Sepsis is SIRS which is due to an infection Sepsis is a major cause of mortality, killing approximately 1,400 people worldwide every day.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign (2008)
This document discusses brain death and the criteria used to diagnose it. It begins by describing different states of consciousness including coma, persistent vegetative state, and locked-in syndrome. It then defines brain death as the total and irreversible loss of brain and brainstem function. The key criteria for determining brain death are the absence of cortical function, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea during a specific oxygen challenge. Confirmatory tests like angiography, EEG, transcranial Doppler, and nuclear medicine scans can also support the diagnosis. Precise clinical evaluations and testing are required to distinguish brain death from other severe neurological conditions.
Dr. Saumya Agarwal presented a case of a 75-year-old female who was brought to the hospital semiconscious after a motor vehicle accident. She had a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Despite treatment for her injuries including a fracture of the right elbow and left shoulder, her condition deteriorated and she went into cardiac arrest. Resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful and she was declared dead due to cardiogenic shock resulting from her injuries sustained in the accident.
Sepsis and septic shock guidelines 2021. part 1MEEQAT HOSPITAL
1. Sepsis is a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand that can affect any system. Serum lactate levels rise in response to tissue hypoxia and higher levels correlate with poorer outcomes.
2. Guidelines recommend screening high-risk patients for sepsis and using standard treatment protocols. Blood lactate should be measured in suspected cases and treatment begun immediately.
3. Fluid resuscitation of at least 30mL/kg should begin within 3 hours, guided by dynamic measures over static parameters alone. Antimicrobial therapy should also begin immediately or within 1-3 hours depending on risk level and presence of shock.
This document provides an overview of chest tube insertion including definitions, indications, contraindications, equipment, preparation, techniques, and potential complications. It discusses in detail the appropriate tube size for different clinical scenarios such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, and various pleural effusions. Safe sites for tube insertion are outlined. The standard technique and Seldinger technique for chest tube placement are described.
The document discusses bundles of care for sepsis and their effectiveness. It provides a brief history of how care bundles were developed as a systems approach to improving outcomes. While bundles have been shown to reduce complications like ventilator-associated pneumonia, compliance can be low. For sepsis bundles specifically, studies show improved survival when bundles are fully implemented, but few patients receive all elements of the bundle due to limitations. Overall, bundles improve care through multidisciplinary teamwork rather than any specific interventions. They are a good approach but no single bundle will fit all sepsis patients.
This document provides information on sepsis for EMS providers, including causes and risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment guidelines, and case studies. Sepsis is a serious condition that can lead to septic shock and organ failure if not treated quickly. The guidelines describe identifying septic patients in the field using specific criteria and initiating fluid resuscitation and transport to the hospital for early goal directed therapy to improve outcomes. Case studies demonstrate application of the guidelines and emphasize importance of early recognition and treatment.
The document discusses systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and defines it as a systemic response to various stresses that includes symptoms like fever, increased heart rate, respiratory rate and white blood cell count. It outlines the progression from infection to bacteremia to sepsis, which involves SIRS criteria and a suspected or proven infection. The stages of sepsis like severe sepsis, septic shock and refractory septic shock are defined based on the presence of organ dysfunction or hypotension.
This document discusses brain death and the criteria used to diagnose it. It begins by describing different states of consciousness including coma, persistent vegetative state, and locked-in syndrome. It then defines brain death as the total and irreversible loss of brain and brainstem function. The key criteria for determining brain death are the absence of cortical function, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea during a specific oxygen challenge. Confirmatory tests like angiography, EEG, transcranial Doppler, and nuclear medicine scans can also support the diagnosis. Precise clinical evaluations and testing are required to distinguish brain death from other severe neurological conditions.
Dr. Saumya Agarwal presented a case of a 75-year-old female who was brought to the hospital semiconscious after a motor vehicle accident. She had a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Despite treatment for her injuries including a fracture of the right elbow and left shoulder, her condition deteriorated and she went into cardiac arrest. Resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful and she was declared dead due to cardiogenic shock resulting from her injuries sustained in the accident.
Sepsis and septic shock guidelines 2021. part 1MEEQAT HOSPITAL
1. Sepsis is a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand that can affect any system. Serum lactate levels rise in response to tissue hypoxia and higher levels correlate with poorer outcomes.
2. Guidelines recommend screening high-risk patients for sepsis and using standard treatment protocols. Blood lactate should be measured in suspected cases and treatment begun immediately.
3. Fluid resuscitation of at least 30mL/kg should begin within 3 hours, guided by dynamic measures over static parameters alone. Antimicrobial therapy should also begin immediately or within 1-3 hours depending on risk level and presence of shock.
This document provides an overview of chest tube insertion including definitions, indications, contraindications, equipment, preparation, techniques, and potential complications. It discusses in detail the appropriate tube size for different clinical scenarios such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, and various pleural effusions. Safe sites for tube insertion are outlined. The standard technique and Seldinger technique for chest tube placement are described.
The document discusses bundles of care for sepsis and their effectiveness. It provides a brief history of how care bundles were developed as a systems approach to improving outcomes. While bundles have been shown to reduce complications like ventilator-associated pneumonia, compliance can be low. For sepsis bundles specifically, studies show improved survival when bundles are fully implemented, but few patients receive all elements of the bundle due to limitations. Overall, bundles improve care through multidisciplinary teamwork rather than any specific interventions. They are a good approach but no single bundle will fit all sepsis patients.
This document provides information on sepsis for EMS providers, including causes and risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment guidelines, and case studies. Sepsis is a serious condition that can lead to septic shock and organ failure if not treated quickly. The guidelines describe identifying septic patients in the field using specific criteria and initiating fluid resuscitation and transport to the hospital for early goal directed therapy to improve outcomes. Case studies demonstrate application of the guidelines and emphasize importance of early recognition and treatment.
