The document summarizes a study on harmonic analysis and power factor correction conducted at a food processing plant in India. Measurements were taken before and after installing an active power factor correction (APFC) panel. Before the panel, the total harmonic distortion (THD) was 9.1%; after, it was reduced to 2.3%. Total monthly electricity consumption was over 188,000 units. Installing the APFC panel improved power quality, reduced harmonic distortion levels, and lowered electricity bills by optimizing the power factor. The study concluded that the APFC panel helped meet grid code requirements and that further harmonic analysis of variable frequency drive loads could provide more harmonics reduction opportunities.
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
1) The document discusses speed control of a universal motor using two controllers - an output rate controller and an output reset controller. Ant colony optimization is used to tune the parameters of the controllers.
2) Mathematical models of the universal motor are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed ant colony optimization technique tunes the controllers' parameters optimally, improving their performance for speed control of the motor under varying load conditions.
3) The tuning results in zero overshoot and undershoot, slight rise and settling times, and a fast response for the motor speed when subjected to different load disturbances.
Estimation efficiency of rewound induction motors in situ using a numerical m...journalBEEI
This paper presents an effective technique for determining the impact of rewinding practices on the motor efficiency and characterizing the efficiency reduction when electrical motors are rewound several times. This technique focuses on a new approach and a statistical study to find a numerical model for the estimation efficiency of rewound induction motors in the field. The experimental results from 101 induction motor tests are analyzed. A numerical model is determined and compared with different methods: separate losses method, modified current method and simple current method. An error analysis is conducted to examine the level of uncertainty by testing three asynchronous motors at 110 kW, 160 kW, and 300 kW. The results show that this approach can predict and estimate the efficiency reduction in rewound motors without expensive tests and can help the energy manager make effective cost decisions in replacing the rewound motors with more efficient ones by using an assessment of overconsumption and maintenance costs. Another advantage of this model is that it can be used to improve the software tools and can also be a very strong indicator to audit the repair quality.
Prospective Electromechanical Control Systems of Industrial Manipulator EffortsIJPEDS-IAES
The current electric drive of industrial manipulators is implemented on the
principle of speed control and position of the actuator, often donot provide
actuator motion as consistent with required process specifications. Taking
into account the disadvantages of existing control systems the new approach
to control systems engineering and implementation of industrial manipulators
electric drives using force balancing systems of actuator efforts control was
proposed. Application properties and implementation of efforts control
systems inside springy gears and mechanisms of industrial manipulators have
been studied. The efficient structure of electromechanical system, which
provides the desired balance the transfer object weight and dampening of
manipulators mechanical gears springy oscillations is proved. The studies
were performed on mathematical modeling and the prototype of industrial
manipulators, which confirmed the performance of control system potential
structure application and synthesized effort regulator which provide the
required performance factor. The potential electromechanical force balancing
systems is ably to increase industrial manipulators performance quality,
provides transfer and the desired positioning of load directly by operator.
Possibility of efficient application the scope increase of industrial
manipulators using the potential force balancing systems of efforts control is
defined.
The document discusses the objectives and operations of electric power systems. The key objectives are to provide continuous, quality service to users at minimum cost while minimizing environmental impact. Operations are divided into planning, control, and accounting. Planning optimizes resource allocation to meet peak demand at lowest cost. Control satisfies instantaneous load through economic dispatch and reserve calculation. Committing the most economical generating units based on costs and constraints is determined through unit commitment.
In this paper, we first write a description of the operation of DC motors taking into account which parameters the speed depends on thereof. The PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers are then briefly described, and then applied to the motor speed control already described , that is, as an electronic controller (PID), which is often referred to as a DC motor. The closed loop speed control of a Brush DC motor is developed applying the well-known PID control algorithm. The objective of this work is to designed and simulate a new control system to keep the speed of the DC motor constant before variations of the load (disturbances), automatically depending to the PID controller. The system was designed and implementation by using MATLAB/SIMULINK and DC motor.
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Three-phase induction motors produce mechanical power by electromagnetic induction and run on a 3-phase ac supply. They require efficient speed control, to enable them do variable speed operations, save power consumption and reduce machine noise. In this dissertation, a new switching device called MosControlled Thyristor (MCT) for frequency drive is introduced. Based on the new switching device and AT89C52 microcontroller, an enhanced frequency drive for controlling the speed and torque of 3-phase 15kW squirrel cage induction motor is modeled. Different voltages ranging from 342V to 415V and frequencies ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz are used in a systematic manner to simulate the system based on the new switching device. The simulation program is written in C language and tested with Proteus 7.6 simulation software. Voltage and frequency have significant impact on the actual speed and torque of the motor. Simulation results show that with the new model, the torque (56.66Nm) developed by the motor which is constant throughout each speed range is directly proportional to the ratio (6.7:1) of the applied voltage and the frequency of the supply and the selected speeds (1450, 1510, 1570, 1630, 1690 and 1750 rpm) are locked irrespective of change in load. This is unlike other models where magnetic saturation and conduction drop of IGBT lead to voltage/frequency imbalance resulting in excessive drawing of current by the motor and overheating. This new control method has a speed regulation of ±2 to 3% of maximum frequency, speed response of 3Hz, speed control range of 1: 40 and efficiency of 88%, as further advantages. Comparison of the system with other speed control techniques shows improved energy-saving, cost effectiveness and safety in operation. The contributions of this research aim to make Volts per Hertz speed control method based on MCT a reliable better alternative to other well known methods in speed control of three-phase induction motors
IRJET-Investigation of Three Phase Induction Speed Control Strategies using N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control strategies for a three-phase induction motor using different controllers. It first introduces induction motors and their challenges in speed control due to their complex nonlinear dynamics. It then discusses various speed control techniques including proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The document presents MATLAB simulations of speed control using these different controllers under full load conditions. The results show that PID control provides more efficient speed control with minimal steady state error and faster response compared to no controller or only P control. Vector control techniques are used to implement the speed controllers in the simulation.
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
1) The document discusses speed control of a universal motor using two controllers - an output rate controller and an output reset controller. Ant colony optimization is used to tune the parameters of the controllers.
2) Mathematical models of the universal motor are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed ant colony optimization technique tunes the controllers' parameters optimally, improving their performance for speed control of the motor under varying load conditions.
3) The tuning results in zero overshoot and undershoot, slight rise and settling times, and a fast response for the motor speed when subjected to different load disturbances.
