens, zonula adherens (existing in prostrate), tight junctions, anchoring adhesive junctions
between cells (desmosomes), gap junctions (connexins) between the cells. Some of the junctions
are promoting intercellular adhesion in transitional epithelium..
Can you define fixed and variable costs Can you give some examples.pdf
Can you define fixed and variable costs? Can you give some examples?
Solution
All the costs faced by companies can be broken into two main categories: fixed costs and
variable costs.
Fixed costs are costs that are independent of output. These remain constant throughout the
relevant range and are usually considered sunk for the relevant range (not relevant to output
decisions). Fixed costs often include rent, buildings, machinery, etc.
Variable costs are costs that vary with output. Generally variable costs increase at a constant rate
relative to labor and capital. Variable costs may include wages, utilities, materials used in
production, etc..
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