This document summarizes a research paper that designed a low-cost and efficient strip line band pass filter for Bluetooth applications. The paper presents the design of a band pass filter with a center frequency of 2.4GHz and bandwidth of 150MHz. The filter was designed using simulation software and tested on a spectrum analyzer. Strip line band pass filters can reduce size while providing good pass band gain and stop band attenuation characteristics. The designed filter meets the bandwidth needs for Bluetooth transmission and can be integrated into Bluetooth transceiver systems.
This document contains the agenda for the lecture on filter implementation. It discusses Richards' transformation for implementing filters and Kuroda's identities for transforming series stubs into shunt stubs or changing impedances. An example is given for designing a low-pass filter with specifications of a 4 GHz cutoff frequency and 50 ohm impedance using microstrip lines. Bandpass and bandstop filters are also discussed along with designs using capacitively coupled series and shunt resonators with stub lengths of λ/2 and λ/4 respectively.
This document summarizes the design and testing of a differential-mode wideband bandpass filter on microstrip line for ultra-wideband applications. The filter was designed using an ideal transmission line model and simulated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. It was then fabricated on microstrip and experimentally tested. The fabricated filter achieved a 65% fractional bandwidth from 2.7-5.3 GHz while maintaining over 20 dB of common-mode rejection, making it suitable for use in circuits with common grounds. Simulation and experimental results closely matched, validating the transmission line-based design approach.
The document discusses the design of a multiband bandpass filter using a triangular patch resonator for ultra-wideband applications. It begins with introductions to microstrip patches, antennas, and filters. It then covers techniques for designing microwave filters, including using defected ground structures (DGS) and defected microstrip structures (DMS). The document proposes using DGS and DMS to design a multiband bandpass filter for UWB and presents the basic structures and advantages of these approaches. It concludes with discussing future aspects and providing references.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
The document discusses the design of compact microstrip bandpass filters for microwave applications. It first provides background on microwaves and filter types/characteristics. Then it reviews recent works involving hairpin resonators, dual-mode resonators, and stepped impedance resonators. Hairpin resonators allow for dual band filters and transmission zeros. Dual-mode resonators reduce size but require strong coupling. Stepped impedance resonators improve matching and rejection band performance. The document proposes new compact bandpass filter designs utilizing these resonator techniques.
Design, Simulation and Fabrication of a Microstrip Bandpass FilterEditor IJCATR
The document describes the design, simulation, fabrication and testing of a parallel coupled microstrip bandpass filter. Key details:
- The filter is designed to operate between 2.4-2.48 GHz with a center frequency of 2.44 GHz and 0.5 dB ripple.
- A Chebyshev filter with order 5 is designed using a low-pass prototype filter and admittance inverters to transform it to a bandpass filter structure.
- The filter is simulated in ADS and optimized. Dimensions like line widths and lengths are calculated.
- The filter is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate and tested using a network analyzer. Measurements show the filter meets specifications
study of ttc link and parallel coupled filter designManoj Kumar
ADS is an electronic design automation software used for designing parallel coupled band pass filters in the MHz regime. It provides circuit simulation, 3D electromagnetic field simulation, and flexibility in tackling systems analysis. A parallel coupled band pass filter was designed in ADS with a bandwidth of 4180-4200 MHz and S21/S12 and S22/S11 parameters meeting specified constraints. Simulation results showed the designed filter meeting the center frequency and S21 parameter specifications.
This document describes a thesis submitted by Sarvajeet Halder and Sourav Sarkar on the design of a low-pass filter using microstrip technology. It provides background on microstrip fabrication techniques including copper-clad boards, thick-film, and thin-film methods. It also covers the working principles of microstrip lines including Richard's transformation and Kuroda identities. The document gives details on microstrip design considerations such as effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance calculation, dispersion, and sources of attenuation. The objective of the thesis is to design a low-pass filter using these microstrip concepts.
This document contains the agenda for the lecture on filter implementation. It discusses Richards' transformation for implementing filters and Kuroda's identities for transforming series stubs into shunt stubs or changing impedances. An example is given for designing a low-pass filter with specifications of a 4 GHz cutoff frequency and 50 ohm impedance using microstrip lines. Bandpass and bandstop filters are also discussed along with designs using capacitively coupled series and shunt resonators with stub lengths of λ/2 and λ/4 respectively.
This document summarizes the design and testing of a differential-mode wideband bandpass filter on microstrip line for ultra-wideband applications. The filter was designed using an ideal transmission line model and simulated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. It was then fabricated on microstrip and experimentally tested. The fabricated filter achieved a 65% fractional bandwidth from 2.7-5.3 GHz while maintaining over 20 dB of common-mode rejection, making it suitable for use in circuits with common grounds. Simulation and experimental results closely matched, validating the transmission line-based design approach.
The document discusses the design of a multiband bandpass filter using a triangular patch resonator for ultra-wideband applications. It begins with introductions to microstrip patches, antennas, and filters. It then covers techniques for designing microwave filters, including using defected ground structures (DGS) and defected microstrip structures (DMS). The document proposes using DGS and DMS to design a multiband bandpass filter for UWB and presents the basic structures and advantages of these approaches. It concludes with discussing future aspects and providing references.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
The document discusses the design of compact microstrip bandpass filters for microwave applications. It first provides background on microwaves and filter types/characteristics. Then it reviews recent works involving hairpin resonators, dual-mode resonators, and stepped impedance resonators. Hairpin resonators allow for dual band filters and transmission zeros. Dual-mode resonators reduce size but require strong coupling. Stepped impedance resonators improve matching and rejection band performance. The document proposes new compact bandpass filter designs utilizing these resonator techniques.
Design, Simulation and Fabrication of a Microstrip Bandpass FilterEditor IJCATR
The document describes the design, simulation, fabrication and testing of a parallel coupled microstrip bandpass filter. Key details:
- The filter is designed to operate between 2.4-2.48 GHz with a center frequency of 2.44 GHz and 0.5 dB ripple.
- A Chebyshev filter with order 5 is designed using a low-pass prototype filter and admittance inverters to transform it to a bandpass filter structure.
- The filter is simulated in ADS and optimized. Dimensions like line widths and lengths are calculated.
