This document discusses identifying and preventing resource depletion attacks in mobile sensor networks. It summarizes that ad-hoc wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to denial of service attacks that aim to drain nodes' battery power over time, disabling the entire network. Existing secure routing protocols do not protect against these "Vampire attacks" which use valid network paths and protocol-compliant messages to minimize energy usage. The document proposes modifying an existing sensor network routing protocol to provably bound the damage from Vampire attacks during packet forwarding.
Improving reliability & performance of wsn via routing errorsijctet
The document proposes a scheme called Link Scanner (LS) for detecting faulty links in wireless sensor networks. LS operates passively by collecting hop count data from probe flooding processes. It analyzes mismatches between expected and received hop counts to infer which links may be faulty. Having a blacklist of potential faulty links allows further analysis and recovery, including adjusting routing strategies, identifying root causes of observed network issues, and providing spare link options. The scheme aims to not only detect currently faulty links but also evaluate unused links, to help guide rerouting for better performance. It was tested on a 60-node sensor network and in simulation and found to accurately detect faulty links with low overhead.
Trusted Routing Path Selection in WSNs through TARFEditor IJMTER
In wireless Sensor Networks data transfer is insecure, because the intruders may use
duplicate IP address to hack the confidential data. Hop by hop authentication is necessary for secured
communication to prevent such confidentiality Multi hop routing in Wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) offers little protection against the identity deception through replaying routing information.
This defect may take a chance of an adversary to misdirect significant network traffic, resulting in
disastrous consequences attacks against the routing protocols including Sinkhole, Worm hole and
Sybil attacks. The situation is further aggravated by mobile & harsh network condition. It cannot be
solved by traditional encryption or authentication techniques or efforts at developing trust aware
routing protocols do not effectively address this severe problem. Secure the WSNs against
adversaries misdirecting the multi-hop routing. So proposed a method is “Trusted Routing Path
Selection in WSNs through TARF”, a robust trust-aware routing framework for dynamic WSNs.
Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information. TARF provides trustworthy,
secure, time efficient & energy efficient route. Most importantly TARF proves effective against
those harmful attacks developed out of identity deception; the resilience of TARF is verified through
extensive evaluation with both simulation and empirical experiments on large scale WSNs under
various scenarios.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes techniques to detect and localize multiple spoofing attackers in wireless networks using received signal strength (RSS). It begins by introducing the problem of spoofing attacks and outlines three goals: detecting attacks, determining the number of attackers, and localizing multiple adversaries. It then reviews related work on secure routing protocols and key management schemes. An overview of the proposed techniques is provided, including a generalized attack detection model, determining the number of attackers as a multiclass detection problem, and an integrated detection and localization framework (IDOL). Several localization algorithms are also summarized. Experimental results showed the proposed methods can achieve over 90% accuracy in determining the number of attackers.
A Protocol/Scheme to mitigate DDos attacks using AODV Protocolijsrd.com
MANET(Mobile Adhoc Network) is an emerging technology and have great strength to be applied in battlefields and commercial applications such as traffic surveillance, MANET is infrastructure less without any centralized controller. Each node contains routing capability. Each device in a MANET is independent and can move in any direction. One of the major challenges wireless mobile ad-hoc networks face today is security, because no central controller exists. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a link layer ad hoc network. There are many security attacks in MANET and DDoS (Distributed denial of service) is one of them. Our main objective is seeing the effect of DDoS in routing, Packet Drop Rate, End to End Delay, no. of Collisions due to attack on network. And with these parameters and many more also we build secure IDS to detect this kind of attack and block it. In this thesis main objective is to study and implement the security against the DDOS attack. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks in the networks are required to be prevented, as early as possible before reaching the victim node. DDos attack causes depletion of the network resources such as network bandwidth, disk space, CPU time, data structures, and network connections. Dealing with DDoS attacks is difficult due to their properties such as dynamic attack rates, big scale of botnets. DDos attack become more difficult to handle if it occurs in wireless network because of the properties of ad hoc network such as dynamic topologies, low battery life, Unicast routing Multicast routing , Frequency of updates or network overhead , scalability , mobile agent based routing ,power aware routing etc. Thus it is better to prevent the distributed denial of service attack rather than allowing it to occur and then taking the necessary steps to handle it. The following quantitative metrics Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Number of Collisions are to be used to evaluate the performance of DDoS attacks and their prevention techniques under different combinations in the fixed mobile ad hoc network. In our simulation, the effect of DDoS attacks under different number of attackers is studied.
Energy Efficient and Secure, Trusted network discovery for Wireless Sensor Ne...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed energy efficient and secure trusted network discovery framework for wireless sensor networks called TARF. The framework aims to secure routing against attacks like sinkhole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks by evaluating the trustworthiness of neighboring nodes. It identifies untrustworthy nodes and routes around them. TARF also aims to be energy efficient. It uses elliptic curve cryptography for encryption and maintains a neighborhood table with trust and energy cost values to select low-cost, trusted next hop nodes for routing. The framework generates network certificates, starts sensor nodes, creates a trusted center, and has nodes find neighbors to select routing paths while avoiding attackers. Simulation results show certificate generation, node interfaces, the trusted center, and a node finding
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
Wormhole attack detection algorithms in wireless network coding systemsPvrtechnologies Nellore
This document proposes algorithms to detect wormhole attacks in wireless network coding systems. It first discusses how wormhole attacks can severely impact network coding protocols by disrupting routing and introducing unfair workload distributions. It then presents a centralized algorithm that uses a central node to detect wormholes by measuring changes in expected transmission counts. For distributed systems without a central node, it proposes DAWN, a distributed algorithm that examines the order nodes receive innovative packets and their expected transmission counts to detect wormholes. The algorithms aim to detect wormholes using only local information available from regular network coding protocols to keep overhead low. Extensive testing validated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approaches.
Improving reliability & performance of wsn via routing errorsijctet
The document proposes a scheme called Link Scanner (LS) for detecting faulty links in wireless sensor networks. LS operates passively by collecting hop count data from probe flooding processes. It analyzes mismatches between expected and received hop counts to infer which links may be faulty. Having a blacklist of potential faulty links allows further analysis and recovery, including adjusting routing strategies, identifying root causes of observed network issues, and providing spare link options. The scheme aims to not only detect currently faulty links but also evaluate unused links, to help guide rerouting for better performance. It was tested on a 60-node sensor network and in simulation and found to accurately detect faulty links with low overhead.