Estimation efficiency of rewound induction motors in situ using a numerical m...journalBEEI
This paper presents an effective technique for determining the impact of rewinding practices on the motor efficiency and characterizing the efficiency reduction when electrical motors are rewound several times. This technique focuses on a new approach and a statistical study to find a numerical model for the estimation efficiency of rewound induction motors in the field. The experimental results from 101 induction motor tests are analyzed. A numerical model is determined and compared with different methods: separate losses method, modified current method and simple current method. An error analysis is conducted to examine the level of uncertainty by testing three asynchronous motors at 110 kW, 160 kW, and 300 kW. The results show that this approach can predict and estimate the efficiency reduction in rewound motors without expensive tests and can help the energy manager make effective cost decisions in replacing the rewound motors with more efficient ones by using an assessment of overconsumption and maintenance costs. Another advantage of this model is that it can be used to improve the software tools and can also be a very strong indicator to audit the repair quality.
Prospective Electromechanical Control Systems of Industrial Manipulator EffortsIJPEDS-IAES
The current electric drive of industrial manipulators is implemented on the
principle of speed control and position of the actuator, often donot provide
actuator motion as consistent with required process specifications. Taking
into account the disadvantages of existing control systems the new approach
to control systems engineering and implementation of industrial manipulators
electric drives using force balancing systems of actuator efforts control was
proposed. Application properties and implementation of efforts control
systems inside springy gears and mechanisms of industrial manipulators have
been studied. The efficient structure of electromechanical system, which
provides the desired balance the transfer object weight and dampening of
manipulators mechanical gears springy oscillations is proved. The studies
were performed on mathematical modeling and the prototype of industrial
manipulators, which confirmed the performance of control system potential
structure application and synthesized effort regulator which provide the
required performance factor. The potential electromechanical force balancing
systems is ably to increase industrial manipulators performance quality,
provides transfer and the desired positioning of load directly by operator.
Possibility of efficient application the scope increase of industrial
manipulators using the potential force balancing systems of efforts control is
defined.
The document discusses the objectives and operations of electric power systems. The key objectives are to provide continuous, quality service to users at minimum cost while minimizing environmental impact. Operations are divided into planning, control, and accounting. Planning optimizes resource allocation to meet peak demand at lowest cost. Control satisfies instantaneous load through economic dispatch and reserve calculation. Committing the most economical generating units based on costs and constraints is determined through unit commitment.
In this paper, we first write a description of the operation of DC motors taking into account which parameters the speed depends on thereof. The PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers are then briefly described, and then applied to the motor speed control already described , that is, as an electronic controller (PID), which is often referred to as a DC motor. The closed loop speed control of a Brush DC motor is developed applying the well-known PID control algorithm. The objective of this work is to designed and simulate a new control system to keep the speed of the DC motor constant before variations of the load (disturbances), automatically depending to the PID controller. The system was designed and implementation by using MATLAB/SIMULINK and DC motor.
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Three-phase induction motors produce mechanical power by electromagnetic induction and run on a 3-phase ac supply. They require efficient speed control, to enable them do variable speed operations, save power consumption and reduce machine noise. In this dissertation, a new switching device called MosControlled Thyristor (MCT) for frequency drive is introduced. Based on the new switching device and AT89C52 microcontroller, an enhanced frequency drive for controlling the speed and torque of 3-phase 15kW squirrel cage induction motor is modeled. Different voltages ranging from 342V to 415V and frequencies ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz are used in a systematic manner to simulate the system based on the new switching device. The simulation program is written in C language and tested with Proteus 7.6 simulation software. Voltage and frequency have significant impact on the actual speed and torque of the motor. Simulation results show that with the new model, the torque (56.66Nm) developed by the motor which is constant throughout each speed range is directly proportional to the ratio (6.7:1) of the applied voltage and the frequency of the supply and the selected speeds (1450, 1510, 1570, 1630, 1690 and 1750 rpm) are locked irrespective of change in load. This is unlike other models where magnetic saturation and conduction drop of IGBT lead to voltage/frequency imbalance resulting in excessive drawing of current by the motor and overheating. This new control method has a speed regulation of ±2 to 3% of maximum frequency, speed response of 3Hz, speed control range of 1: 40 and efficiency of 88%, as further advantages. Comparison of the system with other speed control techniques shows improved energy-saving, cost effectiveness and safety in operation. The contributions of this research aim to make Volts per Hertz speed control method based on MCT a reliable better alternative to other well known methods in speed control of three-phase induction motors
IRJET-Investigation of Three Phase Induction Speed Control Strategies using N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control strategies for a three-phase induction motor using different controllers. It first introduces induction motors and their challenges in speed control due to their complex nonlinear dynamics. It then discusses various speed control techniques including proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The document presents MATLAB simulations of speed control using these different controllers under full load conditions. The results show that PID control provides more efficient speed control with minimal steady state error and faster response compared to no controller or only P control. Vector control techniques are used to implement the speed controllers in the simulation.
This document discusses power system operations and control, including definitions of key terms like load and demand. It describes different types of loads including resistive, motor, and electronic loads. It also discusses load curves and load duration curves for representing load profiles over time. Finally, it categorizes loads from a system perspective as domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and other loads, providing details on their demand and load factors.
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
Lead acid battery management system for electrical vehiclesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a battery management system for electric vehicles. The battery management system monitors important battery parameters like state of charge, temperature, voltage and current. It calculates additional values and protects the battery by preventing operation outside safe limits. The system displayed the vehicle's range and state of charge on a computer screen in real-time. The designed monitoring system provided key information to users about a battery's health and specifications.
ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE CONTROL OF A TRACTION VEHICLE USING TCMS SYSTEMIAEME Publication
In the last years in Poland, the intense developmen t of the power supply technology and the control systems of traction vehicles drives has bee n observed. The systems developed in Poland provide maximum efficiency and minimum energy losses during train exploitation. In this paper we present the Train Control and Monitoring System (TC MS) simulator, which realizes complex and reliable service of a supervised unit. The simulator was designed and constructed within the framework of cooperation between the Kazimierz Pula ski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom and MEDCOM Ltd Company with head office in Warsaw. The simulator was installed in the Laboratory of the Ukrainian Academy of Railway Transport in Kharkov under the project, which was co-financed within the framework of the program of Polish developmental cooperation by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor Using PLC under Open and Closed ...IJERA Editor
In today’s world industries demand process automation in all sectors, because automation results in better quality, increased production and reduced costs. The variable speed drives which can control the speed of AC/DC motors are indispensable controlling elements in automation systems. Depending on the application some of them are fixed speed and some of them are variable speed drives. The objective of the work is to monitor and control the speed of an Induction motor under various operating conditions such as no load and on load driven by AC Drive using programmable logic controller.