- The filter is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate and tested using a network analyzer. Measurements show the filter meets specifications
study of ttc link and parallel coupled filter designManoj Kumar
ADS is an electronic design automation software used for designing parallel coupled band pass filters in the MHz regime. It provides circuit simulation, 3D electromagnetic field simulation, and flexibility in tackling systems analysis. A parallel coupled band pass filter was designed in ADS with a bandwidth of 4180-4200 MHz and S21/S12 and S22/S11 parameters meeting specified constraints. Simulation results showed the designed filter meeting the center frequency and S21 parameter specifications.
This document describes a thesis submitted by Sarvajeet Halder and Sourav Sarkar on the design of a low-pass filter using microstrip technology. It provides background on microstrip fabrication techniques including copper-clad boards, thick-film, and thin-film methods. It also covers the working principles of microstrip lines including Richard's transformation and Kuroda identities. The document gives details on microstrip design considerations such as effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance calculation, dispersion, and sources of attenuation. The objective of the thesis is to design a low-pass filter using these microstrip concepts.
A Wideband Bandpass Filter by Integrating a Section of High Pass HMSIW with a...fanfan he
This document presents a wideband bandpass filter design based on integrating a half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) high pass filter with a microstrip lowpass filter. The HMSIW provides the lower cutoff frequency of 7.1 GHz, while the microstrip lowpass filter provides the upper cutoff of 16.6 GHz, resulting in a predicted passband of 7.1-16.6 GHz (74% bandwidth). A prototype was fabricated on a dielectric substrate and measured results showed good agreement with simulations, with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB across the passband and greater than 30 dB rejection outside the passband.
IRJET- A Review on Microstrip Filter for the Application in Communication SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip filters and their application in communication systems. It discusses the basic functions of filters, including bandpass, band-stop, low-pass and high-pass. Microstrip filters are described as important microwave components that allow certain frequency ranges to pass while attenuating others. Common types of microwave filters are then outlined, such as iris filters, pure metal filters, and fineline filters. Key specifications for microwave filters like insertion loss, return loss, pass band, and stop band are also defined.
This document summarizes a report on the design of compact ultra-wideband bandpass filters and notched bandpass filters using microstrip structures. It describes:
1) The use of a dual-mode ring resonator to provide two resonant frequencies in the UWB band and a dual-line parallel-coupled structure for tight coupling between ports and resonators.
2) For the notched bandpass filter, λ/4 open-circuited stubs provide a notch at 5.2 GHz to suppress the HyperLAN frequency.
3) Both filters achieve good agreement between simulated and measured results, with the bandpass filter providing over 100% fractional bandwidth and the notched filter providing two pass
Design of a microstrip bandpass filter Tauseef khan
This document describes the design of a microstrip bandpass filter with a center frequency of 3 GHz and 20% fractional bandwidth. It uses quarter wavelength shorted stub resonators designed on AWR Microwave Office simulation software. The filter design achieves less than 4dB insertion loss within the passband, which ranges from 2.712 GHz to 3.268 GHz. The stub filter architecture makes the design more compact and easier to realize compared to coupled line filters, although it requires impedances that can be difficult to implement in practice. In conclusion, the microstrip bandpass filter design meets the specified requirements and its performance is simulated and verified using the software.
This document discusses various types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as wireless transmission using microwave frequencies and antennas. It covers topics like the characteristics, bandwidth, and impairments of different media, as well as wireless propagation methods like ground wave, sky wave, and line of sight transmission and the effects of multipath interference and free space loss.
This document discusses wireless communication channels and diversity techniques. It describes how wireless channels experience both large-scale and small-scale fading, unlike wired channels. Small-scale fading is caused by multipath interference and results in rapid channel variations. Diversity combines multiple independent copies of the signal to improve link performance over fading channels. It can be achieved through techniques like antenna, site, frequency, time, polarization and angle diversity. The capacity of wireless channels is fundamentally limited by information theory based on available channel resources.
This document discusses various types of transmission media used in data communication, including guided media (wired) such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, as well as unguided media (wireless) such as radio waves and microwaves. It provides details on the characteristics, applications, and benefits of each transmission medium.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals from sender to receiver. It describes guided media such as wired cables that use conductors like fiber optic cables to guide signals along a physical path. It also describes unguided or wireless media such as radio waves that transmit signals through air without a physical path. The key classes of transmission media are guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cables and optical fibers, and unguided wireless media like radio waves and infrared that transmit signals without a physical path.
This document discusses various diversity techniques used in wireless communications to combat fading. It describes types of diversity including time, frequency, multiuser, and space diversity. It also outlines combining techniques such as selection combining, maximal ratio combining and equal gain combining that are used to improve the signal by combining signals from multiple diversity branches. The document concludes by discussing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) schemes that exploit diversity and multiuser diversity.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
Diversity Techniques in mobile communicationsDiwaker Pant
The document discusses diversity techniques in wireless communication. It introduces different types of diversity including frequency diversity and time diversity. Frequency diversity involves transmitting the same information over multiple carrier frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. Time diversity involves repeated transmission of information with time spacing exceeding the channel coherence time. The document provides examples of how techniques like frequency division multiplexing and rake receivers implement frequency and time diversity respectively.
A compact fourth order multi-fold hairpin line microstrip bandpass filter at ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Transmission media are the means by which data is transmitted over long distances. Common transmission media include guided media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Each type of transmission medium has its own characteristics and applications. For example, coaxial cable provides good bandwidth and noise immunity but is more expensive than twisted pair cable. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth but requires specialized equipment. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic signals of varying frequencies that propagate through the air. [/SUMMARY]
1. The document discusses various wireless transmission methods including radio transmission, microwave transmission using terrestrial or satellite systems, and infrared transmission.
2. It provides details on how wireless communication systems work by modulating, amplifying and radiating a carrier signal using an antenna, which can then be received by another antenna tuned to the same frequency.
3. The key types of wireless transmissions are described as direct line-of-sight waves, ground-based surface waves that follow the earth's curvature, and skywaves that are reflected by the ionosphere for long distance propagation.
The document discusses key aspects of wireless communication reference models including:
1. It describes the layers of the reference model from the physical layer up to the application layer and their main functions.
2. It covers topics like frequency ranges used for wireless transmission, common modulation techniques, and effects of signal propagation like multipath propagation.