Trusted Routing Path Selection in WSNs through TARFEditor IJMTER
In wireless Sensor Networks data transfer is insecure, because the intruders may use
duplicate IP address to hack the confidential data. Hop by hop authentication is necessary for secured
communication to prevent such confidentiality Multi hop routing in Wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) offers little protection against the identity deception through replaying routing information.
This defect may take a chance of an adversary to misdirect significant network traffic, resulting in
disastrous consequences attacks against the routing protocols including Sinkhole, Worm hole and
Sybil attacks. The situation is further aggravated by mobile & harsh network condition. It cannot be
solved by traditional encryption or authentication techniques or efforts at developing trust aware
routing protocols do not effectively address this severe problem. Secure the WSNs against
adversaries misdirecting the multi-hop routing. So proposed a method is “Trusted Routing Path
Selection in WSNs through TARF”, a robust trust-aware routing framework for dynamic WSNs.
Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information. TARF provides trustworthy,
secure, time efficient & energy efficient route. Most importantly TARF proves effective against
those harmful attacks developed out of identity deception; the resilience of TARF is verified through
extensive evaluation with both simulation and empirical experiments on large scale WSNs under
various scenarios.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes techniques to detect and localize multiple spoofing attackers in wireless networks using received signal strength (RSS). It begins by introducing the problem of spoofing attacks and outlines three goals: detecting attacks, determining the number of attackers, and localizing multiple adversaries. It then reviews related work on secure routing protocols and key management schemes. An overview of the proposed techniques is provided, including a generalized attack detection model, determining the number of attackers as a multiclass detection problem, and an integrated detection and localization framework (IDOL). Several localization algorithms are also summarized. Experimental results showed the proposed methods can achieve over 90% accuracy in determining the number of attackers.
A Protocol/Scheme to mitigate DDos attacks using AODV Protocolijsrd.com
MANET(Mobile Adhoc Network) is an emerging technology and have great strength to be applied in battlefields and commercial applications such as traffic surveillance, MANET is infrastructure less without any centralized controller. Each node contains routing capability. Each device in a MANET is independent and can move in any direction. One of the major challenges wireless mobile ad-hoc networks face today is security, because no central controller exists. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a link layer ad hoc network. There are many security attacks in MANET and DDoS (Distributed denial of service) is one of them. Our main objective is seeing the effect of DDoS in routing, Packet Drop Rate, End to End Delay, no. of Collisions due to attack on network. And with these parameters and many more also we build secure IDS to detect this kind of attack and block it. In this thesis main objective is to study and implement the security against the DDOS attack. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks in the networks are required to be prevented, as early as possible before reaching the victim node. DDos attack causes depletion of the network resources such as network bandwidth, disk space, CPU time, data structures, and network connections. Dealing with DDoS attacks is difficult due to their properties such as dynamic attack rates, big scale of botnets. DDos attack become more difficult to handle if it occurs in wireless network because of the properties of ad hoc network such as dynamic topologies, low battery life, Unicast routing Multicast routing , Frequency of updates or network overhead , scalability , mobile agent based routing ,power aware routing etc. Thus it is better to prevent the distributed denial of service attack rather than allowing it to occur and then taking the necessary steps to handle it. The following quantitative metrics Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Number of Collisions are to be used to evaluate the performance of DDoS attacks and their prevention techniques under different combinations in the fixed mobile ad hoc network. In our simulation, the effect of DDoS attacks under different number of attackers is studied.
Energy Efficient and Secure, Trusted network discovery for Wireless Sensor Ne...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed energy efficient and secure trusted network discovery framework for wireless sensor networks called TARF. The framework aims to secure routing against attacks like sinkhole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks by evaluating the trustworthiness of neighboring nodes. It identifies untrustworthy nodes and routes around them. TARF also aims to be energy efficient. It uses elliptic curve cryptography for encryption and maintains a neighborhood table with trust and energy cost values to select low-cost, trusted next hop nodes for routing. The framework generates network certificates, starts sensor nodes, creates a trusted center, and has nodes find neighbors to select routing paths while avoiding attackers. Simulation results show certificate generation, node interfaces, the trusted center, and a node finding
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
Wormhole attack detection algorithms in wireless network coding systemsPvrtechnologies Nellore
This document proposes algorithms to detect wormhole attacks in wireless network coding systems. It first discusses how wormhole attacks can severely impact network coding protocols by disrupting routing and introducing unfair workload distributions. It then presents a centralized algorithm that uses a central node to detect wormholes by measuring changes in expected transmission counts. For distributed systems without a central node, it proposes DAWN, a distributed algorithm that examines the order nodes receive innovative packets and their expected transmission counts to detect wormholes. The algorithms aim to detect wormholes using only local information available from regular network coding protocols to keep overhead low. Extensive testing validated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approaches.
Interference Revelation in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Confrontationirjes
In this paper, we utilize the Several interference revelation techniques proposed for mobile ad hoc
networks rely on each node passively monitoring the data forwarding by its next hop. This paper presents
quantitative evaluations of false positives and their impact on monitoring based interference revelation for ad
hoc networks. Experimental results show that, even for a simple three-node configuration, an actual ad-hoc
network suffers from high false positives; these results are validated by Markov and probabilistic models.
However, this false positive problem cannot be observed by simulating the same network using popular ad hoc
network simulators, such as ns-2, OPNET or Glomosim. To remedy this, a probabilistic noise generator model
is implemented in the Glomosim simulator. With this revised noise model, the simulated network exhibits the
aggregate false positive behavior similar to that of the experimental tested. Simulations of larger (50-node) ad
hoc networks indicate that monitoring-based interference revelation has very high false positives. These false
positives can reduce the network performance or increase the overhead. In a simple monitoring-based system
where no secondary and more accurate methods are used, the false positives impact the network performance in
two ways: reduced throughput in normal networks without attackers and inability to mitigate the effect of
attacks in networks with attackers.
A Study on Evaluation of DoS Attacks in WiMAX NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks in WiMAX networks. It begins by introducing the abstract, which notes that security is a primary concern in wireless networks due to their potentially hostile environments. The document then examines different schemes for handling DoS attacks in WiMAX networks. Specifically, it investigates the various vulnerabilities in WiMAX networks that make them susceptible to DoS attacks, such as the lack of secure boundaries, threats from compromised nodes inside the network, and lack of centralized management. The goal is to study different approaches for detecting and preventing DoS attacks against WiMAX resources with limited bandwidth and battery power.