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVEScscpconf
This paper proposes a new approach to direct torque control (DTC) method for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. In conventional DTC method, two main reference parameters are used as: flux and torque. In this paper, the new approach has been proposed to improve the BLDC motor dynamic performance. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on different working conditions.
DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESvivatechijri
Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles. In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
This document presents a study comparing three methods - PID, LQR, and feedforward control - for controlling the speed of a DC motor in a washing machine with random loads. The motor's actual parameters were measured and implemented in MATLAB simulations. Results show the LQR control method provided the best performance, with the smallest transient period and smallest change in output in response to disturbances, allowing for more consistent motor speed despite changing loads compared to PID and feedforward control.
This document presents the design of an ultrahigh-speed electrical drive system capable of operating at 500,000 rpm with an output power of 100 W. A permanent magnet machine with a slotless winding is used to achieve low inductance and a high fundamental frequency. Three power electronic topologies are experimentally tested - a voltage source inverter with external inductors, a voltage source inverter with block commutation, and a current source inverter with external capacitors. The voltage source inverter with block commutation and additional DC-DC converter is selected as it results in the lowest system volume due to lower switching losses and a simpler control implementation.
In high power traction system applications two or more machines are fed by one converter. This topology results in a light, more compact and less costly system. These systems are called multi-machines single-converter systems. The problems posed by different electrical and mechanical couplings in these systems (MMS) affect various stages of the systems and require control strategy to reduce adverse effects. Control of multi-machines single-converter systems is the subject of this paper. The studied MMS is an electric vehicle with four in-wheel PMS motors. A three-leg inverter supplies two permanent magnet synchronous machines which are connected to the front right and rear right wheels, and another inverter supplies the left side. Several methods have been proposed for the control of multi-machines single-inverter systems, the master-slave control structure seems best adapted for our traction system. In this paper, a new control structure based on DTC method is used for the control of bi-machine traction system of an EV. This new control has been implanted in simulation to analyze its robustness in the presence of the various load cases involved in our electric vehicle traction chain. Simulation results indicated that this structure control allowed the stability of the traction system.
The document discusses using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to mitigate power quality problems. A DVR injects voltage in series with the distribution system voltage to correct voltage sags and swells. It consists of an injection transformer, harmonic filter, energy storage devices like batteries, a voltage source converter, and a control system. During voltage disturbances, the DVR injects active and reactive power as needed from the storage devices to restore the load voltage to its nominal value. The DVR response is fast at around 25 ms and can effectively compensate for voltage sags and swells in the distribution system.
This document presents an artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic based technique called Comprehensive Motor Testing Technique (CMTT) to comprehensively test motors and predict their performance and life. CMTT uses sensors to capture motor data during tests like design conformance, impedance analysis, current signature analysis, and reaction analysis. It then applies artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic methods to analyze the data, compare to historical data, and predict the motor's performance and estimate its life. This allows testing all motors without destructive testing, reduces total test time significantly, and provides higher confidence in motor quality and reliability.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper introduces experimental comparison study between six and four switch inverter fed three phase induction motor drive system. The control strategy of the drive is based on speed sensoreless vector control using model reference adaptive system as a speed estimator. The adaptive mechanism of speed control loop depends on fuzzy logic control. Four switch inverter conFigureurations reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, the complexity of the control algorithms, interface circuits, the computation of real-time implementation, volume-compactness and reliability of the drive system. The robustness of the proposed model reference adaptive system based on four switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) fed induction motor drive is verified experimentally at different operating conditions. Experimental work is carried using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 kW motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional six switch three-phase inverter (SSTP) inverter system is also made in terms of speed response. The results show that the proposed drive system provides a fast speed response and good disturbance rejection capability. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
A Novel Technique for Tuning PI-controller in Switched Reluctance Motor Drive...IJECEIAES
This paper presents, an optimal basic speed controller for switched reluctance motor (SRM) based on ant colony optimization (ACO) with the presence of good accuracies and performances. The control mechanism consists of proportional-integral (PI) speed controller in the outer loop and hysteresis current controller in the inner loop for the three phases, 6/4 switched reluctance motor. Because of nonlinear characteristics of a SRM, ACO algorithm is employed to tune coefficients of PI speed controller by minimizing the time domain objective function. Simulations of ACO based control of SRM are carried out using MATLAB /SIMULINK software. The behavior of the proposed ACO has been estimated with the classical Ziegler- Nichols (ZN) method in order to prove the proposed approach is able to improve the parameters of PI chosen by ZN method. Simulations results confirm the better behavior of the optimized PI controller based on ACO compared with optimized PI controller based on classical Ziegler-Nichols method.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
Test platform for electronic control units of high-performance safety-critica...IJECEIAES
In this paper we are mostly concerned with the problem of testing electronic control units of synchronized electric power actuators. This task is particularly complex for safety critical applications, where it is crucial that the control system properly reacts in response to the faults that are hard to reproduce and verify. A cost-effective flexible and reconfigurable test platform is proposed, discussing its architecture and implementation. The proposed system facilitates the phase of definition and development of the electronic control unit, allowing the interfacing towards both hydraulic and electromechanical actuators, and having a high flexibility as regards the I/O signals. Some results, obtained during the laboratory test activity, are also presented.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
El documento presenta varios gráficos y tablas que analizan la representación de hombres y mujeres en un libro. Se muestra que hay 92 hombres y solo 4 mujeres entre tres temas, y que las mujeres solo aparecen como reinas o esposas de hombres importantes. Los tres hombres que más aparecen son Carlos I, Velázquez y Alonso Cano, mientras que las tres mujeres que más salen son María Teresa de Austria, Juana y Cristina de Suecia. El documento concluye que el libro es discriminatorio por la gran diferencia en la representación de hombres y
This document discusses power system operations and control, including definitions of key terms like load and demand. It describes different types of loads including resistive, motor, and electronic loads. It also discusses load curves and load duration curves for representing load profiles over time. Finally, it categorizes loads from a system perspective as domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and other loads, providing details on their demand and load factors.
