Identify the three main threats to biodiversity and explain how each.pdf
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Identify the three main threats to biodiversity and explain how each damages diversity? Solution Answer) Three main threats to biodiversity are listed in details below; a) Deforestation and habitat loss - deforestation refers to permanently destructing the forests to make the land of forest be available for other uses. deforestation is performed by large scale burning of forests which makes a large part of unnecessary carbon emission to the environment. deforestation cause the loss in plant diversity (earlier available in those forests) as well as loss in fauna lived in those forests. b) Climate change - change in climatic conditions is a natural process which occurs at a very slow rate. but climate change due to human activities a rapid process which affect the environment in long terms. rapid climate change does not provide sufficient time for adaptation and a large part of biodiversity is lost. particularly, aquatic ecosystem is primarily affected by climate change. such climate change conditions are rising oceanic temperature, high carbon emission in environment, global warming etc. c) Overexploitation - To fulfil the requirements of rapid growing world population, often natural resources are exploited blindfold and over exploiting these resources result in loss of biodiversity such as over-harvesting lead that variety vulnerable to loss in its genetic diversity, overfishing makes that fish species vulnerable to extinction. there are other ways of overexploitation such as killing, hunting, poaching which result in losing diversity of fauna being exploited..
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of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These
biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy
flows.
1.TUNDRA ECOSYSTEM:
Abiotic factors: Temperature, Precipitation (rain, hail and snow fall), Seasons (very long winters
and short summers), Altitude (depends on whether it is alpine tundra or arctic tundra),Wind
(strong in tundra),Permafrost. Only the top layer of soil thaws during the summer, so trees cannot
grow, A lot of rocks.
Biotic Factors: The biotic factors that contain the alpine tundra are living organisms that impact
the growth, composition, and structure of the alpine (e.g., insects, herbivores, humans). Also
vegatation and symbiotic relationships.
2.RAIN FOREST:
Biotic Factors:
Biotic factors are any living things in an envirnment. The tropical rainforest is full of life with
apoximately 15 million different species of animals. A few examples of the many biotic feature
are the rubber and bamboo trees, sloths, anteaters, poison dart frogs, lemurs, bromeliads, etc.
Abiotic factors:
Abiotic factors of the rainforest include soil, water, rocks, light, and climate.
3.GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM:
Abiotic factors: climate,Parental material and soil,
biotic factors:.
What are the evolutionary advanteges of evolving radulaSolution.pdf
The radula is a ribbon-like structure found in molluscs that functions similarly to a tongue, containing small teeth used for mastication during feeding. It provides evolutionary advantages for molluscs by aiding in feeding through its chitinous structure with teeth that bend sideways. The radula is not present in bivalve molluscs and can be either monopartite or bipartite.
Two parallel wires separated by 4.3 cm repel each other with a force .pdf
Two parallel wires separated by 4.3 cm repel each other with a force per unit length of 1.8
Times 10^-4 Nm. The current in one wire is 5.1 A. Find the current in the other wire. Are the
currents in the same direction or In opposite directions? What would happen if the direction of
one current were reversed and doubled?
Solution
a) F/L = mu0 I1 * I2 / 2 pi r
1.8 * 10-4 = (4 pi * 10-7 * 5.0 * I2) / (2 pi * 0.043)
I2 = 7.74 A
b) Opposite directions
c) If the direction of one current were reversed and doubled the wires would attract each other.
This is the second time I post this question. I got an incorrect ans.pdf
This is the second time I post this question. I got an incorrect answer, so I had to post it again....
Please read the question; you need to draw. 8. In order to determine the overall chromosome map
for a new wild type strain of E. coli, three Hfr strains were obtained by independent insertions of
the F factor. The start times of transfer of several genes were determined during conjugation
matings between each Hfr strain and an F recipient carrying six auxotrophic mutations Time
(min) of marker transfer 2 Hfr Strain: Gene Ade His 15 15 37 65 35 13 50 40 10 Lys Bio Met 30
20 45 A. Using the times taken to begin transfer of each marker, draw a unified chromosome
map of the chromosome of this strain of E. coli, showing its total length in minutes of transfer
and the order and relative distances between these markers B. Show the position and orientation
of the F factor in each Hfr strain.