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to detect and prevent wormhole attacks in wireless sensor networks. It first provides background on wormhole attacks, where an attacker tunnels network traffic to another location to compromise routing. It then reviews related work detecting wormholes using cryptography, location verification, or intrusion detection. The paper proposes a system with guard nodes that collaboratively monitor links to detect compromised nodes. It describes modules for network topology establishment, attack establishment through different wormhole modes, and an elimination mechanism where guard nodes isolate attackers once malicious behaviors exceed thresholds. Simulations test the ability of this scheme to improve security against wormhole attacks in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks.
This document summarizes research on enhancing the DSR routing protocol to prevent distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how DDoS attacks work, the challenges they present for MANETs due to their dynamic nature, and existing research on DDoS attack detection and prevention. The document reviews literature on analyzing DDoS attack behaviors and properties, characterizing attack traffic patterns, and using statistical analysis and neural networks to identify attacks. The goal of the research is to develop an enhanced DSR protocol that can detect and mitigate DDoS attacks in MANETs more effectively than previous approaches.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks at Network Layer in WSNIJERA Editor
Recent advancements in technology, tiny size, cost effectiveness have made sensors as a crucial part of real
world sensitive applications. These sensor nodes are scattered over an area to monitor the situations like fire,
flood and record the data and to forward meaningful data to the center head node for observation, resulting an
advance prompt to control the situation. In last decade, WSN have grown significantly in variety of areas and
applications, resulted the high, consistent security mechanism. Also, there is variety of attacks on WSN at their
different layers of architecture. Though sensor nodes are not capable enough in terms of power, processing etc.
but applications based on these sensors demand on-time collection of information or data and then to send same
on reliable, secure delivery medium. Small sensors with limited hardware, processing cannot afford traditional
security mechanisms to face or sustain the attacks. There is variety of attacks at different layers of WSN
architecture to affect sensor‟s roles like signaling, framing, transmission etc. Many Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks are identified at each layer of WSN which are purposeful, planned attacks to hamper the availability of
service, restricting the sensor node‟s utility for problem solution. In this paper we will focus on the WSN
architecture, characteristics, constraints and various types of DoS attacks primarily on physical and data link
layer and particularly at network layer in details with some suggestions against attacks.
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksecway
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The document discusses defense mechanisms against flooding attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with broad background on networks and network security. It then discusses specific areas including MANETs and flooding attacks. The document reviews several papers from 2008-2011 on related topics. It discusses methodologies, advantages and drawbacks of approaches for detecting and preventing flooding attacks in MANETs, including using period-based mechanisms, trust-based classification of nodes, and probabilistic broadcasting. The comparative study section provides brief summaries of several papers analyzing defenses against flooding attacks in MANETs.
A two tier approach for preventing black hole attack and improving efficiencyeSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most emerging and trending in the field of networking is secure routing to overcome many hindrances that are occurring in day to day lives. Thus providing efficient mechanisms for such networks is the most challenging one. MANET’s (Mobile Adhoc Networks) are a combination of several independent nodes without any fixed infrastructure, dynamic topology, battery constraints, and lack of centralized mechanism, because of its architecture/outlier they are more vulnerable to various kinds of passive and active attacks, such as black hole attack, grey hole attack, wormhole attack. Providing/Implementing a multi tier/two tier security mechanism helps in elevating such kinds of active attacks to some extent. Keywords: Black Hole attack, MANET, Clustering, Encryption.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1. The document proposes a new distributed data discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that aims to improve security and performance over existing protocols.
2. Existing protocols primarily use a centralized approach where a single node distributes data, which is not suitable for multiple owners and users, and they do not focus on security.
3. DiDrip allows for a distributed approach where multiple owners can authorize different users simultaneously to access sensor data with different priorities, while improving security.
MANETs have unique characteristics like dynamic topology, wireless radio medium, limited resources and lack of centralized administration; as a result, they are vulnerable to different types of attacks in different layers of protocol stack. wormhole attack detection in wireless sensor networks
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
The document proposes an enhanced anonymous position-based security aware routing protocol called E-APSAR for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It aims to address security issues like black hole attacks in dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. E-APSAR divides the network area into zones and implements encryption to securely transmit data between neighboring zones. Simulation results show that E-APSAR has lower routing overhead and higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to DSR, especially at certain mobility levels. The protocol performance is analyzed against different node densities and mobility to evaluate its effectiveness against black hole attacks in MANETs.
IRJET- Gray-Hole Attack Minimization based on contradiction for ad-hoc networksIRJET Journal
This document discusses minimizing the Gray-Hole attack in mobile ad-hoc networks. It proposes a method called Denial Contradictions with Fictitious Node Mechanism (DCFM) which uses internal network knowledge to identify potential malicious nodes trying to falsify routing information without relying on external trusted parties. DCFM works by checking for logical inconsistencies between a node's routing messages and the actual network topology to detect attacks. The paper analyzes how DCFM can help detect Gray-Hole attacks under the Optimized Link State Routing protocol and reduce packet dropping compared to other approaches through early identification of malicious nodes. Simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DCFM at minimizing the Gray-Hole attack in ad-hoc
Detection and prevention of wormhole attack in mobile adhoc networksambitlick
This document discusses detection and prevention of wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. A wormhole attack is a powerful attack where two or more malicious nodes collude to tunnel packets between them, emulating a shorter route and attracting traffic. This can severely disrupt network communication. The paper proposes a novel trust-based scheme to identify wormhole-creating nodes without cryptography. Extensive simulations show the scheme effectively handles colluding malicious nodes without imposing extra network conditions.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
Davey Resource Group provides natural resource management and ecological consulting services. They have experts in urban forestry, wetland science, restoration ecology, endangered species, environmental planning and GIS. Their services include urban forestry consulting, natural resource inventories, ecological restoration, invasive species control, and ecological planning and design. They work with various government agencies, developers, non-profits and educational institutions.
The document provides guidance for creating a multimedia presentation in PowerPoint to pitch a battle reenactment company to potential investors. It emphasizes choosing a clear purpose and understanding the audience. Presentations should have a beginning, middle, and end and use visuals, colors, sounds, and text in an easy-to-understand way. Classmates will present their projects and assess each other based on the quality of presentation and strength of content.
Interference Revelation in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Confrontationirjes
In this paper, we utilize the Several interference revelation techniques proposed for mobile ad hoc
networks rely on each node passively monitoring the data forwarding by its next hop. This paper presents
quantitative evaluations of false positives and their impact on monitoring based interference revelation for ad
hoc networks. Experimental results show that, even for a simple three-node configuration, an actual ad-hoc
network suffers from high false positives; these results are validated by Markov and probabilistic models.