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
Lead acid battery management system for electrical vehiclesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a battery management system for electric vehicles. The battery management system monitors important battery parameters like state of charge, temperature, voltage and current. It calculates additional values and protects the battery by preventing operation outside safe limits. The system displayed the vehicle's range and state of charge on a computer screen in real-time. The designed monitoring system provided key information to users about a battery's health and specifications.
ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE CONTROL OF A TRACTION VEHICLE USING TCMS SYSTEMIAEME Publication
In the last years in Poland, the intense developmen t of the power supply technology and the control systems of traction vehicles drives has bee n observed. The systems developed in Poland provide maximum efficiency and minimum energy losses during train exploitation. In this paper we present the Train Control and Monitoring System (TC MS) simulator, which realizes complex and reliable service of a supervised unit. The simulator was designed and constructed within the framework of cooperation between the Kazimierz Pula ski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom and MEDCOM Ltd Company with head office in Warsaw. The simulator was installed in the Laboratory of the Ukrainian Academy of Railway Transport in Kharkov under the project, which was co-financed within the framework of the program of Polish developmental cooperation by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor Using PLC under Open and Closed ...IJERA Editor
In today’s world industries demand process automation in all sectors, because automation results in better quality, increased production and reduced costs. The variable speed drives which can control the speed of AC/DC motors are indispensable controlling elements in automation systems. Depending on the application some of them are fixed speed and some of them are variable speed drives. The objective of the work is to monitor and control the speed of an Induction motor under various operating conditions such as no load and on load driven by AC Drive using programmable logic controller.
A NEW APPROACH TO DTC METHOD FOR BLDC MOTOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVEScscpconf
This paper proposes a new approach to direct torque control (DTC) method for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. In conventional DTC method, two main reference parameters are used as: flux and torque. In this paper, the new approach has been proposed to improve the BLDC motor dynamic performance. A main difference from the conventional method of it was that only one reference parameter (speed) was used to control the BLDC motor and the second control parameter (flux) was obtained from speed error through the proposed control algorithm. Thus, the DTC performance has been especially improved on systems which need variable speed and torque during operation, like electric vehicles. The dynamic models of the BLDC and the DTC method have been created on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method has been confirmed and verified by the dynamic simulations on different working conditions.
DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESvivatechijri
Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles. In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
This document presents a study comparing three methods - PID, LQR, and feedforward control - for controlling the speed of a DC motor in a washing machine with random loads. The motor's actual parameters were measured and implemented in MATLAB simulations. Results show the LQR control method provided the best performance, with the smallest transient period and smallest change in output in response to disturbances, allowing for more consistent motor speed despite changing loads compared to PID and feedforward control.
This document presents the design of an ultrahigh-speed electrical drive system capable of operating at 500,000 rpm with an output power of 100 W. A permanent magnet machine with a slotless winding is used to achieve low inductance and a high fundamental frequency. Three power electronic topologies are experimentally tested - a voltage source inverter with external inductors, a voltage source inverter with block commutation, and a current source inverter with external capacitors. The voltage source inverter with block commutation and additional DC-DC converter is selected as it results in the lowest system volume due to lower switching losses and a simpler control implementation.
In high power traction system applications two or more machines are fed by one converter. This topology results in a light, more compact and less costly system. These systems are called multi-machines single-converter systems. The problems posed by different electrical and mechanical couplings in these systems (MMS) affect various stages of the systems and require control strategy to reduce adverse effects. Control of multi-machines single-converter systems is the subject of this paper. The studied MMS is an electric vehicle with four in-wheel PMS motors. A three-leg inverter supplies two permanent magnet synchronous machines which are connected to the front right and rear right wheels, and another inverter supplies the left side. Several methods have been proposed for the control of multi-machines single-inverter systems, the master-slave control structure seems best adapted for our traction system. In this paper, a new control structure based on DTC method is used for the control of bi-machine traction system of an EV. This new control has been implanted in simulation to analyze its robustness in the presence of the various load cases involved in our electric vehicle traction chain. Simulation results indicated that this structure control allowed the stability of the traction system.
The document discusses using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to mitigate power quality problems. A DVR injects voltage in series with the distribution system voltage to correct voltage sags and swells. It consists of an injection transformer, harmonic filter, energy storage devices like batteries, a voltage source converter, and a control system. During voltage disturbances, the DVR injects active and reactive power as needed from the storage devices to restore the load voltage to its nominal value. The DVR response is fast at around 25 ms and can effectively compensate for voltage sags and swells in the distribution system.
This document presents an artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic based technique called Comprehensive Motor Testing Technique (CMTT) to comprehensively test motors and predict their performance and life. CMTT uses sensors to capture motor data during tests like design conformance, impedance analysis, current signature analysis, and reaction analysis. It then applies artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic methods to analyze the data, compare to historical data, and predict the motor's performance and estimate its life. This allows testing all motors without destructive testing, reduces total test time significantly, and provides higher confidence in motor quality and reliability.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper introduces experimental comparison study between six and four switch inverter fed three phase induction motor drive system. The control strategy of the drive is based on speed sensoreless vector control using model reference adaptive system as a speed estimator. The adaptive mechanism of speed control loop depends on fuzzy logic control. Four switch inverter conFigureurations reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, the complexity of the control algorithms, interface circuits, the computation of real-time implementation, volume-compactness and reliability of the drive system. The robustness of the proposed model reference adaptive system based on four switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) fed induction motor drive is verified experimentally at different operating conditions. Experimental work is carried using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 kW motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional six switch three-phase inverter (SSTP) inverter system is also made in terms of speed response. The results show that the proposed drive system provides a fast speed response and good disturbance rejection capability. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
A Novel Technique for Tuning PI-controller in Switched Reluctance Motor Drive...IJECEIAES
This paper presents, an optimal basic speed controller for switched reluctance motor (SRM) based on ant colony optimization (ACO) with the presence of good accuracies and performances. The control mechanism consists of proportional-integral (PI) speed controller in the outer loop and hysteresis current controller in the inner loop for the three phases, 6/4 switched reluctance motor. Because of nonlinear characteristics of a SRM, ACO algorithm is employed to tune coefficients of PI speed controller by minimizing the time domain objective function. Simulations of ACO based control of SRM are carried out using MATLAB /SIMULINK software. The behavior of the proposed ACO has been estimated with the classical Ziegler- Nichols (ZN) method in order to prove the proposed approach is able to improve the parameters of PI chosen by ZN method. Simulations results confirm the better behavior of the optimized PI controller based on ACO compared with optimized PI controller based on classical Ziegler-Nichols method.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
Test platform for electronic control units of high-performance safety-critica...IJECEIAES
In this paper we are mostly concerned with the problem of testing electronic control units of synchronized electric power actuators. This task is particularly complex for safety critical applications, where it is crucial that the control system properly reacts in response to the faults that are hard to reproduce and verify. A cost-effective flexible and reconfigurable test platform is proposed, discussing its architecture and implementation. The proposed system facilitates the phase of definition and development of the electronic control unit, allowing the interfacing towards both hydraulic and electromechanical actuators, and having a high flexibility as regards the I/O signals. Some results, obtained during the laboratory test activity, are also presented.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
El documento presenta varios gráficos y tablas que analizan la representación de hombres y mujeres en un libro. Se muestra que hay 92 hombres y solo 4 mujeres entre tres temas, y que las mujeres solo aparecen como reinas o esposas de hombres importantes. Los tres hombres que más aparecen son Carlos I, Velázquez y Alonso Cano, mientras que las tres mujeres que más salen son María Teresa de Austria, Juana y Cristina de Suecia. El documento concluye que el libro es discriminatorio por la gran diferencia en la representación de hombres y
This document provides an outline on Ebola virus disease (EVD). It discusses the history and epidemiology of EVD, noting its origins in 1976 outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It describes Ebola viruses, including their structure and five identified species. It covers EVD's life cycle, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, prevention and control methods. The document also discusses prognosis, complications, differential diagnosis, and current research on antiviral treatments and vaccine development for Ebola virus disease.
