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What is hyperoxia, normoxia and hypoxia to cells: Why researchers should care...InsideScientific
Oxygen influences multiple physiological parameters within cells. In addition to monitoring and controlling for CO2, humidity and temperature, scientists should consider the assessment of oxygen levels for in vitro studies. By removing a potential confounding factor, researchers can improve both scientific reproducibility and relevant outcomes.
This webinar hosted by Scintica Instrumentation builds on these concepts and discusses the importance of oxygen in cell culture. Dr. Nicky Pansters describes a better method for defining O2 concentration as well as options for monitoring and controlling oxygen levels. He also provides a brief overview of relevant scientific publications. Webinar participants will gain a better understanding of how accurate oxygen regulation will contribute to improved reproducibility of their experimental work, and what next steps to take to improve future research outputs.
Topics discussed in this webinar include:
- The meaning of hyperoxic, normoxic and hypoxic conditions at the cellular level
- How hyperoxic conditions affect the HIF1 transcription factor and its many downstream effects
- How oxygen is beginning to play a larger and larger role in cellular labs
- The future of hypoxic/normoxic cell culturing in research
Hypoxia is O2 deficiency at the tissue level. A pathological condition in which the whole body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It is the decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues, without reaching anoxia.
2. High altitude. Low hemoglobin level. Decreased oxygen supply to an area. Low oxygen carrying capacity. P
What is hyperoxia, normoxia and hypoxia to cells: Why researchers should care...InsideScientific
Oxygen influences multiple physiological parameters within cells. In addition to monitoring and controlling for CO2, humidity and temperature, scientists should consider the assessment of oxygen levels for in vitro studies. By removing a potential confounding factor, researchers can improve both scientific reproducibility and relevant outcomes.
This webinar hosted by Scintica Instrumentation builds on these concepts and discusses the importance of oxygen in cell culture. Dr. Nicky Pansters describes a better method for defining O2 concentration as well as options for monitoring and controlling oxygen levels. He also provides a brief overview of relevant scientific publications. Webinar participants will gain a better understanding of how accurate oxygen regulation will contribute to improved reproducibility of their experimental work, and what next steps to take to improve future research outputs.
Topics discussed in this webinar include:
- The meaning of hyperoxic, normoxic and hypoxic conditions at the cellular level
- How hyperoxic conditions affect the HIF1 transcription factor and its many downstream effects
- How oxygen is beginning to play a larger and larger role in cellular labs
- The future of hypoxic/normoxic cell culturing in research
Hypoxia is O2 deficiency at the tissue level. A pathological condition in which the whole body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It is the decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues, without reaching anoxia.
2. High altitude. Low hemoglobin level. Decreased oxygen supply to an area. Low oxygen carrying capacity. P
Oxygen therapy is an integral part of the treatment of critically ill patients. Maintenance of adequate
oxygen delivery to vital organs often requires the administration of supplemental oxygen,
sometimes at high concentrations. Although oxygen therapy is lifesaving, it may be associated
with deleterious effects when administered for prolonged periods at high concentrations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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2. Historical considerations
Carl Wilhelm Scheele – 1773
Discovered O2
John Pristley – 1774
Was the first to publish
a paper on O2
Antoine Lavoisier – 1777
Coined the term “O2”
3. Oxygen:
Colourless
Odourless
Tasteless
Transparent gas
Slightly heavier than air
Constitues 20-21% of atmospheric air
Essential for life
4. Importance of O2 in cell chemistry
Required in aerobic metabolism for:
1. Production of high energy phosphate compounds
(ATP)
2. Dehydrogenation of flavo proteins
3. Biotransformation of drugs
4. Oxidation of certain other substrates..
5. Definations:
Hypoxia: low level of oxygen at tissue level
Hypoxemia: low levels of oxygen in blood
Partial pressure: the pressure exerted on a surface by
the molecules of individual gases.