However, this false positive problem cannot be observed by simulating the same network using popular ad hoc
network simulators, such as ns-2, OPNET or Glomosim. To remedy this, a probabilistic noise generator model
is implemented in the Glomosim simulator. With this revised noise model, the simulated network exhibits the
aggregate false positive behavior similar to that of the experimental tested. Simulations of larger (50-node) ad
hoc networks indicate that monitoring-based interference revelation has very high false positives. These false
positives can reduce the network performance or increase the overhead. In a simple monitoring-based system
where no secondary and more accurate methods are used, the false positives impact the network performance in
two ways: reduced throughput in normal networks without attackers and inability to mitigate the effect of
attacks in networks with attackers.
A Study on Evaluation of DoS Attacks in WiMAX NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks in WiMAX networks. It begins by introducing the abstract, which notes that security is a primary concern in wireless networks due to their potentially hostile environments. The document then examines different schemes for handling DoS attacks in WiMAX networks. Specifically, it investigates the various vulnerabilities in WiMAX networks that make them susceptible to DoS attacks, such as the lack of secure boundaries, threats from compromised nodes inside the network, and lack of centralized management. The goal is to study different approaches for detecting and preventing DoS attacks against WiMAX resources with limited bandwidth and battery power.
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to detect and prevent wormhole attacks in wireless sensor networks. It first provides background on wormhole attacks, where an attacker tunnels network traffic to another location to compromise routing. It then reviews related work detecting wormholes using cryptography, location verification, or intrusion detection. The paper proposes a system with guard nodes that collaboratively monitor links to detect compromised nodes. It describes modules for network topology establishment, attack establishment through different wormhole modes, and an elimination mechanism where guard nodes isolate attackers once malicious behaviors exceed thresholds. Simulations test the ability of this scheme to improve security against wormhole attacks in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks.
This document summarizes research on enhancing the DSR routing protocol to prevent distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how DDoS attacks work, the challenges they present for MANETs due to their dynamic nature, and existing research on DDoS attack detection and prevention. The document reviews literature on analyzing DDoS attack behaviors and properties, characterizing attack traffic patterns, and using statistical analysis and neural networks to identify attacks. The goal of the research is to develop an enhanced DSR protocol that can detect and mitigate DDoS attacks in MANETs more effectively than previous approaches.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks at Network Layer in WSNIJERA Editor
Recent advancements in technology, tiny size, cost effectiveness have made sensors as a crucial part of real
world sensitive applications. These sensor nodes are scattered over an area to monitor the situations like fire,
flood and record the data and to forward meaningful data to the center head node for observation, resulting an
advance prompt to control the situation. In last decade, WSN have grown significantly in variety of areas and
applications, resulted the high, consistent security mechanism. Also, there is variety of attacks on WSN at their
different layers of architecture. Though sensor nodes are not capable enough in terms of power, processing etc.
but applications based on these sensors demand on-time collection of information or data and then to send same
on reliable, secure delivery medium. Small sensors with limited hardware, processing cannot afford traditional
security mechanisms to face or sustain the attacks. There is variety of attacks at different layers of WSN
architecture to affect sensor‟s roles like signaling, framing, transmission etc. Many Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks are identified at each layer of WSN which are purposeful, planned attacks to hamper the availability of
service, restricting the sensor node‟s utility for problem solution. In this paper we will focus on the WSN
architecture, characteristics, constraints and various types of DoS attacks primarily on physical and data link
layer and particularly at network layer in details with some suggestions against attacks.
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksecway
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The document discusses defense mechanisms against flooding attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with broad background on networks and network security. It then discusses specific areas including MANETs and flooding attacks. The document reviews several papers from 2008-2011 on related topics. It discusses methodologies, advantages and drawbacks of approaches for detecting and preventing flooding attacks in MANETs, including using period-based mechanisms, trust-based classification of nodes, and probabilistic broadcasting. The comparative study section provides brief summaries of several papers analyzing defenses against flooding attacks in MANETs.
A two tier approach for preventing black hole attack and improving efficiencyeSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most emerging and trending in the field of networking is secure routing to overcome many hindrances that are occurring in day to day lives. Thus providing efficient mechanisms for such networks is the most challenging one. MANET’s (Mobile Adhoc Networks) are a combination of several independent nodes without any fixed infrastructure, dynamic topology, battery constraints, and lack of centralized mechanism, because of its architecture/outlier they are more vulnerable to various kinds of passive and active attacks, such as black hole attack, grey hole attack, wormhole attack. Providing/Implementing a multi tier/two tier security mechanism helps in elevating such kinds of active attacks to some extent. Keywords: Black Hole attack, MANET, Clustering, Encryption.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1. The document proposes a new distributed data discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that aims to improve security and performance over existing protocols.
2. Existing protocols primarily use a centralized approach where a single node distributes data, which is not suitable for multiple owners and users, and they do not focus on security.
3. DiDrip allows for a distributed approach where multiple owners can authorize different users simultaneously to access sensor data with different priorities, while improving security.
MANETs have unique characteristics like dynamic topology, wireless radio medium, limited resources and lack of centralized administration; as a result, they are vulnerable to different types of attacks in different layers of protocol stack. wormhole attack detection in wireless sensor networks
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
The document proposes an enhanced anonymous position-based security aware routing protocol called E-APSAR for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It aims to address security issues like black hole attacks in dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. E-APSAR divides the network area into zones and implements encryption to securely transmit data between neighboring zones. Simulation results show that E-APSAR has lower routing overhead and higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to DSR, especially at certain mobility levels. The protocol performance is analyzed against different node densities and mobility to evaluate its effectiveness against black hole attacks in MANETs.
