Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles. In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
Lead acid battery management system for electrical vehiclesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a battery management system for electric vehicles. The battery management system monitors important battery parameters like state of charge, temperature, voltage and current. It calculates additional values and protects the battery by preventing operation outside safe limits. The system displayed the vehicle's range and state of charge on a computer screen in real-time. The designed monitoring system provided key information to users about a battery's health and specifications.
IRJET- Role of Solar Powered Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Energy Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed solar powered automatic traffic light controller system to conserve energy. The system uses photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, lead-acid batteries, and an AVR microcontroller to power and automatically control traffic lights during the day and night based on vehicle density. It aims to reduce energy consumption and costs compared to grid-powered traffic lights by harnessing solar energy. An energy survey of traffic lights in the city of Salem, India found they consume 1752 kWh per year, which the solar powered system could help save.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
Evaluation of lightweight battery management system with field test of elect...IJECEIAES
A battery management system is a crucial part of a battery-powered electric vehicle, which functions as a monitoring system, state estimation, and protection for the vehicle. Among these functions, the state estimation, i.e., state of charge and remaining battery life estimation, is widely researched in order to find an accuracy estimation methodology. Most of the recent researches are based on the study of the battery cell level and the complex algorithm. In practice, there is a statement that the method should be simple and robust. Therefore, this research work is focused on the study of lightweight methodology for state estimation based on the battery pack. The discrete Coulomb counting method and the data-driven approach, based on the Palmgren-Miner method, are proposed for the estimation of the state of charge and remaining battery life, respectively. The proposed methods are evaluated through a battery-powered electric bus under real scenario-based circumstances in the campus transit system. In addition, the battery life-cycle cost analysis is also investigated. The tested bus has currently been in operation in the transit system for more than one year.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
Transient Stability Evaluation of the Power Generation under a Blackout Condi...theijes
An operational condition of a power system is able to affect to stability performances after disturbed by a certain fault on the interconnection system. Moreover, this fault also gives impact to the blackout situation created by a large disturbance as disconnecting back bone lines of the interconnection system. In detail, this case is presented in this paper for evaluating transient stability performances of generating units while producing energy for the load center online the power system operation with the blackout situation designed using a branch tripping method. Furthermore, the transient stability responses are subjected to the power generation of the electric power system in Malang Raya as a real system operation for interacting the generating and demand sites. Results obtained show that voltage changes of Wlingi power station is 0.944 pu to 0.946 pu and its overshoot is 0,962. But the other overshoot of the power generation in Sutami remained to 0.968 pu at 0.5 second after appearing a blackout fault and its voltage increase to 0.952 pu from 0.948 pu at the final stable position.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
Lead acid battery management system for electrical vehiclesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a battery management system for electric vehicles. The battery management system monitors important battery parameters like state of charge, temperature, voltage and current. It calculates additional values and protects the battery by preventing operation outside safe limits. The system displayed the vehicle's range and state of charge on a computer screen in real-time. The designed monitoring system provided key information to users about a battery's health and specifications.
IRJET- Role of Solar Powered Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Energy Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed solar powered automatic traffic light controller system to conserve energy. The system uses photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, lead-acid batteries, and an AVR microcontroller to power and automatically control traffic lights during the day and night based on vehicle density. It aims to reduce energy consumption and costs compared to grid-powered traffic lights by harnessing solar energy. An energy survey of traffic lights in the city of Salem, India found they consume 1752 kWh per year, which the solar powered system could help save.
Analysis of vehicle power supply systems using system simulationIsabelle Cantuel
How the Saber simulation environment helps develop increasingly demanding and complex vehicle power systems. A Volkswagen vehicle power net serves as an illustration.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
Evaluation of lightweight battery management system with field test of elect...IJECEIAES
A battery management system is a crucial part of a battery-powered electric vehicle, which functions as a monitoring system, state estimation, and protection for the vehicle. Among these functions, the state estimation, i.e., state of charge and remaining battery life estimation, is widely researched in order to find an accuracy estimation methodology. Most of the recent researches are based on the study of the battery cell level and the complex algorithm. In practice, there is a statement that the method should be simple and robust. Therefore, this research work is focused on the study of lightweight methodology for state estimation based on the battery pack. The discrete Coulomb counting method and the data-driven approach, based on the Palmgren-Miner method, are proposed for the estimation of the state of charge and remaining battery life, respectively. The proposed methods are evaluated through a battery-powered electric bus under real scenario-based circumstances in the campus transit system. In addition, the battery life-cycle cost analysis is also investigated. The tested bus has currently been in operation in the transit system for more than one year.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
Transient Stability Evaluation of the Power Generation under a Blackout Condi...theijes
An operational condition of a power system is able to affect to stability performances after disturbed by a certain fault on the interconnection system. Moreover, this fault also gives impact to the blackout situation created by a large disturbance as disconnecting back bone lines of the interconnection system. In detail, this case is presented in this paper for evaluating transient stability performances of generating units while producing energy for the load center online the power system operation with the blackout situation designed using a branch tripping method. Furthermore, the transient stability responses are subjected to the power generation of the electric power system in Malang Raya as a real system operation for interacting the generating and demand sites. Results obtained show that voltage changes of Wlingi power station is 0.944 pu to 0.946 pu and its overshoot is 0,962. But the other overshoot of the power generation in Sutami remained to 0.968 pu at 0.5 second after appearing a blackout fault and its voltage increase to 0.952 pu from 0.948 pu at the final stable position.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
The document discusses testing of electric vehicle battery packs in a manufacturing environment. It begins by outlining the motivation for testing battery packs, which are complex systems that must be validated to ensure safe and controlled energy release. It then describes the components and functions of typical battery packs and battery management systems, including cells, modules, sensors, balancing circuits, and safety systems. Finally, it discusses different types of tests that should be performed at various stages of the manufacturing process, such as hardware-in-the-loop testing during BMS development, environmental stress testing during pack development, functional testing after pack assembly, and charge/discharge cycling tests. The key is to break testing into manageable steps and only test at critical points to reduce
A LabVIEW Model For the Operation and Control Strategy of a Hybrid SystemCSCJournals
Due to the varying nature of the load demand and the fluctuating power supplies by a renewable energy system, a decision-making strategy to operate and control a hybrid system is considered. The proposed hybrid system is comprised of PV/wind and diesel units with battery backup. The aim is to ensure high operational battery bank, running diesel units in their most efficient operational ranges and maximizing the utilization of the renewable energy sources. A LabVIEW model is designed whereby the hybrid system components are simulated as virtual instruments [VI] interacted with functional blocks. The PV/wind VI measure continuously the available power generated from the designed system capacity, and the functional VI compare this with the actual load demand over short periods. Consequently, a decision-making scheme is considered in which optimum operation of diesel units and battery banks is reached, and also whereby scenarios can be drawn for further prediction of system power flows and State-of Charge [SOC] of the battery bank.