The document analyzes different order models for modeling doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) used in wind turbines, including fifth order, third order, and simplified models. A fifth order model includes stator and rotor dynamics but requires complex calculations. Simplified models exclude elements to reduce computational requirements but lack accuracy. The paper reviews assumptions made in different order models and simulations showing the impact of modeling choices. Simulation results demonstrate that higher order fifth order models capture stator transient behaviors that third order models omit during faults. Accounting for flux saturation provides a more accurate representation of generator behavior.
This document outlines 8 applications of solar energy: solar heat collectors, solar cells, solar cookers, solar water heaters, solar power plants, solar powered vehicles, solar ponds, and transparent solar panels. Each application is listed with a brief heading but no further details are provided on how each works or its benefits.
.Organizational Strategy and Information SystemsLauren Riley
Organizational strategy involves defining tasks, structure, people, and information/control processes. Information strategy must align with organizational strategy. Information systems can influence organizational design by determining decision rights and structure. They also impact management control through data collection, evaluation, communication, planning, and performance measurement. Finally, information systems interact with organizational culture at different levels and cultures vary in their adoption of new technologies.
Quinton Brown has over 15 years of experience in real estate appraisal, consulting, underwriting, and analysis. He currently works as a real estate appraiser for the Charleston County Assessor's Office, where he performs written appraisals and presentations for board hearings. Previously, he consulted with clients on purchasing and selling real estate as a real estate consultant with Leonard Brown Realty. He also conducted property inspections and advised clients on risk minimization as a field underwriter for Nationwide Insurance. Brown holds a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from South Carolina State University.
Este documento es una guía de repaso sobre movimiento para estudiantes de segundo medio. Explica conceptos básicos como posición, trayectoria, desplazamiento, velocidad media y rapidez. También cubre movimiento uniforme rectilíneo, movimiento uniformemente acelerado y retardado, y presenta ecuaciones y gráficos para ilustrar diferentes tipos de movimiento. Termina con ejercicios de aplicación sobre estos temas.
This document provides an overview of electrical energy conservation in Pakistan. It discusses the importance of efficient electrical energy use given Pakistan's current energy crisis. Key areas discussed include management commitment to conservation, identifying conservation opportunities, implementing energy saving projects, and monitoring progress. Specific technologies and practices highlighted for their energy saving potential include variable frequency drives for motors, lighting system improvements, optimizing motor and transformer sizes, and improving power quality through reducing harmonics. The document emphasizes the large potential for energy savings through effective implementation of energy conservation programs and technologies.
This document describes an automatic power factor correction (APFC) system using a capacitive bank. The system measures the power factor of an electrical load using a microcontroller. If the power factor is low, indicating poor efficiency, the microcontroller switches capacitors into the system from the capacitive bank to compensate and improve the power factor towards unity. The document provides details on the components, operation, and simulation of the APFC system to automatically correct the power factor without manual intervention. This improves efficiency and reduces costs for both utilities and customers.
Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
The document discusses a meeting between Active Power Systems and various Nigerian government ministries and organizations to discuss improving power quality and adoption of renewable energy technologies. The goals are to increase usable electricity through cleaning harmonics from dirty power, and examine placing multiple renewable energy sources like solar and wind in Abuja to create jobs and savings. Active Power Systems will provide training and evaluate different locations.
A Review on Energy Consumption Monitoring and Analysis SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses energy consumption monitoring and analysis systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines the phases of an energy audit from basic walkthrough surveys to complex modeling. It then discusses remote monitoring systems using wireless sensors for industries. The paper reviews available solutions and research being done to improve these systems. It provides details on how energy management systems work, including using multifunctional energy meters, data loggers, and monitoring software to analyze energy usage data from industries in order to identify opportunities to reduce consumption. Charts and figures are included to illustrate typical energy reports.
Consideration of reactive energy in the tariff structureIAEME Publication
The document discusses considerations for including the cost of reactive energy in electricity tariffs. It proposes a framework to charge penalties to consumers that violate grid codes by drawing reactive power. The key points are:
1) Reactive power is important for grid stability but its value varies locally, so pricing should consider location.
2) A penalty tariff structure is proposed to charge consumers extra for reactive power drawn in violation of grid codes like unity power factor.
3) The cost of reactive energy would be estimated based on the existing tariff structure for active energy and demand charges, using the ratio of reactive demand to active demand costs. This allows distribution companies to recover costs for procuring reactive power.