The document discusses systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and defines it as a systemic response to various stresses that includes symptoms like fever, increased heart rate, respiratory rate and white blood cell count. It outlines the progression from infection to bacteremia to sepsis, which involves SIRS criteria and a suspected or proven infection. The stages of sepsis like severe sepsis, septic shock and refractory septic shock are defined based on the presence of organ dysfunction or hypotension.
1. Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock with increased organ dysfunction and risk of death.
2. Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart and respiratory rate, and altered mental status. Laboratory findings may include leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated lactate. Blood cultures are positive in 20-40% of cases.
3. Treatment involves promptly administering broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics after obtaining cultures, as well as identifying and treating the infection source. Outcomes depend on early recognition and treatment.
The document outlines a presentation on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) delivered by Dr. Ahmed Daniel. It discusses the history and goals of ATLS, which uses a systematic approach to assess and treat life-threatening injuries through simultaneous efforts of a collaborative team. The presentation covers the primary and secondary surveys in ATLS, including assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify and address critical injuries and hemorrhage through appropriate interventions and stabilization of the patient.
This document discusses intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH can be caused by hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, aneurysms, or bleeding disorders. Common symptoms include sudden headache, weakness on one side of the body, and altered mental status. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, reducing pressure in the brain, and potentially surgically evacuating large bleeds. SAH most often results from aneurysms and presents with a sudden, severe headache. Angiography is used to locate the source of bleeding, and aneurysms are often clipped surgically to prevent rebleeding.
Atls (advance trauma life support) PRIMARY SURVEYSALAH HAMADA
1) The document outlines the steps of the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol, beginning with triage and the primary survey which assesses the ABCDEs (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure).
2) It describes how to evaluate and treat life-threatening injuries found during the primary survey, such as tension pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, and hemorrhagic shock.
3) Once the primary survey is complete and life threats addressed, the secondary survey and monitoring begins along with diagnostic tests to identify and treat all injuries.
The document discusses the systemic inflammatory response that occurs after injury or infection. It describes two phases: an acute pro-inflammatory phase aimed at restoring function and fighting infection, and an anti-inflammatory phase that modulates the pro-inflammatory response to prevent excess and restore homeostasis. It then defines terms related to infection and inflammation and discusses the central nervous system regulation of inflammation through hormonal and neuronal pathways.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. It is usually caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and hypertension. Patients often present with a sudden and severe headache described as "the worst headache of my life". Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or lumbar puncture. Treatment involves securing the aneurysm through clipping or coiling to prevent rebleeding, as well as managing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, seizures, and hydrocephalus.
Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation where the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. When body temperatures become too high, it is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. The most common causes are heat stroke from prolonged heat exposure and adverse drug reactions. Treatment involves cooling measures like rest in shade, drinking water, and even immersion in cool water or medical cooling for severe cases. Prevention focuses on limiting heat exposure, staying hydrated, and using personal cooling systems for those at high risk.
This document discusses massive transfusion protocols (MTP) for trauma victims who experience severe bleeding. It describes the presentation of a 64-year-old male trauma patient who suffered injuries from a motor vehicle crash including internal bleeding and fractures. He received over 18 units of blood products during treatment including surgery. The document then provides details on MTPs including their components, guidelines for blood product ratios, and studies investigating optimal resuscitation approaches to reduce mortality from hemorrhage.
This document discusses sepsis diagnosis and management. It provides historical context on defining sepsis and outlines diagnostic criteria. Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Common infections that cause sepsis include those of the lung, abdomen, and urine. Management involves initial resuscitation, administering appropriate intravenous antibiotics within 1 hour, and controlling the infection source when possible through procedures like drainage or debridement. Vasopressors, fluid resuscitation, and inotropes may be needed to support blood pressure and organ perfusion.
This document discusses septic shock, its definitions, signs, symptoms, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, management, and treatment. It defines septic shock as persisting hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and a serum lactate above 2 mmol/L despite fluid resuscitation. Management involves early antibiotic therapy, source control, fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, and organ support. The key goals are starting appropriate antibiotics quickly, resuscitating from shock, identifying and treating the infection source, and maintaining organ function.
DEFINITION
• Myxedema coma is a rare life-threatening condition.It is the decompensated state of severe hypothyroidism in whichthe patient is hypothermic and unconscious.The condition occurs most often among elderly women in the winter months and appears to be precipitated by cold.
• Myxedema coma, occasionally called myxedema crisis, is a rare life- threatening clinical condition that represents severe hypothyroidism with physiological decompensation. The condition usually occurs in patients with long-standing, undiagnosed hypothyroidism and is usually precipitated by infection, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, trauma, or drug therapy.
• Myxedema is also used to describe the dermatologic changes that occur in hypothyroidism which refers to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis, which results in swelling of the affected area.
The document discusses definitions, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and scoring systems related to sepsis. It defines sepsis as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Sepsis exists on a continuum of severity, ranging from infection to septic shock, which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and quick SOFA (qSOFA) score are used to assess organ dysfunction and predict mortality in sepsis patients.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) ScoreHemant Ojha
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is a severity of illness scoring system used in critical care units to assess how organ function is affected over time. It measures function of the lungs, liver, kidneys, coagulation, heart, and nervous system. Higher scores indicate more severe organ dysfunction. Studies have validated SOFA for predicting mortality, with scores increasing over 48 hours associated with 50% mortality and decreasing scores 27% mortality. A maximum SOFA score over 15 is associated with 90% mortality. The SOFA score provides an objective measure of organ dysfunction that can be used for assessing prognosis and allocating resources in intensive care units.
Septic shock, updated presentation, including latest guidelines from Intensive care societies and how to approach to the diagnosis with few notes about Early Goal Directed Therapy and role of steroids
1. SIRS is a clinical diagnosis defined by ≥2 criteria including temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell count. It can be caused by infection, pancreatitis, burns, and other insults.
2. Sepsis is defined as suspected or proven infection plus SIRS criteria. Severe sepsis includes sepsis plus organ dysfunction. Septic shock is defined as persisting hypotension despite fluid resuscitation or need for vasopressors.