The document discusses considerations for designing an embedded system to measure and estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle battery pack. It describes lithium-ion battery characteristics and sensors for measuring voltage, current, and temperature. It also provides an overview of current SOC estimation algorithms, including neural networks, multi-state techniques with Kalman filtering, and least squares support vector machines. Practical hardware and software issues for implementing such a system are also presented.
Test platform for electronic control units of high-performance safety-critica...IJECEIAES
In this paper we are mostly concerned with the problem of testing electronic control units of synchronized electric power actuators. This task is particularly complex for safety critical applications, where it is crucial that the control system properly reacts in response to the faults that are hard to reproduce and verify. A cost-effective flexible and reconfigurable test platform is proposed, discussing its architecture and implementation. The proposed system facilitates the phase of definition and development of the electronic control unit, allowing the interfacing towards both hydraulic and electromechanical actuators, and having a high flexibility as regards the I/O signals. Some results, obtained during the laboratory test activity, are also presented.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
Model based battery management system for condition based maintenance confren...Brian Kang
This document discusses developing a battery management system that estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries. It reviews existing voltage and capacity fade models that can be used for SOC and SOH estimation. It then presents a case study where an equivalent circuit model is used to estimate SOC by fitting voltage data, while a capacity fade model is used to estimate SOH and update the SOC model over multiple charge/discharge cycles. Model parameters are updated using an Unscented Kalman Filter to minimize errors between modeled and measured values.
Power system planning & operation [eceg 4410]Sifan Welisa
The document discusses power load forecasting and substation planning. It explains that accurate load forecasting is important for power system planning and operation. Several load forecasting methods are described, including those based on historical load data, economic factors, and standardized load curves. Load forecasts can be short, medium, or long-term. The document also discusses factors to consider in substation planning and design, such as location, equipment requirements, and configuration. Feasibility studies are important for assessing potential hydroelectric and substation projects.
The document summarizes a study on harmonic analysis and power factor correction conducted at a food processing plant in India. Measurements were taken before and after installing an active power factor correction (APFC) panel. Before the panel, the total harmonic distortion (THD) was 9.1%; after, it was reduced to 2.3%. Total monthly electricity consumption was over 188,000 units. Installing the APFC panel improved power quality, reduced harmonic distortion levels, and lowered electricity bills by optimizing the power factor. The study concluded that the APFC panel helped meet grid code requirements and that further harmonic analysis of variable frequency drive loads could provide more harmonics reduction opportunities.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.
This document proposes a tutorial on design issues and practical solutions for electric and hybrid electric vehicle propulsion systems. The tutorial will be split into three sessions covering: an introduction to EV/HEV propulsion systems; modeling, design, and control of advanced motor drives; and electric machine design issues and solutions. The introduction will cover vehicle power system architectures and efficiency modeling techniques. The second session will present advanced motor drive topologies, with case studies of an in-wheel direct drive system using PMSM and an SRM drive using FPGA control. The final session addresses electric machine design considerations and a case study comparing IPM, SRM, and IM machines for an HEV application.
Dave Marlow, Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician at the University of Michigan, presents Rechargeable Battery Management Guidelines for optimizing the life of NiMH, NiCD, Lithium Ion, and Lead Acid batteries for the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
IRJET- Online Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System with New Level Inverter SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a single-phase five-level photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for grid-connected PV systems. The proposed inverter uses five voltage levels - zero, half, and full positive and negative supply voltages - to reduce harmonic distortion compared to a traditional three-level inverter. Simulation results show the switching pulses generated and the output voltage and current of the inverter. The five-level inverter provides improved power quality while integrating solar PV systems with the power grid.
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
This document proposes a method to calculate the economic costs and benefits of using electric vehicles (EVs) for voltage control in a distribution system. It formulates the economic loss to EV owners from adjusting active and reactive power during charging. It also proposes calculating incentives for EV owners based on their voltage contribution. The incentives are designed to offset EV owners' losses and encourage participation in voltage control via EVs. A simulation is run on a sample distribution system to calculate incentives and costs under the proposed method. The goal is to determine incentive levels that make voltage control via EVs less costly than conventional methods.