3. It discusses technologies and standards used for wireless networks and regulations set by organizations like ITU.
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It also covers unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to classify and explain the basic concepts of different transmission media and their use in data communication networks.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
The physical layer overview document discusses:
1. The physical layer architecture and clear channel assessment function.
2. The standardized physical layers for 802.11 including frequency hopping, direct sequence, and infrared.
3. Licensed and unlicensed frequency bands where 802.11 operates, requiring spread spectrum technology in unlicensed bands.
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
The document summarizes two methods to detect abnormalities inside a buried marble block using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The first method directly detected a block buried 0.2m deep using GPR. Hyperbolas in the radargram indicated the block position and internal cracks. The second method used GPR simulation software to model signals from a block buried at 0.5m, validating GPR can distinguish usable blocks from those with fractures or debris. Both methods show GPR and simulations can effectively locate marble blocks and internal cracks for quarry exploitation.
A Wideband Bandpass Filter by Integrating a Section of High Pass HMSIW with a...fanfan he
This document presents a wideband bandpass filter design based on integrating a half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) high pass filter with a microstrip lowpass filter. The HMSIW provides the lower cutoff frequency of 7.1 GHz, while the microstrip lowpass filter provides the upper cutoff of 16.6 GHz, resulting in a predicted passband of 7.1-16.6 GHz (74% bandwidth). A prototype was fabricated on a dielectric substrate and measured results showed good agreement with simulations, with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB across the passband and greater than 30 dB rejection outside the passband.
IRJET- A Review on Microstrip Filter for the Application in Communication SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip filters and their application in communication systems. It discusses the basic functions of filters, including bandpass, band-stop, low-pass and high-pass. Microstrip filters are described as important microwave components that allow certain frequency ranges to pass while attenuating others. Common types of microwave filters are then outlined, such as iris filters, pure metal filters, and fineline filters. Key specifications for microwave filters like insertion loss, return loss, pass band, and stop band are also defined.
This document summarizes a report on the design of compact ultra-wideband bandpass filters and notched bandpass filters using microstrip structures. It describes:
1) The use of a dual-mode ring resonator to provide two resonant frequencies in the UWB band and a dual-line parallel-coupled structure for tight coupling between ports and resonators.
2) For the notched bandpass filter, λ/4 open-circuited stubs provide a notch at 5.2 GHz to suppress the HyperLAN frequency.
3) Both filters achieve good agreement between simulated and measured results, with the bandpass filter providing over 100% fractional bandwidth and the notched filter providing two pass
Design of a microstrip bandpass filter Tauseef khan
This document describes the design of a microstrip bandpass filter with a center frequency of 3 GHz and 20% fractional bandwidth. It uses quarter wavelength shorted stub resonators designed on AWR Microwave Office simulation software. The filter design achieves less than 4dB insertion loss within the passband, which ranges from 2.712 GHz to 3.268 GHz. The stub filter architecture makes the design more compact and easier to realize compared to coupled line filters, although it requires impedances that can be difficult to implement in practice. In conclusion, the microstrip bandpass filter design meets the specified requirements and its performance is simulated and verified using the software.
This document discusses various types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as wireless transmission using microwave frequencies and antennas. It covers topics like the characteristics, bandwidth, and impairments of different media, as well as wireless propagation methods like ground wave, sky wave, and line of sight transmission and the effects of multipath interference and free space loss.
This document discusses wireless communication channels and diversity techniques. It describes how wireless channels experience both large-scale and small-scale fading, unlike wired channels. Small-scale fading is caused by multipath interference and results in rapid channel variations. Diversity combines multiple independent copies of the signal to improve link performance over fading channels. It can be achieved through techniques like antenna, site, frequency, time, polarization and angle diversity. The capacity of wireless channels is fundamentally limited by information theory based on available channel resources.
This document discusses various types of transmission media used in data communication, including guided media (wired) such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, as well as unguided media (wireless) such as radio waves and microwaves. It provides details on the characteristics, applications, and benefits of each transmission medium.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals from sender to receiver. It describes guided media such as wired cables that use conductors like fiber optic cables to guide signals along a physical path. It also describes unguided or wireless media such as radio waves that transmit signals through air without a physical path. The key classes of transmission media are guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cables and optical fibers, and unguided wireless media like radio waves and infrared that transmit signals without a physical path.
This document discusses various diversity techniques used in wireless communications to combat fading. It describes types of diversity including time, frequency, multiuser, and space diversity. It also outlines combining techniques such as selection combining, maximal ratio combining and equal gain combining that are used to improve the signal by combining signals from multiple diversity branches. The document concludes by discussing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) schemes that exploit diversity and multiuser diversity.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
Diversity Techniques in mobile communicationsDiwaker Pant
The document discusses diversity techniques in wireless communication. It introduces different types of diversity including frequency diversity and time diversity. Frequency diversity involves transmitting the same information over multiple carrier frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. Time diversity involves repeated transmission of information with time spacing exceeding the channel coherence time. The document provides examples of how techniques like frequency division multiplexing and rake receivers implement frequency and time diversity respectively.
A compact fourth order multi-fold hairpin line microstrip bandpass filter at ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Transmission media are the means by which data is transmitted over long distances. Common transmission media include guided media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Each type of transmission medium has its own characteristics and applications. For example, coaxial cable provides good bandwidth and noise immunity but is more expensive than twisted pair cable. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth but requires specialized equipment. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic signals of varying frequencies that propagate through the air. [/SUMMARY]
1. The document discusses various wireless transmission methods including radio transmission, microwave transmission using terrestrial or satellite systems, and infrared transmission.
2. It provides details on how wireless communication systems work by modulating, amplifying and radiating a carrier signal using an antenna, which can then be received by another antenna tuned to the same frequency.
3. The key types of wireless transmissions are described as direct line-of-sight waves, ground-based surface waves that follow the earth's curvature, and skywaves that are reflected by the ionosphere for long distance propagation.
The document discusses key aspects of wireless communication reference models including:
1. It describes the layers of the reference model from the physical layer up to the application layer and their main functions.
2. It covers topics like frequency ranges used for wireless transmission, common modulation techniques, and effects of signal propagation like multipath propagation.