3. MODS involves dysfunction of two or more organ systems due to systemic inflammatory response and can be caused by infection, trauma, burns, and other insults. It is associated with high mortality.
This document provides information about heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It begins by introducing HIT as an immune-mediated reduction in platelet count that occurs in 3-5% of patients receiving unfractionated heparin for 5 days or more, and less than 1% for low molecular weight heparin. It then describes HIT as characterized by a platelet decrease of over 50% from baseline 5-10 days after starting heparin, along with hypercoagulability and heparin-dependent antibodies. The document outlines the pathogenesis of HIT and differences between type I and type II, reviews potential clinical complications, diagnostic methods, and emphasizes the need to promptly discontinue heparin and
This document discusses the pathophysiology of trauma and recent advances in trauma management. It covers topics such as acute traumatic coagulopathy, permissive hypotension, haemostatic resuscitation using appropriate blood product ratios, tranexamic acid administration, and lessons learned from military medicine including damage control resuscitation and surgery. Key points emphasized are the early development of coagulopathy in trauma patients, the importance of haemorrhage control over aggressive fluid resuscitation, and initiating treatment strategies aimed at reversing coagulopathy and minimizing blood loss.
The document discusses the initial assessment and resuscitation of trauma patients using the ATLS protocol. It begins by outlining the importance of time in trauma care, known as the "golden hour". It then describes the ATLS protocol which includes preparation, triage, primary survey (ABCDE), resuscitation, secondary survey, and continued monitoring. The primary survey focuses on establishing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability level, and exposure. Maintaining the cervical spine is important when opening the airway.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012
Critical Care Medicine 2013 Feb;41(2):580-637
The Sepsis Resuscitation And Management BundlesBilal Baig
The document discusses guidelines for treating sepsis and septic shock according to bundles recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. It outlines a resuscitation bundle to be completed within 6 hours including measuring lactate, administering antibiotics and fluids, and maintaining blood pressure. It also describes a management bundle within 24 hours including administering steroids, glucose control, and mechanical ventilation settings. The guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis, source control, vasopressors, inotropes, corticosteroids, and recombinant human activated protein C administration.
1. Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock with increased organ dysfunction and risk of death.
2. Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart and respiratory rate, and altered mental status. Laboratory findings may include leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated lactate. Blood cultures are positive in 20-40% of cases.
3. Treatment involves promptly administering broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics after obtaining cultures, as well as identifying and treating the infection source. Outcomes depend on early recognition and treatment.
The document outlines a presentation on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) delivered by Dr. Ahmed Daniel. It discusses the history and goals of ATLS, which uses a systematic approach to assess and treat life-threatening injuries through simultaneous efforts of a collaborative team. The presentation covers the primary and secondary surveys in ATLS, including assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify and address critical injuries and hemorrhage through appropriate interventions and stabilization of the patient.
This document discusses intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH can be caused by hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, aneurysms, or bleeding disorders. Common symptoms include sudden headache, weakness on one side of the body, and altered mental status. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, reducing pressure in the brain, and potentially surgically evacuating large bleeds. SAH most often results from aneurysms and presents with a sudden, severe headache. Angiography is used to locate the source of bleeding, and aneurysms are often clipped surgically to prevent rebleeding.
Atls (advance trauma life support) PRIMARY SURVEYSALAH HAMADA
1) The document outlines the steps of the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol, beginning with triage and the primary survey which assesses the ABCDEs (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure).
2) It describes how to evaluate and treat life-threatening injuries found during the primary survey, such as tension pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, and hemorrhagic shock.
3) Once the primary survey is complete and life threats addressed, the secondary survey and monitoring begins along with diagnostic tests to identify and treat all injuries.
The document discusses the systemic inflammatory response that occurs after injury or infection. It describes two phases: an acute pro-inflammatory phase aimed at restoring function and fighting infection, and an anti-inflammatory phase that modulates the pro-inflammatory response to prevent excess and restore homeostasis. It then defines terms related to infection and inflammation and discusses the central nervous system regulation of inflammation through hormonal and neuronal pathways.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. It is usually caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, and hypertension. Patients often present with a sudden and severe headache described as "the worst headache of my life". Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or lumbar puncture. Treatment involves securing the aneurysm through clipping or coiling to prevent rebleeding, as well as managing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, seizures, and hydrocephalus.
Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation where the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. When body temperatures become too high, it is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. The most common causes are heat stroke from prolonged heat exposure and adverse drug reactions. Treatment involves cooling measures like rest in shade, drinking water, and even immersion in cool water or medical cooling for severe cases. Prevention focuses on limiting heat exposure, staying hydrated, and using personal cooling systems for those at high risk.
This document discusses massive transfusion protocols (MTP) for trauma victims who experience severe bleeding. It describes the presentation of a 64-year-old male trauma patient who suffered injuries from a motor vehicle crash including internal bleeding and fractures. He received over 18 units of blood products during treatment including surgery. The document then provides details on MTPs including their components, guidelines for blood product ratios, and studies investigating optimal resuscitation approaches to reduce mortality from hemorrhage.
This document discusses sepsis diagnosis and management. It provides historical context on defining sepsis and outlines diagnostic criteria. Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Common infections that cause sepsis include those of the lung, abdomen, and urine. Management involves initial resuscitation, administering appropriate intravenous antibiotics within 1 hour, and controlling the infection source when possible through procedures like drainage or debridement. Vasopressors, fluid resuscitation, and inotropes may be needed to support blood pressure and organ perfusion.
This document discusses septic shock, its definitions, signs, symptoms, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, management, and treatment. It defines septic shock as persisting hypotension requiring vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and a serum lactate above 2 mmol/L despite fluid resuscitation. Management involves early antibiotic therapy, source control, fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, and organ support. The key goals are starting appropriate antibiotics quickly, resuscitating from shock, identifying and treating the infection source, and maintaining organ function.
DEFINITION
• Myxedema coma is a rare life-threatening condition.It is the decompensated state of severe hypothyroidism in whichthe patient is hypothermic and unconscious.The condition occurs most often among elderly women in the winter months and appears to be precipitated by cold.