A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Station TopologiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a comprehensive review of electric vehicle charging station topologies. It discusses several fast charging station designs that incorporate solar photovoltaics and battery energy storage to provide renewable power. These include fast charging stations with solar PV integration and predictive controllers, PV-assisted fast charging stations, and multiport converter-based charging stations that connect multiple power sources including solar, batteries, and the electric grid. The document also examines different electric vehicle charging standards and scenarios, including uncontrolled home charging and various controlled charging approaches to encourage off-peak use.
Development of Battery Management System for Maximizing Battery Performance i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a battery management system to maximize battery performance in electric vehicles. It focuses on cell balancing techniques, including active and passive methods, to improve battery life. The control strategy is developed using MATLAB/Simulink software. Active cell balancing uses a switched capacitor technique, while passive uses shunt resistors. Various graphs are compared to analyze the effects of cell balancing on battery pack performance. The goal is to reduce cell balancing time to optimize battery performance for electric vehicle applications.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
The document discusses testing of electric vehicle battery packs in a manufacturing environment. It begins by outlining the motivation for testing battery packs, which are complex systems that must be validated to ensure safe and controlled energy release. It then describes the components and functions of typical battery packs and battery management systems, including cells, modules, sensors, balancing circuits, and safety systems. Finally, it discusses different types of tests that should be performed at various stages of the manufacturing process, such as hardware-in-the-loop testing during BMS development, environmental stress testing during pack development, functional testing after pack assembly, and charge/discharge cycling tests. The key is to break testing into manageable steps and only test at critical points to reduce
A LabVIEW Model For the Operation and Control Strategy of a Hybrid SystemCSCJournals
Due to the varying nature of the load demand and the fluctuating power supplies by a renewable energy system, a decision-making strategy to operate and control a hybrid system is considered. The proposed hybrid system is comprised of PV/wind and diesel units with battery backup. The aim is to ensure high operational battery bank, running diesel units in their most efficient operational ranges and maximizing the utilization of the renewable energy sources. A LabVIEW model is designed whereby the hybrid system components are simulated as virtual instruments [VI] interacted with functional blocks. The PV/wind VI measure continuously the available power generated from the designed system capacity, and the functional VI compare this with the actual load demand over short periods. Consequently, a decision-making scheme is considered in which optimum operation of diesel units and battery banks is reached, and also whereby scenarios can be drawn for further prediction of system power flows and State-of Charge [SOC] of the battery bank.
The document discusses considerations for designing an embedded system to measure and estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle battery pack. It describes lithium-ion battery characteristics and sensors for measuring voltage, current, and temperature. It also provides an overview of current SOC estimation algorithms, including neural networks, multi-state techniques with Kalman filtering, and least squares support vector machines. Practical hardware and software issues for implementing such a system are also presented.
Test platform for electronic control units of high-performance safety-critica...IJECEIAES
In this paper we are mostly concerned with the problem of testing electronic control units of synchronized electric power actuators. This task is particularly complex for safety critical applications, where it is crucial that the control system properly reacts in response to the faults that are hard to reproduce and verify. A cost-effective flexible and reconfigurable test platform is proposed, discussing its architecture and implementation. The proposed system facilitates the phase of definition and development of the electronic control unit, allowing the interfacing towards both hydraulic and electromechanical actuators, and having a high flexibility as regards the I/O signals. Some results, obtained during the laboratory test activity, are also presented.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
Model based battery management system for condition based maintenance confren...Brian Kang
This document discusses developing a battery management system that estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries. It reviews existing voltage and capacity fade models that can be used for SOC and SOH estimation. It then presents a case study where an equivalent circuit model is used to estimate SOC by fitting voltage data, while a capacity fade model is used to estimate SOH and update the SOC model over multiple charge/discharge cycles. Model parameters are updated using an Unscented Kalman Filter to minimize errors between modeled and measured values.
Power system planning & operation [eceg 4410]Sifan Welisa
The document discusses power load forecasting and substation planning. It explains that accurate load forecasting is important for power system planning and operation. Several load forecasting methods are described, including those based on historical load data, economic factors, and standardized load curves. Load forecasts can be short, medium, or long-term. The document also discusses factors to consider in substation planning and design, such as location, equipment requirements, and configuration. Feasibility studies are important for assessing potential hydroelectric and substation projects.
The document summarizes a study on harmonic analysis and power factor correction conducted at a food processing plant in India. Measurements were taken before and after installing an active power factor correction (APFC) panel. Before the panel, the total harmonic distortion (THD) was 9.1%; after, it was reduced to 2.3%. Total monthly electricity consumption was over 188,000 units. Installing the APFC panel improved power quality, reduced harmonic distortion levels, and lowered electricity bills by optimizing the power factor. The study concluded that the APFC panel helped meet grid code requirements and that further harmonic analysis of variable frequency drive loads could provide more harmonics reduction opportunities.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.
This document proposes a tutorial on design issues and practical solutions for electric and hybrid electric vehicle propulsion systems. The tutorial will be split into three sessions covering: an introduction to EV/HEV propulsion systems; modeling, design, and control of advanced motor drives; and electric machine design issues and solutions. The introduction will cover vehicle power system architectures and efficiency modeling techniques. The second session will present advanced motor drive topologies, with case studies of an in-wheel direct drive system using PMSM and an SRM drive using FPGA control. The final session addresses electric machine design considerations and a case study comparing IPM, SRM, and IM machines for an HEV application.