IRJET- Analysis of Load Frequency Control for a Distributed Grid System Invol...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants using conventional and fuzzy logic controllers. It models a three-area system with area 1 containing a thermal plant, area 2 containing a hydro plant, and area 3 containing wind generation. It simulates the system responses to a 1% load disturbance in one area using each controller and compares the undershoot and settling time. The fuzzy logic controller provides better dynamic response with lower undershoot, overshoot, and faster settling time compared to the conventional PI controller. This shows fuzzy logic control is more effective at maintaining frequency stability in an interconnected power system with various generation sources.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
This document presents a comparative study of using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques to tune the parameters of a PI controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor. It describes brushless DC motors and their advantages over conventional DC motors. It also provides details on PI controller tuning and explains the PSO and GA optimization algorithms. The results show that both PSO and GA techniques were able to optimize the PI controller parameters to improve the motor speed response. However, GA produced a slightly better fitness value than PSO based on the integral absolute error performance criterion used in the study.
IRJET- Regenerative System and it’s ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an abstract that introduces regenerative braking as a system that can recapture kinetic energy during braking and convert it to electrical energy. It then provides background on regenerative braking and how it works. The document reviews several past studies on regenerative braking systems and their applications in electric vehicles. It discusses the components and working of a regenerative braking system, including how kinetic energy is captured during braking by a flywheel and generator and stored in a battery.
IRJET- STATCOM based Control Scheme for Power Quality Improvement in Grid-Con...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a control scheme using STATCOM to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system with non-linear loads. It proposes using a STATCOM connected to the point of common coupling to inject or absorb reactive power in order to regulate voltage. The control scheme is modeled and simulated in MATLAB. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to cancel harmonic components from the load current, maintain the source voltage and current in phase, and provide reactive power support to the solar panels and load. The integrated grid and STATCOM system with PV cells demonstrates good performance in power quality improvement.
The document discusses using machine learning techniques to predict power factor variations in an electrical power system of a cement plant factory. It aims to replace existing real-time monitoring techniques, which are costly, with machine learning models to predict power factor. This can help reduce errors, maintenance costs, and improve system reliability in a more cost-effective way. The document also reviews various literature on load forecasting and power demand prediction using techniques like neural networks and deep learning.
Development of Battery Management System for Maximizing Battery Performance i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a battery management system to maximize battery performance in electric vehicles. It focuses on cell balancing techniques, including active and passive methods, to improve battery life. The control strategy is developed using MATLAB/Simulink software. Active cell balancing uses a switched capacitor technique, while passive uses shunt resistors. Various graphs are compared to analyze the effects of cell balancing on battery pack performance. The goal is to reduce cell balancing time to optimize battery performance for electric vehicle applications.
Power Factor Control at ABA Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using Auto T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented reactive power compensation at the Aba Control 33/11kV injection substation in Nigeria using a static var compensator (SVC) with an auto-tuning regulator. The substation currently operates at a low power factor of 0.82, resulting in high losses. A 15MVAr SVC was installed to improve the power factor to 0.96. Simulation results showed that real and reactive power losses were reduced from 1.572 p.u. and 3.7525 p.u. to 0.1356 p.u. and 0.65237 p.u. respectively after compensation. Voltage regulation across buses was also maintained below 10%. The auto-tuning regulator was able
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation for implementing the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and
utility activities. Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified
time frame. This thesis deals with the identification of nature of losses in industry that manufacturers
food products. The energy accounting with the use of measuring instruments like lux-meter, power and
harmonic analyzer etc. helps to record and analyze data of energy usage. With the help of this data,
energy wastage and losses are calculated and recommendations are given to reduce these losses and
improve savings. Lastly, to deal with the issues of power quality, power quality assessment is done at
PCC.
A Review on Electric Vehicle Powertrain System Components and the Challenges ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the components of electric vehicle powertrain systems and challenges in large-scale adoption. It describes the key components, including traction motors (DC, induction, permanent magnet synchronous, and switched reluctance), batteries (lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride), and power electronics. Research is needed to improve these components to meet consumer demands and allow electric vehicles to replace gasoline vehicles, such as increasing battery life, reducing costs, and improving safety. Widespread adoption faces challenges but is important to reduce emissions and dependence on oil.
IRJET- Optimal Performance of Mechanical Load Factor for the Solar Photovolta...IRJET Journal
1. The paper presents a mathematical formulation to optimize the matching between a photovoltaic generator and an
electromechanical load system.
2. The results show that a system using a permanent magnet motor coupled to a centrifugal pump load has suitable matching
with PV array characteristics.
3. Varying the load factor in the torque-speed relationship can improve matching at different insulation levels and minimize
power drop, helping to optimize system design.
Enhancement of reactive power capability of doubly fed induction generator 2-3IAEME Publication
With the growing integration into power grids, wind power plants are very important for
power system. According to the grid codes wind power plants should have the ability to perform
voltage control and reactive power compensation at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In
general, the entire wind farm operates within a power factor range of 0.95 leading and lagging. This
operation drastically under utilizes the reactive output of the machine. The results offered in this
paper demonstrates enhancement of reactive power capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG). This additional reactive power supports to improve the post fault voltage and reduces the
overall system losses and also reduces the cost of the generation. The utilization of extended reactive
limits in voltage control may prevent system collapse.
IRJET- Design, Implementation & Analysis of Three Phase Asynchronous Indu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design, implementation, and analysis of a three-phase asynchronous induction motor using MATLAB Simulink. It begins with an abstract that outlines condition monitoring of electrical machines to reduce costs, improve reliability, and improve service. It then provides background on induction motors, noting that they represent 55-60% of global industrial power usage and are commonly used to drive pumps. The document discusses efforts to improve the energy efficiency of induction motors through modified internal designs, minimum energy performance standards, and other policies. It also examines barriers to investing in more efficient motor systems and strategies that have been implemented to overcome these barriers.
The document discusses power system operation and control. It provides an overview of the power scenario in India, including details on installed capacity, electricity generation, and the role of fossil fuels. It then describes the national and regional load dispatching centers in India and their responsibilities for ensuring integrated and reliable grid operation. The need for voltage and frequency regulation in power systems is explained, along with the real power-frequency and reactive power-voltage control loops. Load variation and basic load dispatch concepts are also introduced.
Harmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor Drives in Electrical In...IJECEIAES
This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated voltage harmonics mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. With these values, the operation of elements such as capacitors, motors and transformers can be affected. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.