• Myxedema coma, occasionally called myxedema crisis, is a rare life- threatening clinical condition that represents severe hypothyroidism with physiological decompensation. The condition usually occurs in patients with long-standing, undiagnosed hypothyroidism and is usually precipitated by infection, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, trauma, or drug therapy.
• Myxedema is also used to describe the dermatologic changes that occur in hypothyroidism which refers to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis, which results in swelling of the affected area.
The document discusses definitions, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and scoring systems related to sepsis. It defines sepsis as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Sepsis exists on a continuum of severity, ranging from infection to septic shock, which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and quick SOFA (qSOFA) score are used to assess organ dysfunction and predict mortality in sepsis patients.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) ScoreHemant Ojha
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is a severity of illness scoring system used in critical care units to assess how organ function is affected over time. It measures function of the lungs, liver, kidneys, coagulation, heart, and nervous system. Higher scores indicate more severe organ dysfunction. Studies have validated SOFA for predicting mortality, with scores increasing over 48 hours associated with 50% mortality and decreasing scores 27% mortality. A maximum SOFA score over 15 is associated with 90% mortality. The SOFA score provides an objective measure of organ dysfunction that can be used for assessing prognosis and allocating resources in intensive care units.
Septic shock, updated presentation, including latest guidelines from Intensive care societies and how to approach to the diagnosis with few notes about Early Goal Directed Therapy and role of steroids
1. SIRS is a clinical diagnosis defined by ≥2 criteria including temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell count. It can be caused by infection, pancreatitis, burns, and other insults.
2. Sepsis is defined as suspected or proven infection plus SIRS criteria. Severe sepsis includes sepsis plus organ dysfunction. Septic shock is defined as persisting hypotension despite fluid resuscitation or need for vasopressors.
3. MODS involves dysfunction of two or more organ systems due to systemic inflammatory response and can be caused by infection, trauma, burns, and other insults. It is associated with high mortality.
This document provides information about heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It begins by introducing HIT as an immune-mediated reduction in platelet count that occurs in 3-5% of patients receiving unfractionated heparin for 5 days or more, and less than 1% for low molecular weight heparin. It then describes HIT as characterized by a platelet decrease of over 50% from baseline 5-10 days after starting heparin, along with hypercoagulability and heparin-dependent antibodies. The document outlines the pathogenesis of HIT and differences between type I and type II, reviews potential clinical complications, diagnostic methods, and emphasizes the need to promptly discontinue heparin and
This document discusses the pathophysiology of trauma and recent advances in trauma management. It covers topics such as acute traumatic coagulopathy, permissive hypotension, haemostatic resuscitation using appropriate blood product ratios, tranexamic acid administration, and lessons learned from military medicine including damage control resuscitation and surgery. Key points emphasized are the early development of coagulopathy in trauma patients, the importance of haemorrhage control over aggressive fluid resuscitation, and initiating treatment strategies aimed at reversing coagulopathy and minimizing blood loss.
The document discusses the initial assessment and resuscitation of trauma patients using the ATLS protocol. It begins by outlining the importance of time in trauma care, known as the "golden hour". It then describes the ATLS protocol which includes preparation, triage, primary survey (ABCDE), resuscitation, secondary survey, and continued monitoring. The primary survey focuses on establishing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability level, and exposure. Maintaining the cervical spine is important when opening the airway.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012
Critical Care Medicine 2013 Feb;41(2):580-637
The Sepsis Resuscitation And Management BundlesBilal Baig
The document discusses guidelines for treating sepsis and septic shock according to bundles recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. It outlines a resuscitation bundle to be completed within 6 hours including measuring lactate, administering antibiotics and fluids, and maintaining blood pressure. It also describes a management bundle within 24 hours including administering steroids, glucose control, and mechanical ventilation settings. The guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis, source control, vasopressors, inotropes, corticosteroids, and recombinant human activated protein C administration.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's immune response to an infection which results in organ damage. It arises from infection in the bloodstream (bacteremia) or presence of bacteria and their toxins in the blood. Common signs include fever, increased heart rate and respiratory rate, and confusion. Severe sepsis occurs when organ function is impaired. Treatment involves antibiotics, IV fluids, vasopressors, and organ support. Sepsis is diagnosed through blood tests and culture of bodily fluids.
This document discusses infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It defines infection control as measures to prevent the spread of infections between patients and healthcare providers. Infection control is based on how infectious agents are transmitted and includes standard and additional precautions. Standard precautions include personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, proper hand washing, waste disposal, and cleaning/disinfection. They aim to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens from all patients. Additional precautions may be needed based on how an infection spreads.
This document discusses disease transmission and infection control. It covers the following key points:
1. Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can cause illness in humans. The chain of infection requires a microorganism, a mode of transmission to a susceptible host, and a portal of entry.
2. Common modes of disease transmission include airborne via aerosols or droplets, direct contact, fecal-oral, and blood or body fluids. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and barriers are used to prevent transmission.
3. Proper sterilization, disinfection and barriers are critical for infection control. Sterilization kills all microbes using steam, dry heat or chemicals
The document discusses hospital-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections. It defines HAIs as infections that patients acquire during treatment in a hospital setting. The document outlines some key points about HAIs, including that they account for significant illness and death worldwide. It also discusses factors that contribute to HAIs spreading in hospitals, such as host susceptibility, infectious agents, and environmental conditions. Finally, it provides recommendations for preventing HAIs, such as implementing infection control committees, surveillance systems, proper sterilization and hygiene practices, and isolating infected patients.
The document discusses uncomplicated sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It defines the general clinical manifestations shared between the conditions and outlines specific criteria for severe sepsis involving impaired organ function. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign aims to complete indicated tasks like measuring lactate levels and administering antibiotics within 6 hours of identifying severe sepsis to improve outcomes.
Sepsis & septic shock an updated managementahad80a
1) Sepsis and septic shock are systemic inflammatory responses to infection that can lead to organ dysfunction and death. The management involves recognizing the condition, administering antibiotics and fluids, controlling the infection source, and providing supportive organ care.