Dave Marlow, Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician at the University of Michigan, presents Rechargeable Battery Management Guidelines for optimizing the life of NiMH, NiCD, Lithium Ion, and Lead Acid batteries for the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
IRJET- Online Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System with New Level Inverter SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a single-phase five-level photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for grid-connected PV systems. The proposed inverter uses five voltage levels - zero, half, and full positive and negative supply voltages - to reduce harmonic distortion compared to a traditional three-level inverter. Simulation results show the switching pulses generated and the output voltage and current of the inverter. The five-level inverter provides improved power quality while integrating solar PV systems with the power grid.
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
This document proposes a method to calculate the economic costs and benefits of using electric vehicles (EVs) for voltage control in a distribution system. It formulates the economic loss to EV owners from adjusting active and reactive power during charging. It also proposes calculating incentives for EV owners based on their voltage contribution. The incentives are designed to offset EV owners' losses and encourage participation in voltage control via EVs. A simulation is run on a sample distribution system to calculate incentives and costs under the proposed method. The goal is to determine incentive levels that make voltage control via EVs less costly than conventional methods.
A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Station TopologiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a comprehensive review of electric vehicle charging station topologies. It discusses several fast charging station designs that incorporate solar photovoltaics and battery energy storage to provide renewable power. These include fast charging stations with solar PV integration and predictive controllers, PV-assisted fast charging stations, and multiport converter-based charging stations that connect multiple power sources including solar, batteries, and the electric grid. The document also examines different electric vehicle charging standards and scenarios, including uncontrolled home charging and various controlled charging approaches to encourage off-peak use.
Development of Battery Management System for Maximizing Battery Performance i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a battery management system to maximize battery performance in electric vehicles. It focuses on cell balancing techniques, including active and passive methods, to improve battery life. The control strategy is developed using MATLAB/Simulink software. Active cell balancing uses a switched capacitor technique, while passive uses shunt resistors. Various graphs are compared to analyze the effects of cell balancing on battery pack performance. The goal is to reduce cell balancing time to optimize battery performance for electric vehicle applications.
Reduce state of charge estimation errors with an extended Kalman filter algor...IJECEIAES
Li-ion batteries (LiBs) are accurately estimated under varying operating conditions and external influences using extended Kalman filtering (EKF). Estimating the state of charge (SOC) is essential for enhancing battery efficiency, though complexities and unpredictability present obstacles. To address this issue, the paper proposes a second-order resistance-capacitance (RC) battery model and derives the EKF algorithm from it. The EKF approach is chosen for its ability to handle complex battery behaviors. Through extensive evaluation using a Simulink MATLAB program, the proposed EKF algorithm demonstrates remarkable accuracy and robustness in SOC estimation. The root mean square error (RMSE) analysis shows that SOC estimation errors range from only 0.30% to 2.47%, indicating substantial improvement over conventional methods. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of an EKF-based approach in overcoming external influences and providing precise SOC estimations to optimize battery management. In addition to enhancing battery performance, the results of the study may lead to the development of more reliable energy storage systems in the future. This will contribute to the wider adoption of LiBs in various applications.
A hybrid kalman filtering for state of charge estimation of lithium ion batte...Conference Papers
This document describes a hybrid Kalman filtering approach for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in low-powered microcontrollers. An electrical equivalent circuit battery model is developed and its parameters are identified through discharge cycle simulations and experiments. Extended Kalman filtering is then used to estimate SOC with errors less than 1% based on simulations and experiments. The algorithm is implemented on an STM microcontroller, where a hybrid Coulomb counting and EKF approach is used to estimate SOC with less than 0.5% error to suit the microcontroller's limited memory.
IRJET- Simple and Efficient Control Method for Battery Charging in High Penet...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a simple and efficient control method for charging batteries in a high-penetration photovoltaic array. It sizes the required battery energy storage system and models the charging control algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the simulated battery charging system works efficiently to drive the rated load for one day using only the photovoltaic array output in the worst case scenario. The proposed algorithm and simple design avoids switching losses and improves power quality compared to more complex conventional methods.
A robust state of charge estimation for multiple models of lead acid battery ...journalBEEI
An accurate estimation technique of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is an essential task of the battery management system. The adaptive Kalman filter (AEKF) has been used as an obsever to investigate the SOC estimation effectiveness. Therefore, The SOC is a reflexion of the chemistry of the cell which it is the key parameter for the battery management system. It is very complex to monitor the SOC and control the internal states of the cell. Three battery models are proposed and their state space models have been established, their parameters were identified by applying the least square method. However, the SOC estimation accuracy of the battery depends on the model and the efficiency of the algorithm. In this paper, AEKF technique is presented to estimate the SOC of Lead acid battery. The experimental data is used to identify the parameters of the three models and used to build different open circuit voltage–state of charge (OCV-SOC) functions relationship. The results shows that the SOC estimation based-model which has been built by hight order RC model can effectively limit the error, hence guaranty the accuracy and robustness.
A BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM & APPENDED ZCS (PWM) RESONANT CONVERTER DC-DC BUCK:...ELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel battery charging system using a zero-current switching pulse width modulation resonant converter DC-DC buck topology. The system aims to achieve high charging efficiency with minimal switching losses and reduced circuit volume. It operates by switching the circuit with zero-current switching and resonant components to reduce losses and switching stress. The paper analyzes the operating principle and design of the proposed system through 5 modes of operation. Simulation results show the system achieves around 89% charging efficiency, demonstrating satisfactory performance.