IRJET- Gray-Hole Attack Minimization based on contradiction for ad-hoc networksIRJET Journal
This document discusses minimizing the Gray-Hole attack in mobile ad-hoc networks. It proposes a method called Denial Contradictions with Fictitious Node Mechanism (DCFM) which uses internal network knowledge to identify potential malicious nodes trying to falsify routing information without relying on external trusted parties. DCFM works by checking for logical inconsistencies between a node's routing messages and the actual network topology to detect attacks. The paper analyzes how DCFM can help detect Gray-Hole attacks under the Optimized Link State Routing protocol and reduce packet dropping compared to other approaches through early identification of malicious nodes. Simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DCFM at minimizing the Gray-Hole attack in ad-hoc
Detection and prevention of wormhole attack in mobile adhoc networksambitlick
This document discusses detection and prevention of wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. A wormhole attack is a powerful attack where two or more malicious nodes collude to tunnel packets between them, emulating a shorter route and attracting traffic. This can severely disrupt network communication. The paper proposes a novel trust-based scheme to identify wormhole-creating nodes without cryptography. Extensive simulations show the scheme effectively handles colluding malicious nodes without imposing extra network conditions.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
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The document provides guidance for creating a multimedia presentation in PowerPoint to pitch a battle reenactment company to potential investors. It emphasizes choosing a clear purpose and understanding the audience. Presentations should have a beginning, middle, and end and use visuals, colors, sounds, and text in an easy-to-understand way. Classmates will present their projects and assess each other based on the quality of presentation and strength of content.
ICWES15 - A Digital Future and Resource Depletion. Presented by Jackie M Carp...Engineers Australia
The document discusses how society has become dependent on cheap oil and other finite resources to fuel technological advancement. As these resources become depleted and more expensive to obtain, major changes will be required. Three potential stories are outlined: 1) Things will continue as normal, 2) Changes will happen faster than expected requiring adaptations like working from home more, and 3) A more sustainable system must be adopted emphasizing community and local resources over growth. The third story suggests a future that embraces older sustainable cultures and values cooperation with nature over wealth accumulation. Significant challenges remain in developing appropriate technologies to support this new Digital Age.
This document discusses various types of natural resources including water, minerals, agriculture, and forests. It provides details on renewable resources like freshwater and timber, and nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels. Specific issues covered include freshwater access and sources, water depletion, pollution, deforestation, agricultural practices, and pesticide use. Solutions proposed are desalination and water exports. The document concludes with notes on government responses to better manage resources sustainably.
Resource depletion can negatively impact both LEDCs and MEDCs. LEDCs may experience high pollution levels from resource extraction and become overdependent on a single resource. MEDCs costs can rise from increased resource prices, though they can develop alternatives. Deforestation in Brazil damages the environment while the UK coal industry's decline led to unemployment and economic problems in former mining areas.
The document announces a New Tools & Components webinar to take place on April 7th at 1:00 PM. The goal of the webinar is to increase awareness of new products for urban and community forestry among various groups like professionals, researchers, and the public. The webinar will feature a dedicated webpage showcasing details on new products, an informational webinar illustrating the highlights of each product, and support materials and ordering information archived on the webpage.
The document discusses the depletion of natural resources, distinguishing between renewable and non-renewable resources. It notes that non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and gas exist in limited quantities and will run out, while renewable resources like water and forests can replenish. However, even renewable resources are being consumed faster than they can replenish due to human activity. The document then focuses on why Brazil's Amazon rainforest is being cleared, listing cattle ranching, logging, construction of roads and buildings, and mining as the main causes.
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Industrialization included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
The document categorizes different types of natural resources as being either renewable or non-renewable, and lists examples of biological and agricultural resources around the world, including vegetation, wildlife, sugarcane, rice, wheat, pulses, cotton, tobacco, cereals, potatoes, tea, coffee, coconuts, spices and tropical fruits. It also mentions flow resources like wind and geographical features like the Himalayas.
Natural resources are the materials which are required for the survival and prosperity of human beings.
Life of resources can be prolonged by using them diligently
The resources can be useful for a longer period of time and for a larger number of people.
During consumptive use, prevent exploitation, destruction or neglect.
Natural resources, Conservation, & its Depletion.Jonathan Vincent
This document discusses various types of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It covers forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, and land resources. It describes the importance and uses of these resources as well as causes of depletion such as deforestation, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. Conservation methods are also proposed such as recycling, reducing consumption, and judicious use of resources.
Resources and their Development ( Class X Geography)Krishna Kumar
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Defending Against Energy Draining Attacks In Wireless Sensor Networks Using T...IRJET Journal
The document discusses defending wireless sensor networks against "Vampire attacks" which aim to drain nodes' battery power through malicious routing behavior. It analyzes the vulnerabilities of various routing protocols to two such attacks:
1) The "carousel attack" causes packets to repeatedly traverse the same set of nodes through introduced routing loops in source routing protocols.
2) The "stretch attack" constructs artificially long routes in source routing protocols, forcing packets through many more nodes than needed and increasing energy usage.
Simulation results show a single attacker can increase energy consumption by up to 4x with carousel attacks and up to 10x with stretch attacks. The document explores mitigation methods, finding loose source routing insufficient and proposing
In our research work we are improving the performance of mobile ad hoc networks under jamming attack by using an integrated approach. The proposed work includes a network with high mobility, using IEEE Along g standard jamming attacks and countermeasures in wireless sensor networks
Different Prediction Methods For Route Recovery In MANETJasmine Culbreth
This document discusses different prediction methods for route recovery in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an abstract discussing multiple path routing infrastructures in various networks. The document then provides background on ad hoc networks and discusses features of MANETs such as dynamic topologies and variable capacity links. It also introduces the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and discusses topics like route discovery, link availability, and distributed hash tables in MANETs.
Review on security issues of AODV routing protocol for MANETsIOSR Journals
This document discusses security issues with the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol used in mobile ad hoc networks. AODV is vulnerable to attacks where malicious nodes manipulate routing information like sequence numbers and hop counts. The document reviews these vulnerabilities and proposes securing AODV through symmetric encryption of routing control packets between nodes to prevent modification by unauthorized nodes. It suggests approaches for key exchange without a central authority and describes securing the route discovery and maintenance processes in AODV to authenticate routing updates and detect malicious nodes.
Requisite Trust Based Routing Protocol for WSNAM Publications
This document summarizes a research paper on using a trust-based routing protocol (RTSR) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The summary is:
1) The RTSR protocol uses a cluster-based approach and calculates trust values between nodes to securely discover routes while reducing message and route redundancy.
2) Trust values from neighboring nodes are used to calculate a single trust value for each node. Route discovery and trust information is stored at fixed cluster heads.
3) The protocol aims to improve on previous approaches that did not consider security during route discovery. It analyzes performance metrics like energy consumption, number of hops, and delay compared to the LEEACH routing algorithm for WSNs.
