The document discusses different types of loop structures in C programming, specifically focusing on the for loop. It provides the general form of a for loop statement, explains the initialize, test, and increment expressions, and gives examples of using multiple statements and initializing multiple variables within a for loop body. It also provides an example of a for loop to print the multiplication table of a user-input number a specified number of times.

1. CSC 103
Lecture 9
Introduction to Computers and Programming

2. Loop Control Instructions
 When an activity needs to be performed more than
once, then the mechanism that meets this need is
called Loop
 Loop is defined as to perform set of instructions
repeatedly
 Three major loop structures in C.
 The for loop
 The while loop
 the do-while loop (also called cousin of while loop)
2

3. The for Loop
 When an activity needs to be performed a fixed
number of times then The for loop is used in such
cases.
 For example to calculate the paychecks for 120
employees or printout the squares of all the numbers
from 1 to 50 etc.
 In all such cases and other related the for loop is best
suited
3

4. General form of for loop Statement
4
for ( initialize counter ; test counter ; increment counter )
{
do this ;
and this ;
and this ;
}

5. for loop Flow Chart Structure
5

6. Some valid for loop expressions
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 for ( i = 10 ; i ; i -- )
printf ( " %d", i ) ;
 for ( j=0 ; j < 5 ; j++ )
printf ( " %d", j ) ;
 for ( i = 1; i <=10 ; printf ("%d",i++ ) )
 for ( scanf ( "%d", &i ) ; i <= 10 ; i++ )
printf ( "%d", i ) ;

7. The for Loop
7
main()
{
int count;
for (count=0; count<10; count++)
printf ("count=%dn", count);
}
Output:
count=0
count=1
count=2
count=3
count=4
count=5
count=6
count=7
count=8
count=9

8. Structure of the for Loop
for (count=0; count<10; count++)
 Parentheses following keyword for contain what we
will call the “loop expression”
 Loop expression is divided by semicolons into the
following three separate expressions:
 the “initialize expression” i.e count=0
 the “test expression” i.e count<10
 the “increment expression” i.e count++
 The count variable has a key role, it is used to control
the operations of the loop
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9. Structure of the for Loop
9
the “initialize expression”
 count=0, initialize the count variable
 It is executed as soon as loop is entered
 It can start from any given number
 However, loops often start at 1

10. Structure of the for Loop
10
the “test expression”
 count<10, tests each time to see the count value
 It makes use of relational operator (in this case <)
 The loop will be executed till the test expression
becomes false
 When it become false the loop will be terminated
 and control will pass to next statement following loop

11. Structure of the for Loop
the “increment expression”
 count++ (same as count=count+1), it increments
the variable count each time loop is executed
 It make use of increment operator i.e. ++
 It should be noted that it will not only be incremented
but can also be decremented as well.
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12. The Body of the for Loop
 Following the keyword for and the loop expression (as
discussed above) is the body of the loop, i.e. the
statement (or statements) that will be executed each
time round the loop. i.e. in our example, only one
statement:
printf ("count=%dn", count);
 Note that in a for loop don’t place semicolon between
loop expression & body of loop, since the keyword for
& loop expression don’t constitute a complete C
statement
For Example: for (count=0; count<10; count++)
;
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13. Operations of the for Loop
 1st initialization expression executed then
 2nd test condition examined
 If False, the body of the loop will not be executed
 If True, the body of the loop be executed
 3rd increment expression executed
 Note that printf will be executed before increment
so the 1st value will be printed “0”
 Process will continue till test expression become false.
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14. Multiple statement in the for Loop
 In our previous example only one statement is used in
the body of the loop i.e
printf ("count=%dn", count);
 However, two or more than two statements can also
be used in a loop
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15. Multiple statement in the for Loop
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main()
{
int count, total;
for (count=0, total=0; count<10; count++)
{
total = total + count;
printf ("count=%d, total=%dn", count, total);
}
}
Output:
count=0, total=0
count=1, total=1
count=2, total=3
count=3, total=6
count=4, total=10
count=5, total=15
count=6, total=21
count=7, total=28
count=8, total=36
count=9, total=45

16. Multiple statement in the for Loop
 Two points to remember:
 The whole package i.e. the opening brace, the
statements, and closing brace, is a single C statement.
Often called “Compound Statement” or “block”
 Each statement within the block is also a C statement
and must be terminated with a semicolon as in the usual
way
 We can also use
total += count;
it is same as total = total + count;
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17. Multiple Initialization in for Loop
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 In for loop, we have initialized multiple variables
 These variables are separated by comma “,”
count=0 and total=0
for (count=0, total=0; count<10; count++)
 in this example we really didn’t need to initialize total
within the loop, we could also have done:
total=0;
for (count=0; count<10; count++)
 we can also increment two or more variables at the same
time
 similarly, we can have multiple conditions
for (i=10,j=0; i>0,j<10; i--,j++)

18. Exercise
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 Input a number from user and print its table
 Program output should look like:
Enter a number: 7
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
7 x 10 = 70

19. 19
main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &a);
int i;
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
printf ("%d x %d t= %dn", a, i, a*i);
}
}

20. Change Exercise a bit
20
 Input a number from user to print its table. Also, ask
user to enter how many times you want to generate
the table.
 Program output should look like:
Enter a number: 2
Enter number of times: 5
2 X 1 = 2
2 X 2 = 4
2 X 3 = 6
2 X 4 = 8
2 X 5 = 10