2) Diagnostic criteria include signs of infection along with dysregulated inflammatory response and organ dysfunction. Management goals within 3-6 hours include antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, lactate measurement, vasopressors for hypotension, and in some cases steroids and glucose control.
3) Common infection sites include the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen, and intravenous lines. Antibiotics should have appropriate spectrum and be given quickly based on likely pathogens. Other supportive therapies
The document discusses sepsis resuscitation bundles with the goal of decreasing mortality from severe sepsis through education and implementation of evidence-based care. It defines sepsis as a condition caused by a severe infection that has spread via bloodstream, characterized by a systemic inflammatory response. There are different types of sepsis including SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. The sepsis resuscitation bundle outlines steps to be completed within 6 hours including measuring lactate, administering antibiotics and fluids, and maintaining appropriate blood pressure and oxygen levels through additional treatments. Recognizing signs of sepsis early and providing urgent treatment is crucial to reducing mortality.
Sepsis resuscitation bundle aims to decrease mortality from severe sepsis through education and implementation of evidence-based care bundles. It defines sepsis, SIRS, and types of sepsis. The sepsis resuscitation bundle outlines goals to measure lactate, obtain blood cultures, administer antibiotics within 3 hours, deliver 20mL/kg fluids for hypotension and lactate over 4 mmol/L, consider urinary catheter, and achieve CVP of 8 mmHg and ScvO2 of 70% if hypotension persists despite fluids. The progression of sepsis without treatment can lead to further decrease in oxygenation, lower blood pressure, and death.
The document discusses sepsis, providing information on:
1) Defining sepsis and identifying septic patients using SIRS criteria and infection indicators.
2) The importance of early recognition and treatment of sepsis using bundles like the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines.
3) The guidelines recommend measuring lactate, administering antibiotics and fluids within 1 hour, and maintaining certain pressure and saturation thresholds for septic shock patients.
This document provides an overview of sepsis and septic shock, including definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigation, treatment, complications, and prognosis. It defines sepsis as infection plus SIRS, and septic shock as sepsis that is not responsive to fluid resuscitation and requires vasopressors. The pathogenesis involves an initial inflammatory response to infection that can become dysregulated and lead to organ dysfunction. Treatment involves prompt resuscitation, antibiotics, source control, and organ support. Outcomes depend on factors like age, immune status, pathogen, and need for prolonged vasopressor support.
The document discusses definitions and classifications of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock according to the ACCP/SCCM. It provides details on the pathogenesis, screening, and goals of early goal directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock. The therapy involves early diagnosis, source control, antibiotics within 1 hour, hemodynamic stabilization through fluid resuscitation and vasopressors to achieve certain goals within 6 hours.
POLYTRAUMA AND DAMAGE CONTROL ORTHOPAEDICSDr Slayer
polytrauma is Injury to 2 or more organ systems leading potentially to a life threatening condition
Damage control orthopaedics is an approach to contain and stabilize an orthopaedic injury to improve patient’s physiology which are designed to avoid worsening pt’s condition due to “second hit” phenomenon
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection that can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis with organ dysfunction or hypotension, while septic shock involves hypotension despite fluid resuscitation and signs of hypoperfusion. Treatment involves identifying and treating the infection source, administering IV fluids and vasopressors to restore perfusion, and giving broad-spectrum antibiotics. The goal is to reverse hypoperfusion and prevent further organ damage.
Shock is characterized by inadequate tissue oxygen delivery leading to cellular dysfunction. Compensatory mechanisms initially maintain blood pressure but eventually fail, resulting in organ damage and death. Shock classifications include hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. Septic shock involves elements of distributive, hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock. Early goal-directed therapy focuses on optimizing oxygen delivery and treating specific organ dysfunction in the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hematologic, gastrointestinal and metabolic systems.
Sepsis and septic shock definitions have evolved over time. Sepsis is now defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock presents as circulatory and metabolic abnormalities with fluid-refractory hypotension requiring vasopressors and signs of hypoperfusion. The pathophysiology involves an excessive inflammatory response and imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Treatment involves early antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, vasopressors if needed, and source control. Scoring systems like SOFA and qSOFA can help identify those at highest risk.
This document provides an overview of shock and its management. It defines shock as an acute medical condition associated with a fall in blood pressure caused by events such as blood loss, burns, allergic reactions or sudden emotional stress. The causes of shock are discussed as cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, anaphylactic and septic. Signs and symptoms and classification of hemorrhage are outlined. General management principles like airway maintenance, oxygen administration, IV fluids and blood transfusion are described. Surgical and local methods of hemorrhage control are also summarized. Finally, the spectrum of infections from bacteremia to septic shock and MODS as well as the treatment approach of antibiotics, source control
Patho Physiology And Icu Management Of Septic Shockchandra talur
1. The document discusses pathophysiology and ICU management of septic shock, outlining definitions of sepsis, SIRS, and progression to septic shock.
2. It describes the microcirculatory dysfunction that occurs in sepsis and importance of optimizing tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery through early goal-directed therapy and hemodynamic support.
3. The case scenario describes a patient in septic shock from perforated abdomen who requires fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, antibiotics and source control according to sepsis management guidelines to stabilize him for emergency surgery.
The document discusses concepts related to sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It provides statistics on the incidence and mortality of these conditions. It also describes the pathophysiology of sepsis, including the roles of inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, and hemodynamic changes. Potential mediators such as cytokines, nitric oxide, and endotoxin are examined in the development of septic shock.
The document describes a case study of a 67-year-old man presenting with fever, flank pain, and hypotension. Laboratory tests show signs of infection and organ dysfunction. He likely has sepsis and possibly septic shock from a urinary tract infection. The document then discusses definitions of sepsis and septic shock, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing including lactate levels, and importance of cultures in confirmed diagnosis.