The partial pressure of oxygen can be calculated
for a given atmospheric pressure, by multiplying
concentration of a gas by the atmospheric or
barometric pressure.
Eg: 760 mm Hg 21% = 160 mm Hg
6. Oxygen cascade
Oxygen cascade refers to the progressive decrease in
the partial pressure of oxygen from the ambient air
to the cellular level.
PO2 in inspired air 150-160 mm Hg
PO2 in alveolar gas (PAO2) 100- 110 mm Hg
PO2 in arterial blood (PaO2) 98 mm Hg
PO2 in Capillary blood 50-80 mm Hg
PO2 in tissues 30- 50 mm Hg
PO2 in cell mitochondria 10- 20 mmHg
7. Factors affecting oxygenation at various levels in
O2 cascade:
Partial pressure Affected by:
Inspired oxygen
PiO2
Barometric pressure
PB
Oxygen concentration
FiO2
Alveolar gas
PAO2
Oxygen consumption
VO2
Alveolar ventilation
VA
Arterial blood
PaO2
Dead space ventilation
Increased V/Q
Shunt
Decreased V/Q
Cellular PO2 Cardiac output
CO
Hemoglobin
Hb
8. Oxygen therapy
Goals of oxygen therapy:
1. Correcting Hypoxemia
By raising Alveolar & Blood levels of Oxygen
Easiest objective to attain & measure
2. Decreasing symptoms of Hypoxemia
Supplemental O2 can help relieve symptoms of
hypoxia
Lessen dyspnoea/work of breathing
Improve mental function
9. 3. Minimizing Cardiopulmonary workload
Cardiopulmonary system will compensate for
Hypoxemia by:
Increasing ventilation to get more O2 in the lungs & to the
Blood
Increased work of breathing
Increasing Cardiac Output to get more oxygenated blood to
tissues
Hard on the heart, especially if diseased
Hypoxia causes Pulmonary vasoconstritcion &
Pulmonary Hypertension
These cause an increased workload on the right side of heart
Over time the right heart will become more muscular & then
eventually fail (Cor Pulmonale)
10. Supplemental o2 can relieve hypoxemia & relieve
pulmonary vasoconstriction & Hypertension,
reducing right ventricular workload!!
At our institution, minimal acceptable saturation
for post surgical patients who are cared for in non
critical setup is 92%
11. Assessing the need for oxygen therapy
3 basic ways:
Laboratory measures – invasive or noninvasive
PAO2, PaO2, SaO2, SpO2 monitoring
Clinical Problem or condition
postoperative patients, pneumonia, atelectasis,
pulmonary edema, etc…
Symptoms of hypoxemia
Eg: tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypertension,
cyanosis, dyspnoea, disorientation, clubbing, etc
12. Methods of oxygen administration
Method selection depends upon required
concentration of oxygen.
However, during oxygen therapy the relative dangers
of hypoxia and O2 toxicity should be kept in mind.
Criteria for selecting the method:
1. Patient’s GCS and patient’s comfort
2. Level & range of FiO2 required
3. Extent of humidification required
13. Classification of O2 therapy devices
Oxygen
delivery
systems
Low flow
systems
High flow
systems
14. Low flow O2 delivery system
Flow does not meet inspiratory demand
Oxygen is diluted with air on inspiration
These devices have limited reservoir to store
oxygen and are unable to deliver consistent
inspired oxygen concentrations in settings of
varying respiratory rates & tidal volumes.
17. High flow O2 delivery system:
Supplies given FiO2 at flow rates higher than
inspiratory demand.
They are suitable for delivering consistent and
predictable concentrations of oxygen.
Uses entrainment of air to maintain oxygen supply.
Eg: venturi mask, non rebreathing mask, puritan
face mask.