Prescriptive analytics BA4206 Anna University PPTFreelance
Business analysis - Prescriptive analytics Introduction to Prescriptive analytics
Prescriptive Modeling
Non Linear Optimization
Demonstrating Business Performance Improvement
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AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
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1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 6||
www.ijceronline.com ||June ||2013|| Page 53
Harmonic Analysis and Power Factor Correction For Food
Processing Industry
Rupali Shinde1
, Amit Pathak2 ,
Bhakti Chaughule3
1,2,3,
M.Tech Pursuer (Power System), Bharati Vidyapeeth University’s college of engg, Pune.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is the objective of the electric utility to supply its customers with a sinusoidal voltage of fairly
constant magnitude and frequency. To ensure compliance with the Grid Code [2] voltage and current distortion
levels must satisfy limits set out by IEC 61000-3-6 [5]. In any industry, the three top operating expenses are
often found to be on energy, labor and materials. If one were to find out the potential cost savings in each of the
components, energy would invariably emerge at the top, and thus energy management function constitutes a
strategic area for cost reduction. . Industries use a large amount of electrical energy, and that is why it is
important to ensure a loss-free and energy-efficient system in industries [3]. In developing countries like India,
where electrical energy resources are scarce and production of electricity is very costly, energy conservation
studies are of great importance. Energy audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities by blending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time
frame [4]. An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to
identify methods for energy savings. An energy audit was carried out under four major heads: (i) process section
audit, (ii) Refrigeration section audit, (iii) power load audit (motors, compressor, etc.), and (iv) harmonic
analysis. Readings were taken under these heads and analyzed to find the scope of energy conservation
opportunities in the selected test case industrial unit.
II. AUDITING PROCEDURE
Energy audit cannot be successfully carried out without the commitment from the top management.
Management must be firstly convinced of the necessity of implementing energy management and hence energy
audit [7] . Energy audit consists of several tasks, which can be carried out depending on the type of the audit and
the size and the function of the audited facility [8] . Therefore, an energy audit is not a linear process and is
rather iterative. The audit described in this paper has been carried out based on the following functional
activities:
Walk-through survey
Motor load survey used in various processes
Harmonic analysis
ABSTRACT
Harmonic analysis of the distribution system is essential to study the behavior of equipments
connected in the non-sinusoidal system environment for designing and optimal location of filters.
Harmonic distortion can have a significant impact on industrial customers such as additional losses and
heating of certain network equipment, faulty operation of control equipment and interference in
neighboring telecommunication system. In this case study harmonic analysis of food processing
industry has done using harmonic analyzer ‘YOKOGAVA’. The aim of the study was to improve the
power factor, maintain harmonic distortion within acceptable levels and reduce possible resonance
problem at the plant. Analysis of voltage and current harmonics is performed at distribution side point
of common coupling before and after connecting APFC panel.
KEY WORDS: APFC Panel, Energy Audit, Harmonics, Nonlinear load, Total Harmonic Distortion,
Under loaded motors, Yokogava.
2. Harmonic Analysis And Power…
www.ijceronline.com ||June ||2013|| Page 54
III. FIELD VISITS AND MEASUREMENT WORK
Katraj Dairy is one of the oldest milk processing industry in Pune, Maharashtra. Readings for harmonic
distortion and and for power factor improvement are taken with the help of YOKOGAWA(Harmonic Analyser)
before and after connecting APFC Pannal.
3.1 Plant Electrical Energy Consumption
The energy consumption of the industry was identified in terms of the equipments and functional area
wise. The results were obtained after measurements during the factory visits. Power analyzers, Harmonic
Analyzer, clamp meters, etc. were used to measure the electrical energy consumption of the industry. The total
load of the unit is approximately 1326.3 kW .
TABLE.1 Total load of Katraj Dairy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fig.1Load division chart of Katraj Dairy
Sr.no Sections Connected load in HP
1 Air compressor section 182
2 Process section 349.5
3 Refrigeration section 882
4 Boiler section 120
5 E.T.P. section 180
6 Raw water sector 30
7 Ice cream plant 10
8 Illumination 15
Total load in HP 1768.5
Total load in KW 1326.3
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The following points can be observed from this survey:
The major load in the plant is that of refrigeration, which constitutes approximately 66 % of the total load.
Motor load constitutes approximately 38% of the total load.
Total number of units consumed per month is 188380 after taking the average of 12 months.
3.3 Motor Survey
For most of the applications, three-phase, 4-pole, 1470- rpm induction motors of Kirloskar make have
been used for various production processes in the plant. During survey and measurement process, it was
observed that some of the motors are underloaded. And most of the motors used are energy efficient motors.
Load on compressor where 45 KW,1460 rpm, 415V,80 amp,3ph,50 Hz motor is used is continuously varying
between 40amp to 80 amp. Other motors have almost constant load on them.
3.4 Problems with Underloaded Motor
An underloaded motor always runs at a low lagging power factor. If the motor is loaded around 50% of
the rated load, power factor can be as low as 0.5 lagging. This means industry is utilizing only 50% of the
power from the supply mains and paying for 100% if the billing is kVA based.
Extra expenditure on installation of power factor improvement equipment to maintain the power factor
within permissible limits set by the state electricity board needs to be done. Otherwise, penalty has to be
paid.
Efficiency of a standard induction motor is about 87-90% at the rated load and it reduces drastically at
half of the rated load depending upon the size of the motor and loading (about 70-75% for 60 hp
motor). This means motor will draw more current for the same mechanical output
IV. ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOTORS
More and more industries are switching to energy-efficient motors (EEMs) because EEMs lower the
production costs. Just a small increase in motor efficiency can significantly lower the production costs. A motor
can cost thousands of rupees a year to operate, so savings of even a few percent add up quickly. An EEM
generates savings whenever it is running and as long as it lasts, which may be 20 years or more. EEMs cost
more than the standard motors, but purchase price can be paled in comparison to a motor's operating costs. Since
the annual operating cost of a motor is often 5-10 times its initial cost, the typical 3-5% higher efficiency of an
EEM can more than offset its 15-20% higher initial cost over its life. In addition to costing less to operate,
EEMs generally last longer, require less maintenance, and reduce system amperage draw. The efficiency curves
of two EEMs are shown
Figure 2: Efficiency of EEMs as per IS-12615 (Eff1 = 2-pole motor, Eff2 = 4-pole motor)
EEMs also offer other advantages, such as longer insulation life, longer lubrication interval, greater inertial
acceleration, and higher service factors. In addition, they may be better equipped to handle heavy starting loads,
large sustained loads, phase imbalances, voltage excursions, high ambient temperatures, and impaired
ventilation. EEMs also do not add as much to air-conditioning loads as standard motors, since they do not give
off as much heat.