Revisiting the experiment on detecting of replay and message modificationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes methods for detecting message modification and replay attacks in ad-hoc wireless networks. It begins with background on security issues in wireless networks and types of attacks. It then reviews existing intrusion detection systems and security techniques. Related work that detects attacks using features from the media access control layer or radio frequency fingerprinting is also discussed. The paper aims to present a simple, economical, and platform-independent system for detecting message modification, replay attacks, and unauthorized users in ad-hoc networks.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
1. The document discusses selective jamming attacks in wireless networks. Selective jamming attacks target important messages to degrade network performance.
2. The authors develop three schemes that combine cryptographic techniques with physical layer attributes to prevent real-time packet classification and mitigate selective jamming attacks.
3. The schemes are analyzed for their security and computational and communication overhead. The schemes aim to prevent adversaries from identifying important messages to selectively jam on the physical layer.
The networks not present of any centralized or pre-established structure are known as Ad hoc networks. Ad hoc Networks are the class of wireless networks that use multiple hop radio relay. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a combination of wireless mobile nodes and connected other in a dynamic way. ThesisScientist.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document summarizes a study on the Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledge (EAACK) scheme for detecting misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the limitations of existing acknowledgment-based intrusion detection systems like Watchdog, TWOACK, and AACK in handling receiver collisions. The key issues related to acknowledgment-based schemes for detecting misbehavior in MANETs are addressed. The focus is on analyzing the limitations of acknowledgment approaches like AACK and studying EAACK as an improved approach for addressing receiver collisions in MANETs.
This document discusses detection of collision attacks in wireless sensor networks using rule-based packet flow rates. It proposes detection algorithms that monitor the packet flow rate to the base station node. The algorithms aim to have low false detection and tolerance rates and quickly detect attacks. Simulation results show the algorithms achieve these goals. The document also reviews related work on intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks.
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT Vampire attacks draining life from w...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EAVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents
sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face
between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless
devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET
is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as
router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The
nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The
main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret
information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in
identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper,
we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol
in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found
that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol ...ijwmn
The document analyzes the impact of an eavesdropper on the energy consumption of the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Simulations were conducted using the QualNet simulator for 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 nodes. The results show that the presence of an eavesdropper degrades network performance and increases energy consumption compared to the standard AODV protocol. Specifically, throughput was lower, delay and jitter were higher, and transmit energy usage increased in scenarios with an eavesdropper node. The eavesdropper attracts network traffic, forcing nodes to transmit more and reducing overall efficiency.
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Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksIEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
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This document summarizes security attacks on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc wireless networks. It discusses characteristics of ad hoc networks, including dynamic network topology and fluctuating link capacity. It describes problems with routing protocols, such as energy consumption and rapid node movement. It also outlines various security attacks like passive eavesdropping and active attacks that modify or inject false packets. Finally, it examines security solutions for ad hoc networks, including the Security Aware Ad Hoc Routing protocol, Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks protocol, and Cooperation of Nodes Fairness in Dynamic Ad-hoc NeTworks protocol.
This document summarizes a survey on identifying security vulnerabilities in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and their importance for enabling the internet of things. It then discusses key challenges for wireless sensor networks related to constraints on memory, power, communication reliability and security. The document reviews common communication protocols for wireless sensor networks like IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee. It also discusses hierarchical routing approaches. Finally, it categorizes major vulnerabilities for wireless sensor networks related to node compromise and denial of service attacks that can occur due to weaknesses in the open wireless medium.
This document discusses security issues with the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. It first provides background on AODV and security challenges in mobile ad hoc networks. It then analyzes specific attacks on AODV like traffic redirection, replay attacks, and loop formation. The document presents simulation results for a 5 node network that show that insecure AODV has good throughput but higher packet dropping and delay. It concludes that providing security for AODV is needed to address these issues.
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
Vampire attacks drain the battery power of wireless sensor networks by exploiting properties of routing protocols. The paper explores these resource depletion attacks and finds that existing secure routing protocols are susceptible. It presents simulation results showing the impact of a single malicious attacker on network performance. It also modifies an existing routing protocol to provably limit damage from vampire attacks during packet forwarding.
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iaetsd Software defined am transmitter using vhdlIaetsd Iaetsd
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1. Identifying And Preventing Resource Depletion Attack In
Mobile Sensor Network
M.Swapna M.Tech
swapna.12b2@gmail.com
V.Sucharitha
Associate Professor
jesuchi78@yahoo.com
Audisankara college of engineering and technology
ABSTRACT:
Ad-hoc low-power wireless networks are inspiring research direction in sense
and enveloping computing. In previous security work in this area has focused primarily
on inconsistency of communication at the routing or medium access control levels. This
paper explores resource depletion attacks at the navigation protocol layer, which
permanent disable networks by quickly draining nodes battery power. The “Vampire”
attacks are not specific protocol, but rather rely on the properties of many popular classes
of routing protocols. We find that all examined protocols are vulnerable to Vampire
attacks, which are demolish and difficult to detect, and easy to carry out using as few as
one malicious insider send only protocol compliant messages.
1.INTRODUCTION:
the last couple of years wireless
communication has become of such
fundamental importance that a world
without is no longer imaginable for
many of using. Beyond the establish
technologies such as mobile phones and
WLAN, new approaches to wireless
communication are emerging; one of
them are so called ad hoc and sensor
networks. Ad hoc and sensor networks
are formed by autonomous nodes
communicating via radio without any
additional backbone infrastructure. Ad-
hoc wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
promise exciting new applications in the
near future, such as omnipresent on-
demand computing power, continuous
connectivity, and instantly-deployable
communication for military and first
responders. Such networks already
monitor environmental conditions,
factory performance, and troop
deployment, to name a few applications.
As WSNs become more and more
crucial to the everyday functioning of
people and organizations, availability
faults become less tolerable — lack of
availability can make the difference
between business as usual and lost
productivity, power outages,
environmental disasters, and even lost
lives; thus high availability of these
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2. networks is a critical property, and
should hold even under malicious
conditions. Due to their ad-hoc
organization, wireless ad-hoc networks
are particularly vulnerable to denial of
service (DoS) attacks, and a great deal of
research has been done to enhance
survivability.
While these schemes can prevent
attacks on the short-term availability of a
network, they do not address attacks that
affect long-term available — the most
permanent denial of service attack is to
entirely deplete nodes’ batteries. This is
an instance of a resource depletion
attack, with battery power as the
resource of interest. this paper we
consider how routing protocols, even
those designed to be secure, lack
protection from these attacks, which we
call Vampire attacks, since they drain
the life from networks nodes. These
attacks are distinct from previously-
studied DoS, reduction of quality (RoQ),
and routing infrastructure attacks as they
do not disrupt immediate availability,
but rather work over time to entirely
disable a network. While some of the
individual attacks are simple, and power-
draining and resource exhaustion attacks
have been discussed before, prior work
has been mostly confined to other levels
of the protocol stack, e.g. medium access
control (MAC) or application layers, and
to our knowledge there is little
discussion, and no thorough analysis or
mitigation, of routing-layer resource
exhaustion attacks.