3. It discusses technologies and standards used for wireless networks and regulations set by organizations like ITU.
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It also covers unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to classify and explain the basic concepts of different transmission media and their use in data communication networks.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
The physical layer overview document discusses:
1. The physical layer architecture and clear channel assessment function.
2. The standardized physical layers for 802.11 including frequency hopping, direct sequence, and infrared.
3. Licensed and unlicensed frequency bands where 802.11 operates, requiring spread spectrum technology in unlicensed bands.
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
The document summarizes two methods to detect abnormalities inside a buried marble block using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The first method directly detected a block buried 0.2m deep using GPR. Hyperbolas in the radargram indicated the block position and internal cracks. The second method used GPR simulation software to model signals from a block buried at 0.5m, validating GPR can distinguish usable blocks from those with fractures or debris. Both methods show GPR and simulations can effectively locate marble blocks and internal cracks for quarry exploitation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses using waste plastic as a modifier for asphalt and cement concrete pavements. It summarizes previous research coating aggregates with plastic waste and blending plastic into asphalt at different ratios. The author aims to evaluate properties of coated aggregates and polymer-modified asphalt, including Marshall stability and compressive strength. Test results showed increases in stability and strength compared to unmodified materials, indicating plastic waste has potential as a pavement modifier. This could provide an eco-friendly use of plastic waste.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating and investigating the performance of a series active power filter using hysteresis current control.
The paper presents the simulation of a hysteresis current controlled, three-phase series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. The series active filter employs a simple method for calculating the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. The results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, providing satisfactory mitigation of harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor improvement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses implementing JPEG image compression on an ARM processor. It begins with an introduction to real-time embedded systems and ARM processors. The main steps of JPEG compression are then described, including discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantization, zig-zag scanning, and entropy coding. The authors implemented JPEG decoding on an ARM processor using these steps. They found the output from the ARM implementation matched the output from MATLAB at each processing step. This demonstrates the ARM processor is capable of performing JPEG compression in an efficient embedded application such as a digital camera.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Smart Sync 2009 es un programa de control de aula que consta de dos aplicaciones, una para el profesor y otra para los alumnos. El programa permite que el profesor vea las pantallas de los alumnos, bloquee el acceso a Internet, envíe archivos y páginas web, tome capturas de pantalla, y divida a los alumnos en grupos de trabajo. Los alumnos pueden enviar preguntas y participar en votaciones y conversaciones iniciadas por el profesor.
El poema describe cómo los amores del pasado pueden volverse inmunes al olvido y permanecer en la memoria como fantasmas de un idilio perdido. Estas heridas de amor quedan siempre abiertas y transforman nuestras vidas, aferrándose con bravía para recordarnos constantemente aunque estén distantemente. Son amores viejos e imborrables que se vuelven poco a poco inolvidables a pesar de estar lejos del alma.
The document provides a template for describing people by their physical characteristics and appearance, with prompts asking "What is he/she like?" followed by incomplete sentences to fill in details such as what someone is wearing or their physical attributes. No individuals are described, as the sentences are left incomplete. The document serves as a guide for describing people.
1. Open educational resources (OER) have existed in France since the early 2000s, with seven open thematic universities providing over 23,000 OER covering various subjects.
2. OER in France comes from institutional, public, and private websites, but can be dispersed and unknown. Some resources, like those from France Culture, are freely available but not openly licensed.
3. The report recommends harmonizing OER policies, better communication, strong support for using OER, and federating OER activities, possibly through an OCW France consortium.
Con motivo de la Festividad del Día de Andalucía, los niños y niñas de Guadalinfo Torrox, han buscado información y han elaborado la siguiente presentación.
Integrated Open Loop Resonator Filter Designed with Notch Patch Antenna for M...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presented the design of integrated open loop resonator bandpass filter with notch type antenna for the use in microwave applications. Chebyshev type filter is selected as the filter characteristics and cascaded design with the antenna to produce a single module, Integrated Filter Antenna (IFA). Special feature of the antenna is the implementation of notch on the patch antenna to improve the efficiency. IFA is then simulated in electromagnetic simulation tool, Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) version 2016 and measured using R&S Vector Network Analyzer. It shows that the proposed IFA produced good measured return loss >-30dB with both vertical and horizontal gain of 9.11dBi and 8.01dBi respectively.
Coupled Line Band Pass Filter with Defected Ground Structure for Wide Band Ap...IJERA Editor
In this paper a novel wideband microstrip band pass filter is proposed. The band pass filter is designed with coupling between two L-shaped microstriplines and is terminated with a high impedance line. The three circle shapes are etched out at the ground plane and is called defected ground structure (DGS), which provides better return loss as well as it reduces harmonics. Simulated and measured results both are in true agreement with each other. Results show that the defected microstrip filter has a good performance, including a wide pass band of 3.0 GHz to 5.6 GHz at 3dB cut off frequencies with bandwidth of 2.6 GHz, and a small insertion loss. The return loss is found to be higher than 15 dB.
The document summarizes research on the design and analysis of microstrip-fed ultra-wideband antennas with multiple band-notch functions. A compact printed monopole UWB antenna is presented with slots etched in the radiating patch to create notched bands at 3.3–3.7 GHz for WiMAX, 5.15–5.825 GHz for WLAN, and 7.25–7.75 GHz for satellite communication. Surface currents and transmission line models are used to analyze the effect of the slots. The designed antenna has a compact size of 25 x 29 mm2 and produces broadband matched impedance and good omnidirectional radiation patterns.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Band Notching Pr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of ultra-wide band antennas with band-notching properties. It discusses how defected ground structures can be used to achieve band notching at specific frequencies like the WLAN band, in order to avoid interference with other wireless systems. Various antenna geometries and feeding techniques that have been studied for achieving ultra-wide bandwidth are summarized. The document reviews several previous studies on microstrip-fed patch antennas, monopole antennas, and defected ground structure antennas designed for ultra-wide bandwidth with frequency band rejections.