A battery charging system & appended zcs (pwm) resonant converter dc dc buck ...hunypink
This paper presents technique for battery charger to achieve efficient performance in charging shaping,
minimum low switching losses and reduction in circuit volume .The operation of circuit charger is switched
with the technique of zero-current-switching, resonant components and append the topology of dc-dc buck.
The proposed novel dc-dc battery charger has advantages with the simplicity, low cost, high efficiency and
with the behaviour of easy control under the ZCS condition accordingly reducing the switching losses. The
detailed study of operating principle and design consideration is performed. A short survey of battery
charging system, capacity demand & its topologies is also presented. In order to compute LC resonant pair
values in conventional converter, the method of characteristic curve is used and electric function equations
are derived from the prototype configuration. The efficient performance of charging shaping is confirmed
through the practical examines and verification of the results is revealed by the MATLAB simulation. The
efficiency is ensured about 89% which is substantially considered being satisfactory performance as
achieved in this paper.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Development of Power train in Electric Vehicles.IRJET Journal
The document discusses the development of power trains in electric vehicles. It describes some key components of an electric vehicle power train including electric motors, battery packs, battery management systems, and battery charging systems. Specifically, it provides details on permanent magnet synchronous motors, lithium-ion battery cells, centralized and decentralized battery management system architectures, and levels 1-3 charging systems. The goal of the research is to improve electric vehicle power trains and components like batteries and motors to increase their efficiency and performance.
Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSPTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Owing to the growing concerns over energy depletion and environmental issues around the
world, more and more attention is given on replacing the fuel -based automobiles with electric vehicles
(EVs) which have the characteristics of zero-emission and low noise. As a result, various countries have
taken specific initiatives to de-carbonize their transport sectors by developing their own EV industry.
Regardless of the environmental and economic benefits, substantial scales of grid-connected EVs impose
incredible difficulties to the power grid. The main issues caused by EV charging to the power grid include
harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, system losses and grid overloading. Therefore, this paper
presents design and development of a novel method, which is by applying voltage-oriented control (VOC)
algorithm in battery charging of electric bus.The power system of this work consists of three-phase PWM
rectifier. The proposed method is based on mathematical analysis. Simulation and experimental works are
performed to investigate behavior and performance of the proposed algorithm. This paperclearly described
implementation of low and medium power laboratory prototype and operation of digital signal processor
(DSP) via MATLAB / Simulink for the proposed method.
IRJET - OR-DEV System (On Road Dynamic Charging for Electric Vehicles)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a proposed wireless charging system for electric vehicles called OR-DEV (On Road Dynamic Charging for Electric vehicles). It introduces an inductive wireless charging lane for EVs with embedded coils that would allow continuous charging of EVs as they drive on the roadway. The system aims to address limitations of traditional electric charging by reducing charging times and not requiring EVs to stop for charging. It presents the background on electric vehicles and motivation for dynamic wireless charging. The system architecture and initial simulation results showing high charging efficiency are summarized. The document also reviews related work on wireless charging systems and discusses how the proposed system could increase EV mileage and reduce waiting times for charging.
This document presents a proposed eco-friendly charging station project that uses renewable energy sources. The charging station would wirelessly transmit power from solar panels to electric vehicles using inductive coupling between transmitter and receiver coils. When an IR sensor detects a vehicle entering the station, a relay is activated to allow power from batteries charged by the solar panels to pass through the primary coil. This would wirelessly charge the vehicle by generating electromagnetic flux between the coils. The system aims to promote sustainable transportation through solar-powered wireless charging of electric vehicles.
A review on fast wireless charging methods for Electric Vehicles.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes two proposed methods to enhance charging efficiency for electric vehicles: 1) introducing in-wheel wireless charging which has a shorter air gap and higher coupling coefficient between transmitter and receiver coils, and 2) introducing graphene batteries as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries, as graphene has advantages like high porosity, strength, and electrical conductivity that can increase charging speed. It also reviews different wireless power transfer systems and topologies that have been used for electric vehicle charging.
IRJET- Vehicle Battery Charger Booth using Hybrid Power SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle battery charger booth that uses a hybrid power system of solar panels and the electrical grid. The booth allows electric vehicles to charge while traveling on the road. It uses a microcontroller to control and time the charging process, which is displayed on an LCD screen. The booth employs RFID cards to identify vehicles and manage access to the charging ports. It provides a convenient public charging option to support the growing market of electric vehicles.
State of charge estimation based on a modified extended Kalman filter IJECEIAES
The global transition from fossil-based automobile systems to their electric-driven counterparts has made the use of a storage device inevitable. Owing to its high energy density, lower self-discharge, and higher cycle lifetime the lithium-ion battery is of significant consideration and usage in electric vehicles. Nevertheless, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, which cannot be measured directly, must be calculated using an estimator. This paper proposes, by means of a modified priori estimate and a compensating proportional gain, an improved extended Kalman filter (IEKF) for the estimation task due to its nonlinear application and adaptiveness to noise. The improvement was achieved by incorporating the residuals of the previous state matrices to the current state predictor and introducing an attenuating factor in the Kalman gain, which was chosen to counteract the effect of the measurement and process noise resulting in better accuracy performance than the conventional SOC curve fitting-based estimation and ampere hour methods. Simulation results show that the standard EKF estimator results in performance with an error bound of 12.9% due to an unstable start, while the modified EKF reduces the maximum error to within 2.05% demonstrating the quality of the estimator.