The document discusses acute pancreatitis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, severity scoring systems, and approaches to treatment. It notes that acute pancreatitis can range from mild to severe and sometimes leads to complications like pancreatic pseudocysts or abscesses if not properly treated. Treatment involves pain management, fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, antibiotics if infected, and sometimes surgery for gallstone removal or infected necrosis.
1) Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection that can lead to organ dysfunction. It ranges from sepsis to severe sepsis with organ dysfunction to septic shock with hypotension.
2) Early goal directed therapy aims to optimize oxygen delivery through fluid resuscitation, vasopressors if needed, and blood transfusion to maintain certain goals such as a central venous pressure of 8-12 mmHg and central venous oxygen saturation above 70% within 6 hours.
3) Early goal directed therapy within 6 hours that includes early antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and maintaining blood pressure and oxygen delivery goals can significantly reduce mortality from sepsis.
This document provides guidelines for monitoring patients with septic shock and surviving sepsis. It defines key terms like sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and refractory septic shock. It discusses the pathophysiology of sepsis and how it leads to organ dysfunction. It also outlines the Surviving Sepsis Bundle care guidelines for initial resuscitation and infection management, including measuring lactate levels, administering antibiotics and fluids, and achieving hemodynamic and tissue perfusion targets within 3-6 hours. The guidelines recommend protocolized, quantitative resuscitation for sepsis-induced hypoperfusion.
An 8 year old female presented with signs of septic shock including a heart rate of 180, respiratory rate of 35, and hypotension. Initial assessments found a temperature of 39.9°F, respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min, blood pressure of 70/50 mmHg, and oxygen saturation of 90% on room air. The patient appeared tired and had delayed capillary refill of 4 seconds.
Paediatric septic shock remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early goal directed therapy is crucial and aims to achieve specific clinical targets within 6 hours such as a central venous pressure of 8-12 mmHg, mean arterial pressure over 65 mmHg, urine output over 0.5 ml/kg/
The document provides information on sepsis epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and prognosis. Some key points:
- Sepsis cases and deaths are increasing worldwide, with the highest incidence among Black males, older adults, and in winter months. Regional disparities exist with most cases in low-income countries.
- Common infectious organisms include gram-positive bacteria and opportunistic fungi/viruses in immunocompromised patients. Culture-negative sepsis occurs in around half of cases.
- Sepsis diagnosis is based on life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by infection, as indicated by a SOFA score ≥2. Septic shock requires vasopressors to maintain blood pressure.
- Management
Similar to Identification and recognition of sepsis (20)
HISTORY OF 3-STEP LADDER WHO
1980 – WHO establishes Cancer Control Programme
Cancer prevention
Early diagnosis with curative treatment
Pain relief and palliative care
1986 – ” Cancer Pain Relief “ published by WHO
Step Ladder WHO
Updated on 1996
Worldwide acceptance protocol
Today, worldwide consensus favouring its used for management of all pain associated with serious illness
INADEQUATE PAIN TREATMENT STILL A FACT IN INDONESIA HEALTH SERVICES
PAIN AS A COMPLEX PROBLEM NEED MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR BETTER RESULT BASED INDIVIDUALLY PATIENT NEEDED
THERE IS A BIG ROLE OF PHYSICIAN AND HOSPITAL FOR BETTER PAIN MANAGEMENT
CHANGE PARADIGM TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY PAIN TREATMENT IS AN OBLIGATE FOR ALL PHYSICIAN
Pain is a common yet complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that affects every aspect of a patient’s life
Optimal management often requires good assessment, formulation of the problem in the patient, and combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological (psychological and social) interventions
This document discusses palliative care, including its definition, aims, models, barriers to development, and challenges in Indonesia. Some key points include:
- Palliative care aims to relieve suffering and improve quality of life for patients with life-limiting illnesses through pain and symptom management as well as psychological, social, and spiritual support.
- Barriers to palliative care development include lack of funding, opioid availability issues, public and government awareness, and education/training programs.
- Palliative care in Indonesia is developing but still faces challenges related to policy, education, attitudes, and social conditions. It is primarily available in major cities near cancer treatment centers.
- Effective palliative care requires an inter
Pain is the production (out put ) of the brain.
Pain is invisible disease, we can’t see it like other disease, such as struma, fracture or blind.
What you have to do is to believe what ever the patient says.
Pain is what ever the patient says it is
Pain is invisible diseases, but is real for patient.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY IN CRITICAL ILL PATIENTS
However, significant barriers can impede the enteral administration of nutrients, including gastroduodenal dysfunction reflected by high gastric residual volumes, and diarrhoea and constipation.
Possible solutions are suggested. In case of contraindication or failure of enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition is indicated -----as a replacement or a supplement to failing enteral feeding.
The perfect timing of supplemental parenteral nutrition (early or late) remains uncertain, and parenteral nutrition should be carefully monitored
Solution of inadequate postoperative pain relief lies in developing Acute Pain Service.
APS has been shown to reduced morbidity and
mortality, increased out put and out come of
postoperative pain patients
Increased stisfaction of the patients
Shorten LOS in ICU and Hopital low cost
Nyeri adalah penggabungan perasaan sensorik dan emosional yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor.
Nyeri memiliki dua dimensi yg jelas, dimensi inderawi dan emosional
Peran dimensi emosional lebih dominan dibanding inderawi utamanya pada nyeri kronik.
History taking
Adequate time
Listen carefully
Empathetic
Trust building
Do not intervere
Pschosocioeconomic & spiritual codition
- quantity: VAS
- quality: nociceptive
- mode of onset and location
- duration & chronicity
- provocating & relieving factors
- special character
- timing of pain
- relation with posture
- associated complaints
1. The document discusses different types of pain including acute pain, neuropathic pain, and chronic pain.
2. It defines acute pain as a normal physiological response to tissue damage, such as from surgery, trauma, or acute illness. Chronic pain persists beyond normal tissue healing time.
3. Neuropathic pain is initiated or caused by primary lesions or dysfunction in the nervous system and can involve both peripheral and central nervous system pathways.