Design and Analysis of Single Microstrip Patch Antenna with Proximity Coupler...IOSR Journals
This document describes the design and analysis of a single microstrip patch antenna with proximity coupler fed technique for wireless LAN applications at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio simulation software. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch on one substrate proximity coupled to a microstrip feed line on another substrate. The length of the patch was optimized to achieve a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. Simulation results showed return losses below -10 dB and VSWR below 1.6 at 2.4 GHz, indicating good impedance matching. The antenna achieved a maximum gain of 7.4 dB and radiation patterns that were suitable for wireless LAN applications.
This document describes the design and analysis of a single microstrip patch antenna with proximity coupler fed technique for wireless LAN applications at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio simulation software. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch on one substrate proximity coupled to a microstrip feed line on another substrate. The length of the patch was optimized to achieve a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. Simulation results showed return losses below -10 dB and VSWR below 1.6 at 2.4 GHz, indicating good impedance matching. The antenna achieved a maximum gain of 7.4 dB and radiation patterns that were suitable for wireless LAN applications.
IRJET- Miniaturization of Patch Antenna using SRR and CSRRIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on miniaturizing a patch antenna using split ring resonators (SRR) and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR). It describes the design and simulation of several antenna prototypes. The first prototype incorporated a CSRR into the patch but only achieved a 15% size reduction. The second prototype placed the CSRR in the ground plane and capacitively coupled the feed, achieving a 91% size reduction down to 2x2 cm for operation at 2.4 GHz. Simulation results showed improved matching of -20 dB compared to the original antenna. In conclusion, the project goal of significantly miniaturizing the antenna was achieved through the use of metamaterials.
This document contains a project report submitted by three students, Kul Vaibhav, Manish Kumar, and Munna Kumar, for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report describes their project on RF filter design conducted under the guidance of their professor, Avishek Das. The report includes an introduction to electronic filters and RF filters. It then discusses different types of filters including Butterworth, Bessel, and Chebyshev filters. The report also covers the design of bandpass filters and their applications.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
RZ based dispersion compensation technique in dwdm system for broadband spectrumRamesh Patriotic
This document summarizes a study on using return-to-zero (RZ) pulse modulation and dispersion compensation techniques in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The study designs an 8-channel DWDM system using RZ pulse modulation at 2.5 Gbps over 100km of single-mode fiber. Dispersion compensation fiber is placed before the transmission fiber to reduce dispersion effects. Simulation results show that the RZ modulation technique offers improved eye diagrams, higher Q-factors, lower bit error rates, and broader transmitted spectra compared to non-return-to-zero modulation, indicating better performance for long-haul optical communication networks.
Iisrt 1-rz based dispersion compensation technique in dwdm system for broadba...IISRTJournals
This document summarizes a study on using return-to-zero (RZ) pulse generation and dispersion compensation techniques in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems to achieve broadband transmission over long distances. The study used simulation software to model an 8-channel DWDM system with and without dispersion compensation fibers. Results showed that using RZ pulses and dispersion compensation fibers improved key performance metrics like Q-factor and minimum bit error rate compared to non-return-to-zero pulses over a 100km single mode fiber link. Graphs and eye diagrams demonstrated lower jitter and better signal quality when using the RZ and dispersion compensation technique.
RZ based dispersion compensation technique in dwdm system for broadband spectrumIISRT
This document summarizes a study on using return-to-zero (RZ) pulse generation and dispersion compensation techniques in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems to achieve broadband transmission over long distances. The study used simulation software to model an 8-channel DWDM system with and without dispersion compensation fibers. Results showed that using RZ pulses and dispersion compensation fibers improved key performance metrics like Q-factor and minimum bit error rate compared to non-return-to-zero pulses without compensation. Analysis of eye diagrams and spectra also demonstrated lower distortion and broader transmission bandwidth when using the RZ and compensation technique.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
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Design and Analysis of Tiny Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a tiny microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 28-35 GHz. The antenna has dimensions of 5.5x5.5x0.017 mm and is made of ROGERS RT5880 substrate. Simulation results show the antenna has a resonance frequency of 33.4 GHz and return loss of -50.95 dB, making it suitable for wearable public safety communications devices.
Switchable dual-band bandpass filter based on stepped impedance resonator wit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a design for a switchable dual-band bandpass filter for wireless applications. The filter is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX. It uses a stepped impedance resonator structure with a U-shaped defected microstrip to produce a notch response. A PIN diode is introduced to make the filter switchable between a wide single passband and a dual passband. Simulation results show the filter produces a wide 62.1% fractional bandwidth passband when the diode is off and dual passbands when the diode is on. Measured results agree well with simulations. The overall size of the fabricated filter circuit is 65
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
This document describes the design of a tunable antenna for cognitive radios operating in the UHF TV band (470-806 MHz). It discusses:
1) The design of a generalized impedance matching circuit using a π-network of fixed inductors and variable capacitors to match the antenna's impedance across the entire UHF TV band. The capacitors can be tuned digitally.
2) The use of a digitally tunable capacitor (DTC) in the impedance matching circuit to allow software control of the capacitance. Models of the DTC circuit elements and their variation with tuning state are presented.
3) A simplified equivalent circuit model of the DTC configured in shunt mode
Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A reviewIJERA Editor
The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an ultra-wide bandpass filter using an isosceles triangular microstrip patch resonator. The filter is designed to have wide bandwidth, low insertion loss, high return loss, and flat group delay. Simulation results show the filter has an insertion loss of 0.224 dB, return loss over 58 dB, and bandwidth of 78.16% across the C-X band. Varying the width of etching slits and height of the triangular structure alters the filter characteristics as studied. The proposed filter offers advantages such as simple structure, compact size, low cost, and ease of integration for UWB wireless applications.
1. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
Design of Low Cost and Efficient Strip Line Band Pass Filter for
Bluetooth Application.
Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar
Electronics and Telecommunication Department,
G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
Abstract—
In this paper, low cost and efficient strip zero frequency, such as a signal that comes out of a
line band pass filter is implemented. The new band pass filter.
structure does not only reduce the size of the An ideal bandpass filter would have a completely
filters, but also provides good gain for pass band flat passband (e.g. with no gain/attenuation throughout)
and better attenuation for the stop band and would completely attenuate all frequencies
characteristics. A designed filter provides outside the passband. Additionally, the transition out
bandwidth which is needed for Bluetooth of the passband would be instantaneous in frequency.
transmission. It can be mounted on Bluetooth In practice, no bandpass filter is ideal. The filter does
transceiver system which has broad application not attenuate all frequencies outside the desired
area. The designed band pass filter has 2.4 Ghz of frequency range completely; in particular, there is a
frequency band and has about 150 MHz of region just outside the intended passband where
bandwidth. The design of filter has been done on frequencies are attenuated, but not rejected. This is
simulation software and successfully tested on known as the filter roll-off, and it is usually expressed
spectrum analyzer. in dB of attenuation per octave or decade of frequency.
