This document defines and discusses various types of prejudice. It begins by defining prejudice as forming an opinion about someone before knowing the relevant facts, typically based on their group membership. Prejudice is characterized as being acquired through socialization, emotional, irrational, and disconnected from reality. The document then discusses three types of prejudice - cognitive (beliefs), affective (likes/dislikes), and conative (behaviors). Specific examples of prejudice discussed include those based on gender, ethnicity/race, sexual orientation, age, class, and disability.

1. Prejudice : Definition,
Characteristics and Cases of
Prejudices
Submitted by,
Samuel Roy
S2, MSW
No: 1425

2. Prejudice
Prejudice is prejudgment or forming an opinion before becoming aware
of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to
preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a
person because of their gender, beliefs, values, social, class, age,
disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationality,
beauty, occupation, education, criminality or other personal
characteristics. In this case, it refers to a positive or negative evaluation
of another person based on their perceived group membership, but
usually it is negative.

3. Definition of prejudice
• According to Gordon Allport prejudice is a "feeling, favorable or
unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on,
actual experience".
• Worchel et al. (1988):- an unjustified negative attitude toward an
individual based solely on that individual's membership in a group.
• Brown (1995):- the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive
beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or
discriminatory behaviour towards members of a on account of their
membership of that group

4. Characteristics of Prejudice
Following are the characteristics of prejudice identified by
psychologists.
• Prejudice is acquired:- like attitude prejudice is acquired through
the process of socialization. Norms, values, customs, and tradition of
the society of which he is a member make him prejudice towards
members of other group.
• Emotional overtones:- prejudice is always colored with emotions.
It is either for or against some group, community or religion. If it
favorable the person would show too much affection and if
unfavorable the person would show hatred and hostility.

5. • Prejudice is irrational:- prejudice does not lead itself to reason,
wisdom and relevance. The individual does not change his prejudice
in the face of information and evidence to the contrary.
• Prejudice is functional:- prejudice helps the individual justify his
hostilities, repressed desires and strengthen feelings of self-esteem
and prestige.it helps individual justify his explosions, discrimination of
members of other group.
• Prejudice has no connection with reality:- it is primarily based
on wrong information, customs and tradition of the society.

6. Types of prejudice
• Cognitive Prejudice:- it refers to what people believe is true. An
example of cognitive prejudice might be found, for example,
adherence to a particular metaphysical or methodological philosophy
to the exclusion of other philosophies that may offer a more complete
theoretical explanation.
• Affective Prejudice:- it refers to what people like and dislike. An
example of affective prejudice might be found, for example, in
attitudes toward members of particular classes such as race, ethnicity,
national origin, or creed.

7. • Conative prejudice:- is refers to how people are inclined to behave.
It is regarded as an attitude because people don't actually act on their
feelings. An example of conative prejudice might be found in
expressions of what one would do if, hypothetically, the opportunity
presented itself.

8. Cases of prejudice
Gender Prejudice
• Gender Prejudice :- Gender stereotype refers to the attitude that all
members of a particular gender -- all women, all girls, all men, and all
boys a certain type of person. From this stereotype -- the belief that
members -- are emerges sexism of one gender are inferior to another.

9. Ethnic/Racial Prejudice
• Ethnic prejudice is the holding of negative opinions, beliefs, or
attitudes about people for the simple reason that they belong to a
specific ethnic group.
• Racial prejudice can be defined by either making an adverse
judgment or opinion based on race or having an irrational hatred or
suspicion based on racial or religious group's stereotypes. Racial
prejudice in society has the potential to be a damaging factor in even
the most normal settings

10. Sexual Orientation Prejudice
• Prejudging someone because of their sexual orientation is called
homophobia, and it's often based on the stereotype that all gay men
or lesbians are a certain way and thus inferior. Also commonly
lumped in this category are people's attitudes towards transgender or
transsexual individuals, even though these are genders and not sexual
orientations. Individuals who exist somewhere along the gender
continuum but who defy being classified as either male or female are
often the victims of prejudice.

11. Age Prejudice
• Ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism
can be defined as "any attitude, action, or institutional structure
which subordinates a person or group because of age or any
assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age

12. Class Prejudice
• Classism is the belief or attitude that those of a certain economic
class are inferior to another class. Classism is defined by dictionary.com
as "a biased or discriminatory attitude on distinctions made between
social or economic classes." The idea of separating people based on
class is controversial in itself. Some argue that economic inequality is an
unavoidable aspect of society, so there will always be a ruling class.
Some also argue that, even within the most egalitarian societies in
history, some form of ranking based on social status takes place.
Therefore, one may believe the existence of social classes is a natural
feature of society.

13. Disability Prejudice
• Ableism refers to the belief that those with physical or mental
disabilities or handicaps are inferior to able-bodied people.
Discrimination against the disabled is born of this belief and involves
limiting the rights of disabled individuals to basic things that able-
bodied people take for granted, such as adequate housing, health
care, employment and education.

14. Thank you