Clossing
By 3 step ladder WHO cancer pain management, 90 % of cancer pain can be relief.
Since cancer patients cannot be cured, our main task is to let them die free of pain with Iman
Ideal pain clinic
Promoting multidisciplinary team approach
Coordinating all specialist effort
Measuring the outcome of treatment offered
Promoting palliative model rather than curative models of pain treatments
Identifying complications of IPM and promoting safe and base-evidence intervention
PiCCO tidak hanya memberikan informasi tentang curah jantung (CO) tapi bisa memberi pengukuran untuk menilai preload, kontraktilitas, afterload, dan air paru ekstravaskular (ELWI)
1. Dokumen membahas tentang kasus seorang wanita berusia 27 tahun dengan hipertensi paru sedang dan kehamilan 26-27 minggu yang dirawat di ICU karena sesak napas dan gagal napas.
2. Pasien menjalani terminasi kehamilan melalui sesar caesar dan dilakukan ventilasi mekanik. Kondisi pasien membaik dan dapat dilepas dari ventilator.
3. Pasien kemudian dipantau dan dirawat hingga kondisinya stabil dan dapat pul
Role of the thalamus in propofol-induced unconsciousness relates primarily to the functional connections of nonspecific nuclei to the cortex (i.e., mediating multimodal integration of information)
The Anesthetized Brain is less Vulnerable to ischemic injury than the awake brain.
EEG changes suggestive of severe ischemia are present.
Basic Methode Brain Protection are “ Corner Stone “
CPP, CBF, CBV maintained in “Normal Range”, MAP may increased up to 10 – 20 %.
Anesthetics Drugs may have Brain Protectection effect.
Volatile anesthetics do provide some Transient Protection (< 1,5 MAC)
Barbiturates, although long considered to be the gold standard.
Hypothermic methode are controversial, Hyperthermia should be avoided.
Insulin is Administered if glucose values exceed 180 mg/dl.
Close monitoring of BSL to ensure that Hypoglycemia does not develop
Anesthesiologists should concern about the risk of POCD by making prevention and attentive to the potential risk factors.
It should be remembered that research in animal models which represent the specific characteristics of POCD in human remains unclear.
With many factors still unknown, there is still a chance for sinchronized preclinical and clinical research on POCD.
a better understanding of sleep and coma may lead to new approaches to general anesthesia based on new ways to alter consciousness,29,97,98 provide analgesia,99,100 induce amnesia, and provide muscle relaxation.66
More from Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University (20)
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. Sepsis is SIRS which is due to an
infection
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality, killing
approximately 1,400 people worldwide every
day,
Surviving Sepsis Campaign (2008)
3. Severe Sepsis:
A Growing Healthcare Challenge
Today
>750,000
cases of severe
sepsis/year
in the US*
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
*Angus DC. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303-10
Future
200,000
2001 2025 2050
Year
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
Severe Sepsis Cases
US Population
Sepsis Cases
Total US Population/1,000
4. Severe Sepsis: Comparison With
Other Major Diseases
Incidence of Severe Sepsis Mortality of Severe Sepsis
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
AIDS* Colon Breast
Cancer§
CHF† Severe
Sepsis‡
Cases/100,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Deaths/Year
AIDS* Severe
Sepsis‡
Breast AMI†
Cancer§
†National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. §American Cancer Society, 2001. *American Heart Association.
2000. ‡Angus DC et al. Crit Care Med 2001
5. SIRS
INFECTION
PANCREATITIS
BURNS
TRAUMA
OTHER
SEPSIS
SEVERE
SEPSIS
SEPTIC
SHOCK
•Bacteria
•Fungus
•Parasites
•Virus
Adapted from: Bone RC et al. Chest 1992;101:1644-55
Opal SM et al. Crit Care Med 2000;28:S81-2
7. Sepsis: Defining a Disease Continuum
Infection SIRS Sepsis
Severe
Sepsis
SIRS with a presumed or
confirmed infectious process
A clinical response arising from a nonspecific
insult, including 2 of the following:
•Temperature 38oC or 36oC
•HR 90 beats/min
•Respirations 20/min
•WBC count 12,000/mm3 or
4,000/mm3 or >10% immature neutrophils
SIRS : Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
SEPTIC
SHOCK
The invasion and multiplication of
microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, and parasites that are not
normally present within the body.
8. Infection/ SIRS Sepsis
Trauma
Severe
Sepsis
Sepsis with 1 sign of organ
failure
Cardiovascular ( hypotension)
Lungs, ex: ARDS
Kidneys, ex : AKI
Liver
Digestive
Brain - confusion
SEPTIC
Shock
HYPOTENSION despite
adequate fluid
resuscitation/Requiring
Vasopressors or Inotropes
9. 35 year old male patient brought to ICU with 3
day old perforation, Posted for emergency
Laparatomy
Has chills with fever
Tachypneic- RR 40/mt, has respiratory distress,
Tense abdomen, bilateral crepts,
Spo2 Is on he 89% in on septic room air.
shock ?
Pulse 130/mt well felt, BP 80/60 mm Hg,
Restless,
Investigations
WBC – 19,000 T.B 3.5, Enzymes Normal
SC-2.0 INR 2.0, Platelets 1.2 lac
Lactate 5.0 SCVO2 60%,
10. Shock is defined as a life-threatening,
generalized maldistribution of blood flow
resulting in failure to deliver and/or utilize
adequate amounts of oxygen, leading to tissue
dysoxia.
Hypotension [SBP < 90 mmHg, SBP decrease of
40 mmHg from baseline, or mean arterial
pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg], while commonly
present, should not be required to define shock.
Shock requires evidence of inadequate tissue
perfusion on physical examination.
11. Definition of shock:
‘Tissue perfusion is not adequate for the tissues’ metabolic
requirements’
What it looks like
Low blood pressure Systolic < 90
Mean < 65
Drop from normal of > 40 mmHg
High lactate (beware anyone with lactate >2!) > 4 mmol/l
These patients do even worse!