IRJET- Microgrid State of Charge Sharing and Reactive Power ControlIRJET Journal
This document proposes a control system for a standalone photovoltaic (PV) powered microgrid using a battery energy storage system (BESS) and fuzzy logic control. The system aims to smooth fluctuations from the PV generation and regulate the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. A segmented energy storage approach is used, with two or more batteries that can be charged individually. This allows for wasted PV power to be stored when one battery reaches full charge. The system includes a PV array, BESS, DC/DC converter, and inverter to provide a pure sine wave output. A fuzzy logic control method is implemented to efficiently control the SOC of the batteries under different operating conditions. Simulations are conducted to analyze the performance
DESIGN OF A RELIABLE AND PERFORMANCE FOCUSED ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLEIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an electric motorcycle. It aims to create a reliable and high-performance electric motorcycle that overcomes issues with previous electric vehicles like limited range. The document outlines the key components of the proposed electric motorcycle design, including the chassis, swing arm, steering, suspension system, brushless DC hub motor, wheels, motor controller, brakes, battery and battery management system. It provides details on the specifications and technical requirements for these components. The goal is to develop an electric motorcycle with high efficiency that maintains performance even when battery power is low.
Design and Implementation of Real Time Charging Optimization for Hybrid Elect...IAES-IJPEDS
This document describes a proposed real-time charging optimization system for hybrid electric vehicles using an Android application. The system would provide information like the vehicle's battery state of charge and location to help users find and reserve charging slots. It would calculate estimated time and distance to charging stations to allocate parking. Emergency mobile charging stations would also be available. The hardware implementation monitors a battery's voltage using an Arduino board and communicates the state of charge to an Android device via Bluetooth. Algorithms are developed to predict if a destination can be reached based on state of charge and provide alternate routes to nearby charging stations if needed. The system aims to make electric vehicle charging more convenient and help users efficiently plan routes and charging.
Similar to DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES (20)
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
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DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Sanket Sawant1
, Aniruddha Patil2
, Dipesh Solanki3
, Prof Bhushan Save4
1
(Department of Electrical Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology, Mumbai University, India)
2
(Department of Electrical Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology, Mumbai University, India)
3
(Department of Electrical Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology, Mumbai University, India)
4
(Department of Electrical Engineering, VIVA Institute of Technology, Mumbai University, India)
Abstract: Inevitably, there has been a concerted policy push at the national level to promote electric vehicles.
In electric vehicles, the progress stands and falls with the performance of the battery. Lithium-ion batteries are
considered in this research project, as they are the most crucial component in the electric vehicle power system
and require accurate monitoring and control. Proper battery optimization in electric vehicles requires a
meticulous energy management system. The energy management system is bound for estimating the battery state
of charge, state of health, various distinct factors in the system, and subsystems in real-time. The state of charge
estimation accounts for the prevention of over-charge and over-discharge of batteries and provides cell
balancing. Traditional SOC estimation approaches, such as open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement and current
integration (coulomb counting), are relatively accurate in some cases. However, estimating the SOC for Li-ion
chemistries requires a modified approach. This project presents the Kalman filtering algorithm for the state of
charge estimation that provides precise results for a fair computational effort.
Keywords- Electric vehicles, Energy management systems (EMS), Hybrid EV, Lithium-Ion Batteries, State of
Charge (SOC)
I. INTRODUCTION
The era of electrical vehicles started with Hybrid electrical Vehicles within the last decade and gained
huge attention from analysis societies and automobile manufactures. This crossbreeding of the vehicle powertrain
makes the engine smaller and a lot more economical. The HEVs’ potentials in potency augmentation, energy-
saving, and emission reductions have resulted in several sure-fire industrial products. Later, Plug-in Hybrid
electrical Vehicles introduced the automobile market as a bridge from HEVs to full-electric transportation. They
use larger batteries than ancient HEVs that may be absolutely charged before beginning. because of burning
Engines in HEV/PHEVs, they're not entirely inexperienced. On the opposite hand, Battery electrical Vehicles use
on-board power storage and electrical motors for energy generation.
BEVs are absolutely inexperienced as a result of they use batteries because of the solely energy supply
of the vehicle, and also, they're terribly economical because of the utilization of electrical motors rather than ICEs
[1]. In distinction with ICEVs and HEVs, BEVs have a brief operational vary, and also, their pricey battery
includes a restricted service life, that limits BEVs’ wide market presence at the tip. the event of Associate in
Nursing economical Energy Management System (EMS) for BEVs is crucial to handle the problems mentioned
higher than. For safe and reliable operation of batteries on electrical vehicles, the net observance and state of
charge estimation of the batteries are essential. Associates in the Energy Management System are able to do this;
therefore, overall vehicle performance powerfully depends on this EMS [2]. The golf range of Associate in nursing
eV was solely 40–100 miles, 3–4 times but ICE vehicles. Adding to the matter is that the current lack of battery
charging infrastructure. Therefore, to stop EVs from running out of charge on the road and going passengers
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stranded, the flexibility to predict their residual vary is required. The primary step in residual vary prediction is to
grasp what quantity capability remains within the battery, additionally called its state of charge (SOC). Standard
methodology for SOC estimation is the voltage-based methodology, that infers SOC by Associate in Nursing
electrical circuit voltage (OCV)-SOC look-up [4]. However, an OCV measure needs an extended amount of rest
before the terminal voltage converges to the particular OCV. Recently, a shot targeted on developing model-based
filtering ways [5-7] geared toward the state of charge estimation. UKF is Associate in Nursing improved version
of the Kalman filter that applies Associate in Nursing unscented remodel, a technique for shrewd the statistics of
a variant propagating through a scheme. In UKF, the state distribution is portrayed by letter points, capturing the
mean and variance of the state distribution. The simplified implementation of the UKF algorithmic program offers
a computationally economical possibility for runtime SOC analysis on-board vehicles.