Vampire attacks are not protocol-
specific, in that they do not rely on
design properties or implementation
faults of particular routing protocols, but
rather exploit general properties of
protocol classes such as link-state,
distance-vector, source routing and
geographic and beacon routing. Neither
do these attacks rely on flooding the
network with large amounts of data, but
rather try to transmit as little data as
possible to achieve the largest energy
drain, preventing a rate limiting solution.
Since Vampires use protocol-compliant
messages, these attacks are very difficult
to detect and prevent.
This paper makes three primary
contributions. First, we thoroughly
evaluate the vulnerabilities of existing
protocols to routing layer battery
depletion attacks. We observe that
security measures to prevent Vampire
attacks are orthogonal to those used to
protect routing infrastructure, and so
existing secure routing protocols such as
Ariadne, SAODV, and SEAD do not
protect against Vampire attacks. Existing
work on secure routing attempts to
ensure that adversaries cannot cause path
discovery to return an invalid network
path, but Vampires do not disrupt or
alter discovered paths, instead using
existing valid network paths and
protocol compliant messages. Protocols
that maximize power efficiency are also
inappropriate, since they rely on
cooperative node behavior and cannot
optimize out malicious action. Second,
we show simulation results quantifying
the performance of several
representative protocols in the presence
of a single Vampire (insider adversary).
Third, we modify an existing sensor
network routing protocol to provably
bound the damage from Vampire attacks
during packet forwarding.
1.1.Wireless Adhoc Network:
An ad hoc wireless network is a
collection of wireless mobile nodes that
self-configure to form a network without
the aid of any established infrastructure,
as shown in without an inherent
infrastructure, the mobiles handle the
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3. necessary control and networking tasks
by themselves, generally through the use
of distributed control algorithms.
Multihop connections, whereby
intermediate nodes send the packets
toward their final destination, are
supported to allow for efficient wireless
communication between parties that are
relatively far apart. Ad hoc wireless
networks are highly appealing for many
reasons. They can be rapidly deployed
and reconfigured. They can be tailored
to specific applications, as implied by
Oxford’s definition. They are also highly
robust due to their distributed nature,
node redundancy, and the lack of single
points of failure.
Fig:Adhoc Network Structure
Existing work on secure routing
attempts to ensure that adversaries
cannot cause path discovery to return an
invalid network path, but Vampires do
not disrupt or alter discovered paths,
instead using existing valid network
paths and protocol compliant messages.
Protocols that maximize power
efficiency are also inappropriate, since
they rely on cooperative node behavior
and cannot optimize out malicious
action.
2.LITERATURE REVIEW:
Literature survey is the most important
step in software development process.
Before developing the tool it is
necessary to determine the time factor,
economy n company strength. Once
these things r satisfied, ten next steps are
to determine which operating system and
language can be used for developing the
tool. Once the programmers start
building the tool the programmers need
lot of external support. This support can
be obtained from senior programmers,
from book or from websites. Before
building the system the above
consideration r taken into account for
developing the proposed system.
A wireless sensor network (WSN)
consists of spatially distributed
autonomous sensors to monitor physical
or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to
cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location. The more
modern networks are bi-directional, also
enabling control of sensor activity. The
development of wireless sensor networks
was motivated by military applications
such as battlefield surveillance; today
such networks are used in many
industrial and consumer applications,
such as industrial process monitoring
and control, machine health monitoring,
and so on.
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4. The WSN is built of "nodes" –
from a few to several hundreds or even
thousands, where each node is connected
to one (or sometimes several) sensors.
Each such sensor network node has
typically several parts: a radio
transceiver with an internal antenna or
connection to an external antenna, a
microcontroller, an electronic circuit for
interfacing with the sensors and an
energy source, usually a battery or an
embedded form of energy harvesting. A
sensor node might vary in size from that
of a shoebox down to the size of a grain
of dust, although functioning "motes" of
genuine microscopic dimensions have
yet to be created. The cost of sensor
nodes is similarly variable, ranging from
a few to hundreds of dollars, depending
on the complexity of the individual
sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints
on sensor nodes result in corresponding
constraints on resources such as energy,
memory, computational speed and
communications bandwidth. The
topology of the WSNs can vary from a
simple star network to an advanced
multi-hop wireless mesh network. The
propagation technique between the hops
of the network can be routing or
flooding.
3.IMPLIMENTATION:
As a prerequisite, all nodes
cooperatively build a Chord overlay
network over the sensor network. Cloned
node may not participate in this
procedure, but it does not give them any
advantage of avoiding detection. The
construction of the overlay network is
independent of node clone detection. As
a result, nodes possess the information
of their direct predecessor and successor
in the Chord ring. In addition, each node
caches information of its g consecutive
successors in its successors table. Many
Chord systems utilize this kind of cache
mechanism to reduce the communication
cost and enhance systems robustness.
More importantly in our protocol, the
facility of the successors table
contributes to the economical selection
of inspectors. One detection round
consists of three stages.
Stage 1: Initialization
To activate all nodes starting a new
round of node clone detection, the
initiator uses a broadcast authentication
scheme to release an action message
including a monotonously increasing
nonce, a random round seed, and an
action time. The nonce is intended to
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5. prevent adversaries from launching a
DoS attack by repeating broadcasting
action messages. The action message is
defined by
Stage 2: Claiming neighbors information
Upon receiving an action message, a
node verifies if the message nonce is
greater than last nonce and if the
message signature is valid. If both pass,
the node updates the nonce and stores
the seed. At the designated action time,
the node operates as an observer that
generates a claiming message for each
neighbor (examinee) and transmits the
message through the overlay network
with respect to the claiming
probability .The claiming message by
observer for examinee is constructed
by
Where , are locations of and
,respectively. Nodes can start
transmitting claiming messages at the
same time, but then huge traffic may
cause serious interference and degrade
the network capacity. To relieve this
problem, we may specify a sending
period, during which nodes randomly
pick up a transmission time for every
claiming message.