Mortality upwards of 50%
Tissue
dysoxia
12. 1) Blood vessels dilate
Same volume of blood in
a smaller space
2) Capillaries ‘leak’
Water and solutes leave the circulation (seen as oedema)
Blood reduces in volume
Blood thickens (less water, same number of cells)
3) Cardiac function is impaired
histamine
bradykinin
interleukins
nitric oxide
13. 35 year old male patient brought to ICU with 3
day old perforation, Posted for emergency
Laparatomy
Has chills with fever
Tachypneic- RR 40/mt, has respiratory distress,
Tense abdomen, bilateral crepts,
Spo2 on 89% on room air.
Pulse 130/mt well felt, BP 80/60 mm Hg,
Restless,
Investigations
WBC – 19,000 T.B 3.5, Enzymes Normal
SC-2.0 INR 2.0, Platelets 1.2 lac
Lactate 5.0 SCVO2 60%,
Severe SEPSIS
14. Severe Sepsis : Sepsis + > 1 organ dysfunction
Arterial hypotension
Tachycardia
Altered skin perfusion
Decreased U.O
Hyperlactatemia –
Altered WBC count
Increased CRP,
PCT concentrations
General signs & symptoms
Fever
Tachypnea
Positive fluid balance – edema
General inflammatory
reaction
Hemodynamic
alterations
Signs of organ dysfunction
Hypoxemia
Coagulation abnormalities
Altered mental status
15. • tachypnea 99%
• tachycardia 97%
• fever > 38°C 70%
• hypothermia < 36°C 13%
• metabolic acidosis 38%
• acute oliguria 54%
• acute encephalopathy 35%.
Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J et al Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome of Severe Sepsis and Septic
Shock in Adults: A Multicentre Prospective Study in Intensive Care Units JAMA: 274(12), 27 Sept, 1995
16. Acute Organ Dysfunction
Tachycardia
Hypotension
CVP
PAOP
Altered
Consciousness
Confusion
Psychosis
Tachypnea
PaO2 <70 mm Hg
SaO2 <90%
PaO2/FiO2 300
Jaundice
Enzymes
Albumin
PT
Oliguria
Anuria
Creatinine
Platelets
PT/APTT
Protein C
D-dimer
Balk. Crit Care Clin 2000;16:337-52
21. GENERAL VARIABLES
INFLAMMATORY
VARIABLES
Fever (> 38.3°C)
Hypothermia (core temperature
< 36°C)
Heart rate > 90/min–1 or more
than two SD above the normal
value for age
Tachypnea
Altered mental status
Significant edema or positive
fluid balance (> 20 mL/kg over
24 hr)
Hyperglycemia (plasma glucose
> 140 mg/dL or 7.7 mmol/L) in
the absence of diabetes
Leukocytosis (WBC count >
12,000 μL–1)
Leukopenia (WBC count <
4000 μL–1)
Normal WBC count with
greater than 10% immature
forms
Plasma C-reactive protein
more than two SD above the
normal value
Plasma procalcitonin more than
two SD above the normal value
22. HEMODYNAMIC VARIABLES
ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
VARIABLES
Arterial hypotension (SBP < 90
mm Hg, MAP < 70 mm Hg, or
an SBP decrease > 40 mm Hg
in adults or less than two SD
below normal for age)
Arterial hypoxemia (Pao2/FIO2
< 300)
Acute oliguria (urine output <
0.5 mL/kg/hr for at least 2 hrs
despite adequate fluid
resuscitation)
Creatinine increase > 0.5 mg/dL
or 44.2 μmol/L
Coagulation abnormalities (INR
> 1.5 or aPTT > 60 s)
Ileus (absent bowel sounds)
Thrombocytopenia (platelet
count < 100,000 μL–1)
Hyperbilirubinemia (plasma total
bilirubin > 4 mg dL or 70 μmol/L)
24. SEVERE SEPSIS DEFINITION = SEPSIS-INDUCED
TISSUE HYPOPERFUSION OR ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
(ANY OF THE FOLLOWING THOUGHT TO BE DUE TO
THE INFECTION)
Sepsis-induced hypotension
Lactate above upper limits laboratory normal
Urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for more than 2 hrs despite
adequate fluid resuscitation
Acute lung injury with PaO2/FIO2 < 250 in the absence of
pneumonia as infection source
Acute lung injury with PaO2/FIO2 < 200 in the presence of
pneumonia as infection source
Creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL (176.8 μmol/L)
Bilirubin > 2 mg/dL (34.2 μmol/L)
Platelet count < 100,000 μL
Coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 1.5)
26. Are any 2 of the following SIRS criteria present and new to your patient?
Obs: Temperature > 38.3 or < 36 0C Respiratory rate > 20 min-1
Heart rate > 90 bpm Acutely altered mental state
Bloods: White cells < 4x109/l or > 12x109/l Glucose > 7.7 mmol/l
(if patient is not diabetic)
If yes,
patient has SIRS
27. Is this likely to be due to an infection?
For example
Cough/ sputum/ chest pain Dysuria
Abdo pain/ diarrhoea/ distension Headache with neck stiffness
Line infection Cellulitis/wound infection/septic
arthritis/ Endocarditis
If yes,
patient has SEPSIS
28. Senior staff: check for SEVERE SEPSIS
BP Syst < 90 / Mean < 65
(after initial fluid challenge)
Lactate > 2 mmol/l
Urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 2 hrs
INR > 1.5
aPTT > 60 s
Bilirubin > 34 μmol/l
O2 Needed to keep SpO2 > 90%
Platelets < 100 x 109/l
Creatinine > 177 μmol/l or UO < 0.5
ml/kg/hr
Severe Sepsis: Ensure Outreach and
Senior Doctor attend NOW!
29. When your scoring system (e.g, MEWS) triggers
On admission if you suspect infection
Unexpected deterioration/ failure to recover
Something is ‘just not right’
High white cell count
30. Everyone has the potential to get sepsis
Easy to identify – we know what we’re looking for
Tools – observations scoring, clinical acumen, experience
Sepsis Screening Tool