II. STATE OF CHARGE
State of Charge is one in all the essential parameters for batteries, however its definition presents many
various problems. In general, the SOC of a battery is outlined because of the quantitative relation of its current
capability to the nominal capability (Qn). The manufacturer's nominal capability and represents the utmost
quantity of charge which will be kept within the battery. The SOC are often outlined as follows: [9]
SOC(t) = Q(t)/Qn ----- (1)
The state of charge of batteries in an exceedingly battery management system is just like the fuel meter
in an exceedingly standard fuel automobile. The first operation of the SOC is to speak the self-generated battery
state to the motive force and, at identical time, avoid issues like overcharge and over-discharge. At present, most
electrical vehicles outline SOC from the attitude of electrical charge amount, thus during this equation, Qc is that
the residual power of the battery at the instant of calculation, and its unit is Ah; letter is that the total capability of
the battery, and its unit is Ah. Qe is the battery charge [11]. In fact, the battery sometimes varies with several
factors, and this equation has to be changed. The equation below is a lot of normally used.
----- (2)
In this equation, SOC(t) is that the nominal capability of the battery, and its unit is Ah. Therefore, the
worth is sometimes but 100%. The present lithium-ion batteries have a coulomb potency of ninety nine.9% or a
lot of [11].
III. STATE OF CHARGE ESTIMATION
Figure 1. Methods of SOC Estimation
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Regarding State of Charge estimation strategies, 3 approaches are chiefly being used: a coulomb count
technique, voltage technique, and Kalman filter technique [8]. These strategies will be applied for all battery
systems, particularly HEV, EV, and BEV. This project focuses on the Kalman Filter technique that is
mentioned.
IV. KALMAN FILTER
The Kalman filter is an algorithmic rule to estimate any dynamic system's inner states—it can even be wont
to estimate the SOC of a battery. Compared to alternative estimation schemes, the KF mechanically provides
dynamic error bounds on its own state estimates. This technique for SOC estimation treats the battery as an
influence system. By modeling the battery system to incorporate the sought after unknown quantities (such as
SOC) in its state description, the KF estimates their values and provides error bounds on the estimates.
It then becomes a model-based state estimation technique that employs a mistake correction mechanism to
supply time period predictions of the SOC. It will be extended to extend the potential of time period so estimation
victimization the extended Kalman filter. The extended Kalman filter is providentially applied once the battery
system is nonlinear, and a linearization step is required. Although Kalman filtering is a web and dynamic
technique, it wants an appropriate model for the battery and precise identification of its parameters.
The general mathematical type of the battery model is as follows.
Equation of state: xk+1 = f (xk, uk) + wk ----- (3)
Equation of observation: yk+1 = g(xk, uk) + vk ----- (4)
In Equations 3 & 4, uk is the input of the system, typically pertaining to the variables like current, temperature,
residual electrical amount, and internal resistance. yk+1 is that the output of the system, typically pertaining to the
voltage, xk is that the state amount of the system, together with the calculable price of SOC. Functions f (xk, uk)
and g(xk, uk) check with the nonlinear equations established on the battery model, however they have to be
linearized within the calculation method.
Figure. 2 Principle of Kalman Filter
The principle of this technique is shown in Figure 3. It describes the battery as a system composed of AN equation
of state and observation equation, considers SOC as an enclosed state of the system, establishes a state-space
model, and makes the minimum variance estimation for SOC. Its disadvantage is that the accuracy mostly depends
on establishing the battery equivalent model, and therefore the error chiefly comes from 3 aspects: the time
variability of the model, the non-linearity of the model, and therefore the approximate treatment of noise. In
sensible applications, it's employed in varied batteries, particularly in hybrid-electric vehicles with violent current
fluctuations. At present, several improved strategies are generated to support this technique [9]. as an example,
the Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) technique linearizes the nonlinear system; the Unscented Kalman Filtering
(UKF) technique is obtained by adding U to KF, that deals with the nonlinear drawback with a likelihood
distribution.
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V. EXTENDED & UNSCENTED KALMAN FILTERING
If the system is non-linear, then we will use a linearization method at every occasion step to approximate
the nonlinear system with a linear time-varying system. The state-space model is linearized at every occasion
instance, that compares the expected worth with its measured battery terminal voltage to correct the estimation
parameters for SOC. However, if the system is extremely non-linear, linearization error could occur thanks to the
shortage of accuracy within the first-order Taylor series underneath an extremely nonlinear condition thanks to
the benefits of EKF, several researchers have applied this methodology to the study of battery SOC. Compared to
alternative extended Kalman filter algorithms, the sturdy pursuit cubature extended Kalman filter is associate
degree correct SOC prediction and quicker process time.
The advanced EKF methodology encompasses a higher performance than generality EKF, KF, and therefore
the quantity unit investigation methodology in terms of effectiveness and dynamic ability [12]. In contrast to its
linear counterpart, the EKF, in general, isn't an associate degree best calculator (it is perfect if the measuring and
therefore the state transition model area unit each linear, as in this case, the EKF is similar to the regular one).