Solution
Short time duration represents the marker is near the start codon and longest time duration
represents the codon present at end of the sequence..
The virtualization concept is used at many levels and for various re.pdf
The virtualization concept is used at many levels and for various reasons. For example, it is used
on your machine to run virtual machines, it is used in data and computing centers to provide
servers and clusters, it is used in networking to provide virtual ports, …etc. Write a 250 word
essay about this topic showing how virtualization can take place and the main advantages gained
by virtualization in each case.
Solution
Virtualization means it is a combination of both software and hardware technologies to design
virtual machines. The main advantage of it is we can run multiple operating system in a single
platform which is used to seperate their hardware lines.Virtual machine moniter is the important
and main thing in the virtualization which acts as the bridge between the control and
tranmslation system. Intel virtual technology is combined with the virtualization and helps for
the vmms to work more efficiently. The main advantage with the virtualization it can adopt any
type of new technology that is releasing in new era and can use for multiple operating systems. If
any thin wrong happens at the stage of server crashing and all it will be very difficult to reinstall
and take again the work but coming to this virtualization if it was happened we can simply copy
the virtual image and reinstall all what we have lost. It helps while system gets crashed and loose
important information and then after if any overloading happened then it commits and maybe
helpfull. It mostly secured for the data that is available and recovery options are there to get back
those information what we have lost. Virtualization Technology provides a way to address
virtualization funcyions and helps support for CPU and I/O virtualization and a strong VMM
ecosystem. The future of enterprise IT management will be based on virtual computing. the
virtualization delivers some improved troubleshooting and fault resolution..
Step by step procedures how layout is created and used for transistor.pdf
Step by step procedures how layout is created and used for transistor fabrication?
Solution
CMOS transistors are fabricated on silicon wafer Lithography process similar to printing press
On each step, different materials are deposited or etched Easiest to understand by viewing both
top and cross-section of wafer in a simplified manufacturing process.
Show all work. I need to know exactly how you got what you got so I .pdf
Show all work. I need to know exactly how you got what you got so I can do the others on my
own.
A host computer with an IP address of 10.10.20.5 using a subnet mask of 255.255.192.0 pings a
computer with an IP address of 10.10.10.5. What happens to the data packet?
a. The data packet is sent to the gateway.
b. The data packet is sent to 10.10.20.192.
c. The 10.10.10.5 is not in the same LAN; therefore, the data packet is sent out as a broadcast.
d. The data packet is sent to the 127.0.0.1 network.
e. None of the above
Solution
C. Data packet is sent out as a broadcast as you can see the IP 10.10.10.5 is in different network.
Here the network is 10.10.x.x.
Q6. Proteins are used for structural integrity inside and outside of.pdf
Q6. Proteins are used for structural integrity inside and outside of animal cells, but carbohydrates
are not.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
Q7. A deficit in oxygen supply would cause levels of NAD+ to…
a. become elevated
b. remain unchanged
c. become reduced
Solution
Q6.
a. TRUE
Carbohydrates are mostly energy source for cells,
Q7. A deficit in oxygen supply would cause levels of NAD+ to…
c. become reduced
Under anaerobic conditions NADH accumulates since there is no oxygen to oxidize NAD+..
Python question...Complete without importing any modules. Ie. Don.pdf
Python question...
Complete without importing any modules. Ie. Don\'t import csv
Sample CSV:
file.csv containing:
first, last, age, height, weight, gender, lives
Jake, Cace, 24, 64,165, male, Spain
Jenny, Matte, 21, 58, 110, female, Italy
Solution
def csv():
print(\"CSV Data analysis\")
print()
fname = \"file.csv\" #inputing file name
#Reading the input file into a list with each row as a string
with open(fname) as f:
input_data = f.read().splitlines()
#initialising data
data = []
#iterating through the list containing input data and storing each row as a list of floats.
print (input_data)
for i in range(1, len(input_data)):
row_data = [x for x in input_data[i].split(\',\')]
data.append(row_data)
return data
print(csv()).
