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This is the second time I post this question. I got an incorrect answer, so I had to post it again.... Please read the question; you need to draw. 8. In order to determine the overall chromosome map for a new wild type strain of E. coli, three Hfr strains were obtained by independent insertions of the F factor. The start times of transfer of several genes were determined during conjugation matings between each Hfr strain and an F recipient carrying six auxotrophic mutations Time (min) of marker transfer 2 Hfr Strain: Gene Ade His 15 15 37 65 35 13 50 40 10 Lys Bio Met 30 20 45 A. Using the times taken to begin transfer of each marker, draw a unified chromosome map of the chromosome of this strain of E. coli, showing its total length in minutes of transfer and the order and relative distances between these markers B. Show the position and orientation of the F factor in each Hfr strain. Solution Short time duration represents the marker is near the start codon and longest time duration represents the codon present at end of the sequence..

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Consider an experiment in which an Hfr strain of E. coli bacteria with the StrS, his+, met+ alleles in its genome is mixed with an F- strain of E. coli with the StrR, his-, and met- alleles in its genome. After the cells have been cultured together for 8 hours, the mixture of cells is plated on minimal media containing Streptomycin. Which genotype do you expect to be most common among the colonies that grow?F+: StrR, his+ and met+ Solution Answer D) F-: StrR, his+ and met+ Explanation - We know that Hfr strain is a high frequency recombination strain in which the F plasmid (fertility factor) is integrated in its genome/chromosomal DNA. this way, Hfr has ability to transfer the entire genome sequence to its recipient (F- strain), but it requires a long time of physical contact with the recipient due to which the recipient get some gene (long time physical contact is rarely achieved) and remains as F- strain. also, there is no back transfer of genes to the Hfr cells from the F- cells. hence, in this case, only F- strain will survive which has resistance against Streptomycin and able to synthesize its amino acids on minimal media. which is a recombinant F-: StrR, his+ and met+..

Consider an experiment in which an Hfr strain of E. coli bacteria wi.pdf

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1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes? b) Explain how genes in phages are mapped. (This is different from the above question) Solution Ques-1: What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes? Answer: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer is the transfer of genes between two organisms that are phylogenetically unrelated but can readily exchange genes by conjugation or transduction or transformation. HGT commonly occurs in prokaryotes and it plays a key role in their evolution. HGT accelerates evolution. Horizontal gene transfer: 1. conjugation, 2. transformation; 3. transduction Similarities & differences: Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genomes by between bacteria by the routes that does not involve parent-offspring transmission. Conjugation, transduction and transformation are the three mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. In the above case, it has clearly illustrated that the conditions, which can successfully prevents transduction and abolish transfer of chromosomal DNA from one bacterial cell to another by generalized transduction with P22 bacteriophage. Initially recipient cell- surface receptors are important for the attachment of the bacteriophage (P22) and finally spikes of phage enable bacterial membrane to lyse finally incorporate phage genome into the bacterial cell for integration. Therefore, for efficient transduction, presence of recipient cell- surface receptors is essential in the culture otherwise, bacteria exert resistant effects to the phages. Transformation type of gene transfer occurs between bacteria. The genes released by dead bacteria can be transferred to the live bacteria, and get integrated into its genome, which results in genetic recombination of the host. Transduction is also involving the genetic material transfer, but this needs bacteriophage as media. The bacteriophage infects the bacteria in lytic cycle and releases the new virions, the capsids of some of these virions carry the bacterial DNA fragments into the new host bacteria, followed by genetic recombination of the host bacteria. Conjugation: It is the transfer of genetic material from cell to cell by means of direct contact or a bridge like structure. Bacterial conjugation needs the conjugation tube for genome transfer, both transduction and transformation does not need this. Mapping the genome -mechanisms F factor is mainly pertaining to a class of conjugate plasmids, which meticulously originated to control sexual functions in prokaryotes via fertility inhibition. The origin of F-factor is mainly with most common functional segments such as gene traJ, Ori, OriC. The structure of this F factor contains OriT for origin of transfer and acts as a starting point for gene transmission.