Also, if the state's initial estimate is wrong, or if the method is sculptural incorrectly, the filter could quickly
diverge, as a result of its linearization. The EKF's acquainted structure is preserved, however stability is achieved
by choosing a reliable positive resolution to a fake algebraic Riccati equation for the gain style. otherwise of up
EKF performance is to use the H-infinity results from strong management. The extra term is parametrized by a
scalar, that the designer could tweak to realize a trade-off between mean-square-error and peak error performance
criteria.
A nonlinear Kalman filter that shows promise as associate degree improvement over the EKF is that the
unscented Kalman filter (UKF). In the UKF, the likelihood density is approximated by a settled sampling of points
representing the underlying distribution as a mathematician.The EKF methodology is nice at the primary and
second-order of a non-linear model however is unhealthy at an extremely nonlinear state-space model. The
Unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) algorithmic program is employed to handle this downside. UKF is an associate
degree updated version of EKF that applies a discrete-time filtering algorithmic program and unscented rework
to resolve filtering issues. UKF supported unscented transformation was planned to avoid Taylor series
enlargement weakness compared to EKF [15].
VI. WHAT WE PROPOSE
Comprehensive EMSs are units presently found in transportable physical science, like laptop computer
computers and cellular phones, however they have not been absolutely deployed in EVs and HEVs. This is often
as a result of the quantity of cells during a vehicle’s battery is many times larger than that in transportable physical
science. Moreover, a vehicle’s battery is intended to be a durable energy system and a high grid. In alternative
words, batteries for EVs and HEVs have to give high voltage and high current. These build EMSs for EVs far
more difficult than those for transportable physical science. Current, voltage, and temperature ought to be
measured to boost state pursuit capability in real-life applications. Data acquisition and storage area unit important
components of the EMS computer code to investigate and build info for system modeling. Charge management
could be a scheme governing the charge-discharge protocol. Most subsystems in EMS area unit complete modules,
and hence, information transfer throughout the EMS is needed.
Figure. 3 Proposed Energy Management System
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Determination of SOC is going to be integrated into a capability assessment that additionally presents the
battery's life standing and sets the in operation limits consistent with progressive algorithms, like symbolic logic,
neural networks, state-space-based models. The target of cell equalisation is to maximise battery performance
while not overcharging or over-discharging. Its nature is to create the SOC levels of cells nearer to every
alternative. Thus, the correct SOC estimation of every cell is crucial for rising equalisation.Intelligent information
analysis is needed so as to produce battery fault warning and indicate out-of-tolerance conditions. The interface
ought to show the essential data of the EMS to the users. The remaining change ought to be indicated on the
dashboard consistent with the SOC of the battery. in addition, abnormal baleful and replacement suggestions area
unit required to tell the users in terms of estimating and predicting the battery.
Figure. 4 Simulink Design of SOC Estimation
VII. BATTERY MODELLING
Many equivalent circuit models are projected to represent the chemical science method of battery
victimization electrical components to model battery system dynamics. Establishing a battery model is tough
because of the sophisticated chemical science mechanisms of batteries. Currently, battery modeling for SOC
determination is usually developed from numerous equivalent circuit (RC network) models, distinct for various
material characteristics and accuracy requirements[16]. These model parameters were predominantly achieved in
terms of the physical characteristics of the precise anode and cathode. However, external factors, like
environmental temperature and discharge current load, can create these stationary models inaccurate during a
dynamic surroundings. As a result, model choice is often targeted on EMS.
VIII. CONCLUSION
As batteries at the core energy sources in EVs and HEVs, their performance dramatically impacts EVs’
salability. Therefore, makers are seeking breakthroughs in each battery technology and EMSs. Chemical reactions
within the battery are subject to operative conditions, and hence, the degradation of battery might vary in numerous
environments. Developing a comprehensive and mature EMS is crucial for makers United Nations agency would
love to extend their products’ market share. The first considerations of EMSs were mentioned during this paper.
Associate EMS framework was projected to take care of the deficiencies of current EMSs in each analysis and
industrial product. Supported previous work, specific challenges facing EMSs and their attainable solutions were
given as a solid foundation for future analysis. Because of variable things in real-world applications, a typical
resolution wasn't wished. Supported the precise scenario, totally different methods ought to be applied to boost
and optimize the performance of EMSs in future EVs and HEVs. State of Charge (SOC) is that the battery’s actual
capability is expressed as a proportion of the fully-charged capability. SOC estimation may be a vital performance
of battery management systems (BMSs).
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An adaptational SOC estimation technique that mixes Coulomb reckoning and battery voltage model victimization
the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to unravel these issues. The dynamic SOC model was developed to support
the Coulomb reckoning principle. UKF, that is close-looped, was then accustomed to infer the SOC from the
present and voltage measurements. As a result, the developed technique doesn't need previous info of the initial
SOC and is powerful to activity noise. This feature is substantive for energy unit applications as a result of once
the SOC of energy unit changes because of self-discharge or variable environmental conditions, this technique
self-corrects the SOC. SOC estimation provides info for the BMS to stay the battery operating at intervals a secure
operative window. With an associate correct SOC computer in situ, the battery pack is accustomed to its limit and
doesn't ought to be over-engineered, leading to reduced price.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A special thanks to Prof. Bhushan Save for immense support and meticulous guidance, Prof. Mukesh
Mishra for steering us to the right path in this project. Also we are thankful to VIVA Institute Of Technology.
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