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the quest.pdf
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the questions given. You may
want to use illustrations in your answer to the questions, and mark them up accordingly as part of
answering the questions. If you take illustrations from some source (including the IEEE
Spectrum articles) please make sure this is properly cited.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/nanotechnology/the-next-highperformance-transistor-
could-be-made-from-lateral-nanowires Describe a FINFET and how it works. How is it different
than the planar MOSFET described in the first 5 slides of the TFET lecture? Is the FINFET a
quantum device? Give reasons why or why not. How is the nanowire device described here
different than the FINFET? Why is this difference an advantage for the nanowire device? They
one problem with the nanowire device is capacitive coupling. What is this and explain why it is a
problem with the nanowire device?
Solution
1)
The FinFET technology promises to provide the deliver superior levels of scalability needed to
ensure that the current progress with increased levels of integration within integrated circuits can
be maintained.
The FinFET offers many advantages in terms of IC processing that mean that it has been adopted
as a major way forwards for incorporation within IC technology.
FinFET technology has been born as a result of the relentless increase in the levels of
integration. The basic tenet of Moore\'s law has held true for many years from the earliest years
of integrated circuit technology. Essentially it states that the number of transistors on a given
area of silicon doubles every two years.
Some of the landmark chips of the relatively early integrated circuit era had a low transistor
count even though they were advanced for the time. The 6800 microprocessor for example had
just 5000 transistors. Todays have many orders of magnitude more.
basically what is finfet??
FinFET technology takes its name from the fact that the FET structure used looks like a set of
fins when viewed.
The main characteristic of the FinFET is that it has a conducting channel wrapped by a thin
silicon \"fin\" from which it gains its name. The thickness of the fin determines the effective
channel length of the device.
In terms of its structure, it typically has a vertical fin on a substrate which runs between a larger
drain and source area. This protrudes vertically above the substrate as a fin.
The gate orientation is at right angles to the vertical fin. And to traverse from one side of the fin
to the other it wraps over the fin, enabling it to interface with three side of the fin or channel.
This form of gate structure provides improved electrical control over the channel conduction and
it helps reduce leakage current levels and overcomes some other short-channel effects..
The term FinFET is used somewhat generically. Sometimes it is used to describe any fin-based,
multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates.
Due to the increased emphas.
Perform a search on the Web for articles and stories about social en.pdf
Perform a search on the Web for articles and stories about social engineering attacks or reverse
social engineering attacks. Find an attack that was successful and describe how it could have
been prevented.
Solution
Answer:
As per Computer Weekly, social engineering attacks were the most well-known hacking strategy
utilized as a part of 2015. What\'s more, there\'s no indication of it backing off; in 2016 60
percent of undertakings were casualties of a social engineering attack or something to that affect.
Furthermore, as per EMC, phishing attacks—the least demanding and most normal sort of social
engineering attacks—brought about almost $6 billion in misfortunes in 2013 alone, spread out
finished around 450,000 separate bargains.
Some hurt more regrettable than others, however all brought about a sufficiently genuine shake
up for security directors to recalibrate their regard for the vector, investigate their conventions,
and make teaching staff a best need.
Here\'s our pick for five of the greatest social engineering attacks ever.
5. 2011 RSA SecurID Phishing Attack
Security firms ought to be the most secure targets with regards to a data framework attack, yet
they are likewise delicious focuses on that draw more than what\'s coming to them of endeavors.
In 2011, one of these attacks bit encryption mammoth RSA and prevailing with regards to mesh
hackers profitable data about the organization\'s SecurID two-factor validation coxcombs.
In spite of the fact that RSA at first denied that the data could enable hackers to trade off
anybody utilizing SecurID, protection temporary worker Lockheed Martin soon recognized
hackers endeavoring to rupture their system utilizing stolen SecurID information. RSA retreated
rapidly and consented to supplant a large portion of the disseminated security tokens.