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Bacterial recombination and mapping in e.coli

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Linkage Genes far apart on the same assort independently are not linked The position of the gene – locus Occurs in the prophase of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin with each other Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they are located on the same chromosome. Example: peas T=tall; t=short R=red; r=white Crossing Over Crossing over is a recombination of genes due to exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes It is the mutual exchange of segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes, so as to produce re-combinations or new combinations of genes. It occurs in the pachytene stage, at four strand stage with the help of enzymes (endonuclease, exo-nuclease, R-protein or recombinase; Stern and Hotta,(1969, 1978). There is breakage of chromatid segments, exchange of nonsister chromatid segments and later their fusion in new places.

Linkage and crossing over

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Austin Taylor and Edward Adelberg isolated some new strains of Hfr cells that they then used to map several genes in Escherichia coli by using interrupted conjugation. In one experiment, the researchers mixed cells of Hfr strain AB312, which were xl+mtl+mal+met+and sensitive to phage T6, with F strain AB531, which was xyl mt mal met and resistant to phage T6. The cells were allowed to undergo conjugation. At regular intervals, the researchers removed a sample of cells and interrupted conjugation by killing the Hfr cells with phage T6. The F cells, which were resistant to phage T6, survived and were then tested for the presence of genes transferred from the Hfr strain. The results of this experiment are shown in the graph. On the basis of these data, give the order of the xyl,mtl,mal, and mer genes on the bacterial chromosome and the minimum distances between them in minutes. The origin of transfer is represented by the red triangle. The distances between genes art not to scale. The circle represents the bacterial chromosome and the lines through the circle are gene locations..

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Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventi.pdf

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Essay question: Camels must cope with hot desert environments where water is scarce and the ambient temperature is often higher than the camel\'s core body temperature. Discuss as many physics-based adaptations as you can think of with which the camel might keep from overheating while minimizing its water loss. You don\'t need to calculate anything, but be sure to discuss the relevance of all of the possible heat transfer mechanisms in play, and the physics of each adaptation. (The adaptations you list don\'t necessarily have to be ones actually used by camels, but rather ones that a camel might have used.) Solution Ectotherms maintain heat production and homeostasis by gaining heat from external environmental sources whereas endotherms maintain heat homeostasis by gaining heat from internal organs for instance in camel\'s heat producing source is liver by various enzymatic reaction due to production of ATP and converted to heat. They obtain physicas based adaptation by gaining heat from inner organs via heat of convection. T = M (metabolic heat rate) – [ R + Conductive heat + convective heat (for camle) + E] Heat Production is the process of gaining heat by metabolic process in camel\'s body Heat loss or heat transfer in camel to outside environment is under the control of the following processes – heat of conduction (W/m2) or heat of convection (W/m2). Endothermic animals such as camels are characterized by warm-blooded nature as they maintain more body temperature compared to outside environment Heat of conduction first observed in camel because camel is going to maintain constant 41C degrees of inner body temperature in desert environment in which heat transfer occurs through its body tissue followed by hair covering the body. Later, heat transfer normally resisted by the thickness of skin layers & the flow of heat is varied according to thermal conductivities. Therefore, the sum of the resistance to heat flow is equal to the total of conduction & resistance effects. Later, a “conduction heat transfer coefficient can be denoted & it is followed by transfer heat into the air where convection and radiation contribute to this step..

Essay question Camels must cope with hot desert environments where w.pdf

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Describe the excel equation that you can use to measure the volumes listed in the table below. For example to measure the median value of the cells between C1 and D4 is given by \"=median(Cl:D4)\". If you use a specific range of cells explain how you chose them. If you are inexperience with excel, you may want to learn about the MIN, MAX, AVERAGE, and STDEV excel functions. Make a well formatted table that lists the volumes you measured (do not calculate these values) Solution To select a specific range of cells in excel: Click the first cell in the range, and then drag to the last cell, or hold down SHIFT while you press the arrow keys to extend the selection. You can also select the firstcell in the range, and then press F8 to extend the selection by using the arrow keys. To stop extending the selection, press F8 again. For specific table selection: Take an example of file content: If I wanted to sum the items in row 1, columns 2-4 (i.e. 11 + 12 + 13) If I were doing it by hand, I\'d type:=SUM(B1:D1) Excel equation to get the volume value for the given table: = product(A1:C1) & = product(A2:C2).

Describe the excel equation that you can use to measure the volumes l.pdf

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