Generally, the design of a filter seeks to make the roll-
Keywords— Band pass filter, Strip line, Bluetooth. off as narrow as possible, thus allowing the filter to
perform as close as possible to its intended design.
I. INTRODUCTION Often, this is achieved at the expense of pass-band or
Filters of some sort are essential to the stop-band ripple.
operation of most electronic circuits. It is therefore in
the interest of anyone involved in electronic circuit
design to have the ability to develop filter circuits
capable of meeting a given set of specifications.
In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical
network that alters the amplitude and/or phase
characteristics of a signal with respect to frequency.
Ideally, a filter will not add new frequencies to the
input signal, nor will it change the component
frequencies of that signal, but it will change the
relative amplitudes of the various frequency
components and/or their phase relationships. Filters
are often used in electronic systems to emphasize
signals in certain frequency ranges and reject signals
in other frequency ranges. Such a filter has a gain
which is dependent on signal frequency. Fig.1 A diagram showing magnitude transfer
A band-pass filter is a device that passes function versus frequency for a band-pass filter
frequencies within a certain range and rejects
(attenuates) frequencies outside that range.
An example of an analogue electronic band-pass
filter is an RLC circuit (a resistor–inductor–capacitor
circuit). These filters can also be created by combining
a low-pass filter with a high-pass filter.
Bandpass is an adjective that describes a type
of filter or filtering process; it is frequently confused
with passband, which refers to the actual portion of
affected spectrum. Hence, one might say "A dual
bandpass filter has two passbands." A bandpass signal
is a signal containing a band of frequencies away from
Fig.2 A medium-complexityexample of a Band
Pass Filter band-pass filter
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2. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
a) Stripline be routed from one part of the assembly to another
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic with minimal distortion, and avoiding high cross-talk
(TEM) transmission line medium, that was invented and radiation.
by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Microstrip is very similar to stripline and
Research Centre in the 1950s. coplanar waveguide and it is possible to integrate all
A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal three on the same substrate.
which is sandwiched between two parallel ground The electromagnetic wave carried by a
planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a microstrip line exists partly in the dielectric substrate,
dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the and partly in the air above it. In general, the dielectric
substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate constant of the substrate will be different (and greater)
determine the characteristic impedance of the strip than that of the air, so that the wave is travelling in an
which is a transmission line. As shown in the diagram, inhomogeneous medium. In consequence, the
the central conductor need not be equally spaced propagation velocity is somewhere between the speed
between the ground planes. In the general case, the of radio waves in the substrate, and the speed of radio
dielectric material may be different above and below waves in air. This behaviour is commonly described
the central conductor. by stating the effective dielectric constant (or effective
To prevent the propagation of unwanted relative permittivity) of the micro strip, this being the
modes, the two ground planes must be shorted dielectric constant of an equivalent homogeneous
together. This is commonly achieved by a row of vias medium (i.e. one resulting in the same propagation
running parallel to the strip on each side. velocity).
Like coaxial cable, stripline is non-dispersive, and
has no cutoff frequency. Good isolation between
adjacent traces can be achieved more easily than with
microstrip. Stripline provides for enhanced noise
immunity against the propagation of radiated RF
emissions, at the expense of slower propagation
speeds.
b) Microstripline
Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission
line which can be fabricated using printed circuit Fig.3 Micro strip separated from ground plane by
board technology, and is used to convey microwave- a dielectric material
frequency signals. It consists of a conducting strip
separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
known as the substrate. Microwave components such
as antennas, couplers, filters, power dividers etc. can A paper on ―An Interdigital Band pass Filter
be formed from microstrip, the entire device existing Embedded in LTCC for 5-GHz Wireless LAN
as the pattern of metallization on the substrate. Applications‖ given by Gangqiang Wang, Senior
Microstrip is thus much less expensive than traditional Member, IEEE, Minh Van, Fred Barlow, Member,
waveguide technology, as well as being far lighter and IEEE, and Aicha Elshabini, Fellow, IEEE [1]
more compact. Microstrip was developed by ITT presented a compact interdigital stripline bandpass
laboratories as a competitor to stripline (first published filter embedded in low temperature cofired ceramic
by Grieg and Engelmann in the December 1952 IRE for 5-GHz wireless LAN applications, including
proceeding.). design, simulation, fabrication, and measurements.
The disadvantages of microstrip compared The filter measures 8 mm 7 mm 1.1 mm and exhibits
with waveguide are the generally lower power an insertion loss of 3.6 dB, is turn loss of 20 dB, and a
handling capacity, and higher losses. Also, unlike 212-MHz pass band with the midband frequency at
waveguide, microstrip is not enclosed, and is therefore 5.28 GHz. The filter is highly reproducible with good
susceptible to cross-talk and unintentional radiation. tolerance. A low noise amplifier (LNA) built on the
For lowest cost, microstrip devices may be top of the LTCC substrate with an embedded filter has
built on an ordinary FR-4 (standard PCB) substrate. the same bandwidth and midband frequency as those
However it is often found that the dielectric losses in of the filter. Using this filter and an integrated chip, a
FR4 are too high at microwave frequencies, and that small RF front-end receiver has been achieved.
the dielectric constant is not sufficiently tightly A paper on ―Cross-Coupled Suspended
controlled. For these reasons, an alumina substrate is Stripline Trisection Bandpass Filters with Open-Loop
commonly used. Resonators‖, given by,E.Hanna, P.Jarry, Senior
On a smaller scale, microstrip transmission Member, IEEE, E.Kerherve, Member, IEEE,[2]
lines are also built into monolithic microwave presented two bandpass trisection filters with
integrated circuits.Microstrip lines are also used in asymmetrical characteristics in the suspended
high-speed digital PCB designs, where signals need to substrate technology. The open-loop resonators are
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3. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
based on a meandered half-wavelength line topology validate the feasibility. Low temperature co-fired
thus allowing a significant size reduction. The design ceramic (LTCC) technology is employed to
of these filters follows two steps: A synthesis based on manufacture the filters. Experimental results of the
the extraction of the general cross-coupled folded two manufactured filters are presented. The effects of
network parameters and coupling matrix, then the LTCC manufacturing procedure on the filter
relationship between the resonators’ spacing’s and performance are also discussed.