This inconvenience came down to four workers at RSA parent organization EMC. Attackers sent
them email with a satirize deliver implying to be at a vocation enrollment site, with an Excel
connection titled 2011 Recruitment Plan. It wasn\'t clear why the representatives would think
about a spreadsheet from an outsider site, however they opened it—and a zero-day Flash
adventure covered in the spreadsheet introduced indirect access to their work machines that soon
exposed the keys to the kingdom.
4. 2015 Ubiquiti Networks Scam
Not all hackers are searching for touchy data; here and there they simply need chilly, hard
money.
In 2015, Ubiquiti, a particular producer of wifi hardware and software situated in San Jose,
discovered this out the most difficult way possible when their fund division was focused in an
extortion conspire rotating around worker pantomime.
The organization never uncovered precisely how the attack was organized, yet said that the
bookkeeping office got email indicating to be from the organization\'s Hong Kong auxiliary.
Regularly, such emails contain guidelines with respect to changes in installment account points
of interest or new selle.
Hospital Management Project Simple Scenario We want to develop a.pdf
Hospital Management Project \"Simple Scenario\" We want to develop a comprehensive
software product for XY Hospital, where several doctors are working together. There are several
departments in the hospital, but a central administrationoffice is handling the patient appointment
tasks. Most patients make an appointment before their visit. However, patients can walk in and
can be treated if an appropriate doctor is available. On events, patients may change their visit
schedule by calling. A patient who made an appointment but cannot appear should cancel his/her
appointment in order to avoid a ‘no-show’ penalty. The appointment clerks in the administration
office are handling all the appointments and the scheduling clerks generate ‘daily treatment
schedules’ for doctors based on the appointment. The ‘daily treatment schedules’ include
doctor’s name, patient’s information, nurses and treatment rooms for each treatment. Hence,
doctors are seeing patients according to the daily treatment schedule. Once patients are treated by
the doctors, the accounting office in the hospital is responsible for calculating the medical fee,
mailing bills and receiving the payments. For the patients who do not pay for a certain period of
time, the records of the patients with bad credit are sent to a collection agency. The collection
agency is specialized for collecting the fee and enforcing relevant laws. In addition to the routine
treatments, the hospital also provides emergency care. For an emergency care, patients do not
need to make appointments. Emergency patients are seen by emergency specialized doctors, and
later patients may be handed over to an appropriate doctor for further treatments. Read the
simple scenario carefully for the project, and answer the following questions: Question No. 1
Briefly describe the objective of the project? [1 mark] Question No. 2 Identify all the
stakeholders? [1 mark] Question No. 3 List the main functions that the project provides? [1.5
mark] Question No. 4 Identify the conditions/constrains that the project scenario may has?
Solution
1.This project is related to a hospital management system.it maintains records of all the
operationsthat occur at any of the medical center in public institutions.it maintains two level of
users,administrator level and the user level.the administrator lever encompasses the nurses
andthe doctors while the user level includes the receptionist. The administrators are able to
perfomoperations on more sensitive and confidential documents /modules that contains
differentinformation about students and staff to ensure confidentiality. The modules
includelaboratory,treatment,consultation and medicine stock modules.The user level is able to
manageother modules such as registration and report generation for stock of medicine and staff
reports.To identify the current technology that is used to develop the registry system.To design
and develop a database to contain details of the students,nurses,doctors and s.
Finish the program below that does several bit-wise manipulations of.pdf
Finish the program below that does several bit-wise manipulations of C integers.
Cut and paste the following:
Finish the Program!
You may only use the integer constants given at the beginning. (You may use whatever integers
you wish in string constants as long as they are for printf()\'s. For example the format string
\"0x%08X\" is useful for printing hexadecimal integers.)