Stage 3: Processing claiming messages
A claiming message will be forwarded to
its destination node via several Chord
intermediate nodes. Only those nodes in
the overlay network layer (i.e., the
source node, Chord intermediate nodes,
and the destination node) need to process
a message,
whereas other nodes along the path
simply route the message to temporary
targets. Algorithm 1 for handling a
message is the kernel of our DHT-based
detection protocol. If the algorithm
returns NIL, then the message has
arrived at its destination. Otherwise, the
message will be subsequently forwarded
to the next node with the ID that is
returned by Algorithm 1.
Criteria of determining inspectors:
During handling a message in Algorithm
1, the node acts as an inspector if one of
the following conditions is satisfied.
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6. 4.ALGORITHMS:
1) This node is the destination node of
the claiming message.
2) The destination node is one of the g
successors of the node. In other words,
the destination node will be reached in
the next Chord hop. While the first
criterion is intuitive, the second one is
subtle and critical for the protocol
performance. By Algorithm 1, roughly
of all claiming messages related to a
same examinee’s ID will pass through
one of the predecessors of the
destination. Thus, those nodes are much
more likely to be able to detect a clone
than randomly selected inspectors. As a
result, this criterion to decide inspectors
can increase the average number of
witnesses at a little extra memory cost.
We will theoretically quantify those
performance measurements later. In
Algorithm 1, to examine a message for
node clone detection, an inspector will
invoke Algorithm 2, which compares the
message with previous inspected
messages that are buffered in the cache
table. Naturally, all records in the cache
table should have different examinee
IDs, as implied in Algorithm 2. If
detecting a clone, which means that
there exist two messages and
satisfying and , the
witness node then broadcasts the
evidence to notify the whole network.
All integrity nodes verify the evidence
message and
stop communicating with the cloned
nodes. To prevent cloned nodes from
joining the network in the future, a
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7. revocation list of compromised nodes
IDs may be maintained by nodes
individually. It is worth noting that
messages and are
authenticated by observers and,
respectively. Therefore, the witness does
not need to sign the evidence message. If
a malicious node tries to launch a DoS
attack by broadcasting a bogus evidence
message, the next integrity node
receiving it can immediately detect the
wicked behavior by verifying the
signatures of and before
forwarding to other nodes.
The DHT-based detection protocol
can be applied to general sensor
networks, and its security level is
remarkable, as cloned nodes will be
caught by one deterministic witness plus
several probabilistic witnesses.
However, the message transmission over
a Chord overlap network incurs
considerable communication cost, which
may not be desired for some sensor
networks that are extremely sensitive to
energy consumption. To fulfill this
challenge, we propose the randomly
directed exploration (RDE), which
tremendously reduces communication
cost and presents optimal storage
expense with adequate detection
probability. The RDE protocol shares the
major merit with broadcasting detection:
Every node only needs to know and
buffer a neighbor-list containing all
neighbors IDs and locations. For both
detection procedures, every node
constructs a claiming message with
signed version of its neighbor-list, and
then tries to deliver the message to
others which will compare with its own
neighbor-list to detect clone. For a dense
network, broadcasting will drive all
neighbors of cloned nodes to find the
attack, but in fact one witness that
successfully catches the clone and then
notifies the entire network would suffice
for the detection purpose. To achieve
that in a communicatively efficient way,
we bring several mechanisms and
effectively construct a multicast routing
protocol. First, a claiming message
needs to provide maximal h op limit, and
initially it is sent to a random neighbor.
Then, the message subsequent
transmission will roughly maintain a
line. The line transmission property
helps a message go through the network
as fast as possible from a locally optimal
perspective. In addition, we introduce
border determination mechanism to
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8. significantly reduce communication cost.
We can do all of those because every
node is aware of its neighbors locations,
which is a basic assumption for all
witness-based detection protocols but
rarely utilized by other protocols.
4.1 Protocol Description:
One round of clone detection is still
activated by the initiator. Subsequently,
at the designated action time, each node
creates its own neighbor-list including
the neighbors IDs and locations, which
constitutes the sole storage consumption
of the protocol. Then, it, as an observer
for all its neighbors, starts to generate a
claiming message containing its own ID,
location, and its neighb-list. The
claiming message by node is
constructed by
where is time to live (a.k.a. message
maximum hop). Since tt1 will be altered
by intermediate nodes during
transmission, it should not be
authenticated. The observer willdeliver
the claiming message r times. In each
time, the node transmits it to a random
neighbor as indicated. Note that can be a
real number, and accordingly an
observer transmits its claiming message
at least[r] ,up to ,[r] and on average r
times. When an intermediate node
receives a claiming message it
launches , which is described by
pseudo code in Algorithm 3, to
process the message. During the
processing, node , as an inspector,
compares its own neighbor-list to the
neighbor-list in the message, checking if
there is a clone. Similarly, if detecting a
clone, the witness node will
broadcast an evidence messageto notify
the whole network such
that the cloned
nodes are expelled from the sensor
network. To deal with routing, node
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9. decreases the message’s by 1 and
discards the message if reaches zero;
Essentially, Algorithm 4 contains the
following three mechanisms.
4.2Deterministicdirected
transmission:
When node receives a claiming message
from previous node, the ideal direction
can be calculated. In order to achieve the
best effect of line transmission, the next
destination node should be node , which
is closest to the ideal direction.
4.3Networkborder
determination:
This takes network shape into
consideration to reduce the
communication cost. In many sensor
network applications, there exist outside
borders of network due to physical
constrains. When reaching some border
in the network, the claiming message
can be directly discarded. In our
proposal for border local determination,
another parameter
4.4target range :
This is used along with ideal direction to
determine a target zone. When no
neighbor is found in this zone, the
current node will conclude that the
message has reached a border, and thus
throw it away.
Fig:Loose source routing performance
compared to optimal, in a network with
diameter slightly above 10. The dashed
trend line represents expected path
length when nodes store logN local state,
and the solid trend line shows actual
observed performance.
5.CONCLUSION:
We defined Vampire attacks, a new class
of resource consumption attacks that use
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10. routing protocols to permanently disable
ad-hoc wireless sensor networks by
depleting nodes’ battery power. These
attacks do not depend on particular
protocols or implementations, but rather
expose vulnerabilities in a number of
popular protocol classes. We showed a
number of proof-of-concept attacks
against representative examples of
existing routing protocols using a small
number of weak adversaries, and
measured their attack success on a
randomly-generated topology of 30
nodes.
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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
ISBN: 378 - 26 - 138420 - 5
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165
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
ISBN: 378 - 26 - 138420 - 5
www.iaetsd.in