coupling coefficients is obtained thanks to fullwave A paper on ―Quasi-Lumped—Open-Loop
electromagnetic simulations. Transmission zeros on Suspended Stripline Bandpass Filters― ,given by,
both sides of the pass band can be achieved. Atallah Balalem,Wolfgang Menzel, and Abbas
Omar,Chair of Microwave and Communications
A paper on ―Multilayered Stripline Engineering, University of Magdeburg,Germany,[6]
Interdigital-Hairpin Bandpass Filters with Small-Size presents a combined quasi-lumped-openloop resonator
and Improved Stopband Characteristics‖, given (QL-OLR) is introduced and applied for filter design.
by ,Yani Mu1, Zhewang Ma2, and Deming Xu1 [3] The resonator can have single and dual-band behavior.
School of Communication and Information Two bandpass filters as well as two dual-band
Engineering, Shanghai University,China presents a bandpass filters have been designed, fabricated, and
multilayered stripline interdigital-hairpin bandpass tested, that consist of two resonators each. The
filters are proposed. The new structure can not only bandpass filters show the behavior of four return loss
reduce the size of the filters, but also provide poles (fourth order filter), and by slitting these
transmission zeros to improve the stopband resonators a dual-band bandpass filter can be achieved
characteristics. As design examples, a four-pole and (each band has two return loss poles). Transmission
an eight-pole bandpass filters using the proposed zeroes can be easily introduced into the filter response
structures are provided. Moreover, the novel four-pole as well by utilizing the properties of both quasi-
bandpass filter is fabricated and measured. The lumped and open-loop resonators.
experimental results agree very well with the A paper on ― A Fully Integrated Scanning Receiver
simulated data. Array ―,given by,Wolfgang Menzel, Ziqiang
A paper on ―Design of a Tri-Section Folded Tong,Microwave Techniques, University of
SIR Filter‖,given by, D. Packiaraj, M. Ramesh, and A. Ulm,Germany,[7] presents, an integrated antenna
T. Kalghatgi, Member, IEEE, [4] presents the design receiver array is presented. The RF signal is received
of a suspended substrate stripline bandpass filter with by open waveguide ports connected to finline mixers.
relocatable second pass band using tri-section folded A chain of suspended stripline bandpass filters is used
stepped impedance resonators (TFSIRs). Resonance as LO feed network where phase shifting occurs as a
conditions for the TFSIR in terms of impedance ratios function of frequency. Combining the IF signal in a
have been derived. Location of the second pass band fixed equal-phase network, the antenna array
as a function of impedance ratios (of TFSIRs) has characteristic is scanned varying the LO frequency
been studied in detail. Experimental results of a filter from -35° to +35° while the RF frequency is kept
designed at 2.95 GHz with 31% bandwidth have been constant. The overall very compact arrangement is
compared against the simulation results. Index integrated on a single substrate and placed in a
Terms—Bandpass filter (BPF), suspended substrate compact metal mount.
stripline (SSS), tri-section folded stepped impedance
resonator (TFSIR). III. MATERIAL USED
A paper on ― Miniature Broadband Bandpass Material with Good Dielectric Constant (FR4)
Filters Using Double-Layer Coupled Stripline FR-4 (or FR4) is assigned to glass-reinforced epoxy
Resonators ―,given by,Yunchi Zhang, Student laminate sheets, tubes, rods and printed circuit boards
Member, IEEE, Kawthar A. Zaki, Fellow, IEEE, (PCB). FR-4 is a composite material composed of
Andrew J. Piloto, and Joseph Tallo, [5] presents a woven fibreglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that
double-layer coupled stripline resonator structure is is flame resistant (self-extinguishing).
introduced to realize miniature broadband bandpass FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-
filters. Filters with relative bandwidth up to 60% and pressure thermo set plastic laminate grade with good
size less than 8 8 ( is wavelength at the midband strength to weight ratios. With near zero water
frequency; is the substrate height, which is much absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an
smaller than 8) can be fulfilled using such resonators. electrical insulator possessing considerable
Two possible filter configurations are proposed in this mechanical strength. The material is known to retain
paper: combline and interdigital. The filter synthesis its high mechanical values and electrical insulating
procedure follows the classical coupling matrix qualities in both dry and humid conditions. These
approach that generates very good initial responses. attributes, along with good fabrication characteristics,
Optimization by the mode-matching method and fine lend utility to this grade for a wide variety of electrical
tuning in Ansoft’s High Frequency Structure and mechanical applications.
Simulator are combined to improve the filter NEMA is the regulating authority for FR-4 and
performance. Two filter design examples are given to other insulating laminate grades. Grade designations
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4. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
for glass epoxy laminates are: G10, G11, FR4 and 120°C
FR5. Of these, FR4 is the grade most widely in use Young's Modulus – 3.5x10^6 psi
today. G-10, the predecessor to FR-4, lacks FR-4's LW
self-extinguishing flammability characteristics. Hence, Young's Modulus – 3.0x10^6 psi
FR-4 has since replaced G-10 in most applications. CW
FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ CTE x-axis 14ppm/°C
bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant CTE y-axis 13ppm/°C
properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some CTE z-axis 175ppm/°C
applications where thermal destruction of the material Poisson's Ratio – LW 0.136
is a desirable trait will still use G-10 non flame Poisson's Ratio – CW 0.118
resistant.