You may only use the following integer operators:
+
-
++
--
<<
>>
~
|
&
<
>
=
!=
==
Sample output (32 bit):
Sample output (64 bit):
Solution
mm:
la $a3, array_A # base address for array_A loaded into $a3
la $a1, array_B # base address for array_B loaded into $a1
la $a2, array_C # base address for array_C loaded into $a2
li $t1, four # $t1 = four (row-size and loop end)
li $s0, zero # i = 0; initialize first for loop
loop1:
li $s1, zero # j = 0; restart 2d for loop
loop2:
li $s2, zero # k = 0; restart third for loop
sll $t2, $s0, two # $t2 = i * four (size of row of c)
addu $t2, $t2, $s1 # $t2 = i * size(row) + j
sll $t2, $t2, two # $t2 = computer memory unit offset of [i][j]
addu $t2, $a2, $t2 # $t2 = computer memory unit offset of [i][j]
lw $t4, 0($t2) # $t4 = two bytes of c[i][j]
loop3:
sll $t0, $s2, two # $t0 = k * four (size of row of b)
addu $t0, $t0, $s1 # $t0 = k * size(row) + j
sll $t0, $t0, two # $t0 = computer memory unit offset off [k][j]
addu $t0, $a1, $t0 # $t0 = computer memory unit address of b[k][j]
lw $t5, 0($t0) # $t5 = two bytes of b[k][j]
sll $t0, $s0, two # $t0 = i * four (size of row of a)
addu $t0, $t0, $s2 # $t0 = i * size(row) + k
sll $t0, $t0, two # $t0 = computer memory unit offset of [i][k]
addu $t0, $a3, $t0 # $t0 = computer memory unit address of a[i][k]
lw $t6, 0($t0) # $t6 = two bytes of a[i][k]
mul $t5, $t6, $t5 # $t5 = a[i][k] * b[k][j]
add $t4, $t4, $t5 # $t4 = c[i][j] + a[i][k] * b[k][j]
addiu $s2, $s2, one # $k = k + one
bne $s2, $t1, loop3 #if (k != 4) attend loop3
sw $t4, 0($a2) # c[i][j] = $t4
#----------TEST-------------
li $v0, 1
lw $a0, ($a2)
syscall
li $v0, 4
la $a0, new_row
syscall
#----------TEST-------------
addiu $s1, $s1, one # $j = j + one
addi $a2, $a2, 4
bne $s1, $t1, loop2 # if (j != 4) attend loop2
addiu $s0, $s0, one # $i = i + one
bne $s0, $t1, loop1 # if (i != 32) attend L1
Exit:
li $v0, 10 #exits
syscall
.data
array_A: .word 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
array_B: .word 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
array_C: .word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
output_row_string_C: .asciiz \"Matrix C Output Row \"
colon_string: .asciiz \":
mm:
la $a3, array_A # base address for array_A loaded into $a3
la $a1, array_B # base address for array_B loaded into $a1
la $a2, array_C # base address for array_C loaded into $a2
li $t1, four # $t1 = four (row-size and loop end)
li $s0, zero # i = 0; initialize first for loop
loop1:
li $s1, zero # j = 0; restart 2d for loop
loop2:
li $s2, zero # k = 0; restart third for loop
sll $t2, $s0, two # $t2 = i * four (size of row of c)
addu $t2, .
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventi.pdf
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization, explain
b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others. Make sure you
provide enough detail showcasing your understanding of those processes.
Explain a) advantage of dispersing seeds, andexplain b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you
learned on how disperse their seeds. Make sure you provide enough detail showcasing your
understanding of those processes.
Solution
Advantages of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization:
Adding genetic diversity to the species,
It will add resistant to diseases,
It will help in production of hybrid plants and flowers, which keeps the species strong,
It will help in production of large number of viable seeds.
There is a possibility to add new desirable characters,
Yield of crop can be maintained,
It helps in evolution,
Undesirable characters of the plant can be eliminated.
Mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others:
1. Imperfect (or unisexual) flowers and monoecy.
The separation of the male sexual part (stamen) and the female part (pistil) into two separate
flowers eliminates intrafloral pollination and favors outcrossing. In monoecy (adj. monoecious),
or monoecism, both imperfect flowers are borne on the same plant.e.g. pumpkin and squash,
melons
2. Imperfect flowers and dioecy.
The natural occurence of individual plants bearing either staminate or pistillate flowers ensures
cross-pollination. This phenomenon is called dioecy (adj. dioecious). e.g. papaya
3. Dichogamy.
Opposite of homogamy, the stamen and the pistil mature at different periods. There are two
main types: protandry and protogyny.