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4.1 Energy-efficient Motor's Performance
The efficiency of a motor is the ratio of the mechanical power output to the electrical power input.
Design changes, better materials, and manufacturing improvements reduce motor losses, making premium or
EEMs more efficient than the standard motors [Figure 2]. Reduced losses mean that an EEM produces a given
amount of work with less energy input than a standard motor. In 1989, the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) developed a standard definition for EEMs [10]
. The definition was designed to help users
identify and compare electric motor efficiencies on an equal basis.
Figure 3: Losses comparison among standard and high efficiency motors [14]
V. Harmonic Analysis
Harmonics are one of the major concerns in a power system. Harmonics cause distortion in current and
voltage waveforms resulting into deterioration of the power system. The first step for harmonic analysis is the
harmonics from non-linear loads. The results of such analysis are complex. Over many years, much importance
is given to the methods of analysis and control of harmonics. Harmonics present in power system also has non-
integer multiples of the fundamental frequency and have aperiodic waveform. The harmonics are generated in a
power system from two distinct types of loads.
First category of loads are described as linear loads. The linear time-invariant loads are
characterized such that application of sinusoidal voltage results in sinusoidal flow of current. A constant steady-
impedance is displayed from these loads during the applied sinusoidal voltage. As the voltage and current are
directly proportional to each other, if voltage is increased it will also result into increase in the current. An
example of such a load is incandescent lighting. Even if the flux wave in air gap of rotating machine is not
sinusoidal, under normal loading conditions transformers and rotation machines pretty much meet this
definition. Also, in a transformer the current contains odd and even harmonics including a dc component. More
and more use of magnetic circuits over a period of time may get saturated and result into generation of
harmonics. In power systems, synchronous generators produce sinusoidal voltages and the loads draw
sinusoidal currents. In this case, the harmonic distortion is produced because of the linear load types for
sinusoidal voltage is small.
Non-linear loads are considered as the second category of loads. The application of sinusoidal voltage
does not result in a sinusoidal flow applied sinusoidal voltage for a non-linear devices. The non-linear loads
draw a current that may be discontinuous. Harmonic current is isolated by using harmonic filters in order to
protect the electrical equipment from getting damaged due to harmonic voltage distortion. They can also be
used to improve the power factor. The harmful and damaging effects of harmonic distortion can be evident in
many different ways such as electronics miss-timings, increased heating effect in electrical equipments,
capacitor overloads, etc. There can be two types of filters that are used in order to reduce the harmonic
distortion i.e. the active filters and the passive filters. Active harmonic filters are electronic devices that
eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the network by inserting negative harmonics into the network. The goal
of harmonic studies is to quantify the distortion in voltage and current waveforms in the power system of
industrial units. The results are useful for evaluating corrective measures and troubleshooting harmonic related
problems.
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5.1 Effects of Harmonics on Networks [10]
Overloading of neutral conductor
Reduced efficiency of motors
Malfunctioning of control equipment
Poor power factor of the total system due to introduction of distortion power factor
Overloading of power factor capacitors
Increase in kVA demand of the plant due to increase in rms current drawn
VI. RESULTS:
Following results are obtained before after connecting APFC panel.
Total consumption for FEB- 2013 is 139300.
KVA demand is 419. MSEB charges 190Rs. Per KVA for industrial load.
Total electricity bill including (TOD tariff, Electricity Duty and other charges) is 10,36,033.06 Rs.
They are getting power factor incentive 67,848.40Rs.
Total current bill is 9,68,184.66 Rs.
Figure (4) Without APFC panel connected THD = 9.1 %
Figure (5) With APFC panel with the system THD = 2.3 %
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VII. CONCLUSION
On the basis of Harmonic analysis study & electrical energy audit conducted, the following
recommendations have been suggested to the consumer:
In due course of time, if any motor gets damaged or some new motor is to be purchased, EEMs should be
purchased.
Harmonic components at PCC are greater than the permissible limits. Therefore, the consumer must install
harmonic filter to improve the power quality and save the penalty on harmonic emission.
Harmonic component across individual loads is much higher where variable frequency drives are used,
which reflects at the PCC, so a more in-depth analysis is required and a harmonic filter can be designed.
It is also shown in this paper that the proposed PFC capacitor banks can be tuned to act as harmonic filters
and operate to reduce the harmonic distortion to acceptable levels. It is recommended that the PFC
capacitor banks be tuned to act as harmonic filters and also that upon completion of the plant expansion
harmonic measurement are taken to meet the grid code requirement. Proper size of motor should be used, as
per the rated load. If possible, motor should be replaced with a proper size motor in a phased manner.
REFERENCE
[1] Modeling And Harmonic Analysis Of Domestic/Industrial Loads Purushothama Rao Nasini, Narender Reddy Narra and Santosh
AEirgrid Grid Code, V.3.1
[2] P. Z. Yaacoh, and A. A. Mohd. Zin, "Electical energy management in small and medium size industries", IEEE TENCON,
Beijing, 1993.
[3] Thumann, and W. J. Yonger, "Hand Book of Energy Audits", 7 th
ed, Lilburn: Fairmont Press Inc.; 2007.
[4] IEC 61000-3-6 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -Part 3-6: Limits - Assessment of harmonic emission limits for the
connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems.
[5] Huyck, and J. Cappelle, "Electrical energy management for low-voltage clients", International Conference on Clean Electrical
Power, IEEE, 2007.
[6] X. W. Chen, "Energy Audit of Building: A Case Study of A Commercial Building in Shanghai", Power and Energy Engineering
Conference, Asia-Pacific, 2010.
[7] Tyagi, "Hand Book of Energy Audit & Management" India: TERI Press; 2000.
[8] Catalouge Surelink Technologies" Shenzhen, China, 2008
[9] "IEEE recommended practice for electric power systems in commercial buildings", Recognized as an American National
Standard (ANSI) IEEE Standard, pp. 241, 1990.
Rupali shinde-M.Tech Electrical Power System (Pursuing), Department of Electrical
Engineering, Bharati Vidhyapeeth University’s College of Engineering, Pune, India.
Amit pathak - M.Tech Electrical Power System (Pursuing), Department of Electrical
Engineering, Bharati Vidhyapeeth University’s College of Engineering, Pune, India.
Bhakti Chaughule- M.Tech Electrical Power System (Pursuing), Department of
Electrical Engineering, Bharati Vidhyapeeth University’s College of Engineering, Pune,
India.