FR-4 is the primary insulating backbone upon
Properties:- which the vast majority of rigid printed circuit boards
Typical physical and electrical properties of (PCBs) are produced. A thin layer of copper foil is
FR-4 are as follows. LW (length wise, warp yarn laminated to one, or both sides of an FR-4 glass epoxy
direction) and CW (cross wise, fill yarn direction) panel. These are commonly referred to as "copperclad
refer to fiber orientations in the board that are laminates."
perpendicular to one another. FR-4 copper-clad sheets are fabricated with
TABLE I circuitry etched into copper layers to produce printed
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS circuit boards. More sophisticated and complex FR-4
printed circuit boards are produced in multiple layers,
Parameter Value Alternate aka "multilayer circuitry".
units
Specific 1850 kg/m³ IV. METHODOLOGY
Gravity/Density Initially survey has been done for fine quality
pcb material having high dielectric constant and high
Water Absorption -.125" value of characteristic impedance. Higher values of
< .10 % dielectric constant ensure precise results and proper
Temperature Index 140 °C 284 °F wavelength propagations through the band pass filter.
Rockwell Hardness 110 M scale As design consideration is for low cost so Finally,
Bond Strength > 1000 kg 2200 lbs after a deep survey selected a FR4(having dielectric
Flexural Strength- > 448 MPa 65,000 psi constant = 4) PCB material. For perfect results one
LW-A-.125" can use RT Duroid pcb material having dielectric
Flexural Strength- > 345 MPa 50,000 psi constant equal to 10.But Duroid is quite costly
CW-A-.125" compared to FR4 and is rarely available in India.
Tensile Strength > 310 MPa 45,000 psi Hence, FR4 was the best option.
(.125") LW After designing the schematic of the band pass filter
Izod Impact > 54 Nm/m we fabricated the layout on double sided PCB
Strength-LW (FR4).One side of pcb contains designed copper tracks
Izod Impact > 44 Nm/m 8 ft-lbs/in and the other side is used as ground.
Strength-CW
Compressive > 415 MPa 60,000 psi
Strength-Flatwise
Dielectric > 50 kV
Breakdown-A
Dielectric > 50 kV
Breakdown-D48/50
Dielectric strength 20 kV/mm
Permittivity-A 4.8
Permittivity-D24/23 4.8
Dissipation Factor-A 0.017
Dissipation Factor- 0.018
D24/23
Dielectric constant 4.70 max,
permittivity 4.35 @ 500
MHz, 4.34 @
1 GHz
Glass Transition Can vary, but
Temperature is over
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5. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
Fig 6: simulation output window
Here graph of S(1,1) represents nature of
INPUT RETURN LOSS which should be less at
desired frequency i.e. 2.4 GHz and S(2,1) shows
nature of TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT (i.e.
FORWARD GAIN) which is maximum at the desired
frequency of 2.4 GHz.
After successfully finishing of layout and
fabrication of PCB testing established the testing setup
Fig 4: Design Flow
includes microwave frequency generator, detector and
spectrum analyzer.The setup is as given below
Then pcb based female SMA connector is attached
to both the ends of the strip. At last, the setup was
assembled that includes Spectrum analyzer,
Microwave generator, male SMA connector, Detector
and BNC cable.The snapshot of complete setup is
shown below. Proper results were obtained from the
spectrum analyzer and Band pass filter using stripline
technology was prepared successfully.
V. SIMULATIONS AND TESTING RESULTS
The simulation setup and results for the
bandpass filter are given below. Circuit design and
simulation has been done on ADS schematic window
and Layout design of filter is performed on Layout Fig 7: Testing Setup
window of ADS.
The testing results are examined with the help of
spectrum analyzer the results is shown in fig.8
Fig 5: simulation setup on circuit window The results for
simulation are as follows Fig 8: Result on Spectrum analyzer
Figure shows testing results of 2.4 GHz
Stripline Band Pass Filter on Spectrum Analyser’s
seen from figure graph shows minimum attenuation of
around 25 dB at desired frequency of 2.4 GHz and
much more attenuation at other frequencies.This
2344 | P a g e
6. Mr.Bhushan R. Vidhale, Dr. M.M.Khanapurkar / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2340-2345
implies that it is easily allowing the centre frequency Bandpass Filters with Small-Size and
of 2.4 GHz to pass through it and restricts other Improved Stopband Characteristics‖2005.
frequencies. [4] D. Packiaraj, M. Ramesh, and A. T. Kalghatgi,
Final view of stripline bandpass filter after Member, IEEE, ―Design of a Tri-Section
completion of framing is as follows Folded SIR Filter‖2005.
[5] Yunchi Zhang, Student Member, IEEE,
Kawthar A. Zaki, Fellow, IEEE, Andrew J.
Piloto, and Joseph Tallo― Miniature
Broadband Bandpass Filters Using Double-
Layer Coupled Stripline Resonators ―,2006.
[6] Atallah Balalem,Wolfgang Menzel, and Abbas
Omar―Quasi-Lumped—Open-Loop
Suspended Stripline Bandpass Filters―
[7] Menzel, Ziqiang Tong, “A Fully Integrated
Scanning Receiver Array‖,2006.
Fig 9: Filter after assembly.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Designing of bandpass filter with
Butterworth approach in combination with
concentrated components, i.e. inductors and capacitors
and its computational verification in form of
parallelcoupled microstrip lines with the program give
very good filter characteristics at the centre frequency
2.4 GHz with frequency bandwidth of about 100 MHz
as required at the specification stage. At the center
frequency the insertion loss and reflection factor has
the values about -2 dB and better than -15 dB,
respectively.
Micro strip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications
is not only a valuable design resource for practitioners,
but also a handy reference for students and researchers
in microwave engineering. Various devices and
complex circuits can be easily designed using Strip
line technology.
Micro strip gives sharp response i.e. passes
particular frequency bands and suppress other
frequency. It is a low cost solution, easy to fabricate,
gives accurate results once designed, rock solid and
robust in design
REFERENCES
[1] Gangqiang Wang, Senior Member, IEEE,
Minh Van, Fred Barlow, Member, IEEE, and
Aicha Elshabini, Fellow ―An Interdigital
Bandpass Filter Embedded in LTCC for 5-
GHz Wireless LAN Applications” ,May 2005
[2] ,E.Hanna, P.Jarry, Senior Member, IEEE,
E.Kerherve, Member, IEEE., “Cross-Coupled
Suspended Stripline Trisection Bandpass
Filters with Open-Loop Resonators”, 2005.
[3] ,Yani Mu1, Zhewang Ma2, and Deming Xu1
1―Multilayered Stripline Interdigital-Hairpin
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