In protandry, the stamens or anthers develop ahead and the pollen grains mature and are shed
before the pistils or the stigma become mature and receptive. Eg: Asteraceae
In protogyny, the pistils or stigma mature ahead of the stamens or anthers. e.g. Suaeda; Simpson
4. Chasmogamy.
Opposite of cleistogamy, pollen is shed, the stigma becomes receptive, and pollination occurs
when the flower opens The opening of the flower exposes the stigma to pollen from other
flowers.
5. Hercogamy (or herkogamy).
This is the spatial separation of the male (stamens) and female (stigma) sexual organs within a
flower. In one type of hercogamy called heterostyly, the heights of stigmas relative to the
stamens vary from flower to flower.
6. Self-sterility or self-incompatibility.
Self-sterility is the inability of a plant to form functional gametes or sexual structures while self-
incompatibility is a condition in which fertilization fails to occur between gametes from the same
individual. In both cases, self-pollination does not form a seed and thus seeds that are formed
necessarily arise from cross-pollination.
ACCORDING TO CHEGG GUIDELINES WE HAVE TO ANSWER ONE QUESTION AT A
TIME. POST THE REST AS SEPERATE QEUSTION, THEN I CAN HELP YOU..
Essay question Camels must cope with hot desert environments where w.pdf
Essay question: Camels must cope with hot desert environments where water is scarce and the
ambient temperature is often higher than the camel\'s core body temperature. Discuss as many
physics-based adaptations as you can think of with which the camel might keep from overheating
while minimizing its water loss. You don\'t need to calculate anything, but be sure to discuss the
relevance of all of the possible heat transfer mechanisms in play, and the physics of each
adaptation. (The adaptations you list don\'t necessarily have to be ones actually used by camels,
but rather ones that a camel might have used.)
Solution
Ectotherms maintain heat production and homeostasis by gaining heat from external
environmental sources whereas endotherms maintain heat homeostasis by gaining heat from
internal organs for instance in camel\'s heat producing source is liver by various enzymatic
reaction due to production of ATP and converted to heat. They obtain physicas based adaptation
by gaining heat from inner organs via heat of convection.
T = M (metabolic heat rate) – [ R + Conductive heat + convective heat (for camle) + E]
Heat Production is the process of gaining heat by metabolic process in camel\'s body
Heat loss or heat transfer in camel to outside environment is under the control of the following
processes – heat of conduction (W/m2) or heat of convection (W/m2). Endothermic animals such
as camels are characterized by warm-blooded nature as they maintain more body temperature
compared to outside environment
Heat of conduction first observed in camel because camel is going to maintain constant 41C
degrees of inner body temperature in desert environment in which heat transfer occurs through
its body tissue followed by hair covering the body. Later, heat transfer normally resisted by the
thickness of skin layers & the flow of heat is varied according to thermal conductivities.
Therefore, the sum of the resistance to heat flow is equal to the total of conduction & resistance
effects. Later, a “conduction heat transfer coefficient can be denoted & it is followed by transfer
heat into the air where convection and radiation contribute to this step..
Describe the excel equation that you can use to measure the volumes l.pdf
Describe the excel equation that you can use to measure the volumes listed in the table below.
For example to measure the median value of the cells between C1 and D4 is given by
\"=median(Cl:D4)\". If you use a specific range of cells explain how you chose them. If you are
inexperience with excel, you may want to learn about the MIN, MAX, AVERAGE, and STDEV
excel functions. Make a well formatted table that lists the volumes you measured (do not
calculate these values)
Solution
To select a specific range of cells in excel:
Click the first cell in the range, and then drag to the last cell, or hold down SHIFT while you
press the arrow keys to extend the selection.
You can also select the firstcell in the range, and then press F8 to extend the selection by using
the arrow keys. To stop extending the selection, press F8 again.
For specific table selection:
Take an example of file content:
If I wanted to sum the items in row 1, columns 2-4 (i.e. 11 + 12 + 13)
If I were doing it by hand, I\'d type:=SUM(B1:D1)
Excel equation to get the volume value for the given table:
= product(A1:C1) & = product(A2:C2).
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
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