18. Air Entrainment system
Amount of air entrained varies directly
with:
port size
Velocity
The more air
entrained:
Higher flow
Lower FiO2
21. Indications for O2 therapy:
Arterial PO2 < 60 mmHg or SaO2 < 90%
Cardiac & respiratory arrest
Respiratory failure
Cardiac failure or myocardial infarction
Shock of any cause
Increased metabolic demands (eg. Burns, multiple
injuries, severe sepsis)
Post operative state
Carbon monoxide poisoning.
22. Hypoxia
HYPOXIA: A condition in which the oxygen
available is inadequate at the tissue level
Five types of hypoxia:
Anemic
Hypoxemic
Histotoxic
Circulatory
Hypermetabolic
23. Anemic Hypoxia
Having a decreased carrying capacity for oxygen, the pt
with decreased or abnormal Hb
Anemia
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Methemoglobinemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Treatment involves blood transfusions, hyperbaric
chamber, bone marrow transplant
24. Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Low PAO2 due to the atmosphere
Hypoventilation – PCO2 is rising
Diffusion Defects
The PaO2 will be lower in all cases, but the PCO2 may or
may not be increased.
Treatment: Compensatory actions to reduce inequalities,
supplemental oxygen
25. Histotoxic Hypoxia
Inability for tissues to utilize oxygen available
Cyanide Poisoning will inhibit cellular metabolism
from occuring; the cells can not process the O2
Treatment: Reversal of poisoning, supplemental
oxygen and/or ventilation
26. Circulatory Hypoxia
A decrease in cardiac output results in a low BP and a
prolonged systemic transit time
The PaO2 can be high, but because of the time it takes
to get to the tissues, the pt is hypoxic
Cardiovascular instability or failure
Shock
Arrhythmias
Treatment include increasing cardiac output with use
of cardiovascular drugs and therapy, supplemental
oxygen
27. Hypermetabolic Hypoxia
In some disease states the body requires a slight
increase in metabolism (i.e. – wound healing
requires 5% increase)
Extensive burns and some cancers will cause large
increases metabolism to the point that supplemental
O2 is required
Treatment: Supplemental O2 or FiO2
28. Approach to selecting appropriate O2 delivery
system:
Purpose (Objective)
Increase FiO2 to correct hypoxemia
minimize symptoms of hypoxemia
Minimize Cardiopulmonary workload
Patient
Cause & severity of hypoxemia
Age
Neuro status/orientation
Airway in place/protected
Regular rate & rhythm (minute Ventilation)
Equipment Performance
The more critical, the greater need for high stable FiO2
Becomes more difficult the more critical due to pt varying pattern
29. Pt Categories
Emergency
Highest FiO2 possible
Highest PaO2 possible
Critical Adult
>60% O2
PaO2 >60mmHg
SpO2 >90%
Stable adult, acute illness, mild hypoxemia
Low to moderate FiO2
Response to therapy, not precise concentrations
30. Chronic dz adult, acute on chronic illness
Ensure adequate oxygenation without depressing
Ventilation
• SpO2 85-90%
• PaO2 50-60mmHg
• Use ventilating mask to control FiO2 precision
31. • Assess response to therapy!!
• If not maintainable on Cannula, use masks
Pt may remove mask frequently due to
• Discomfort
• Convenience
• Change in mental status
Encourage Cannula use between mask use if
mask must come off for periods
32. Precautions & Hazards
O2 Toxicity
Primarily affects Lungs & CNS
2 determining factors of O2 toxicity
PO2
Time of exposure
i.e., higher the PO2 & exposure time the greater the
toxicity.
CNS effects occur with Hyperbaric Pressures
Pulmonary effects can occur @ clinical PO2 levels
Patchy infiltrates on x-ray, prominent in lower lung
fields
Major alveolar injury
33. Pathophysiology
High PO2 damages capillary endothelium
Followed by interstitial edema & AC
membrane thickening
Type I cells are destroyed (cells that create
new lung tissue, gas exchange cells)
Type II cells proliferate (trigger inflamatory
response)
34. Exudative phase
• Alveolar fluid buildup (from inflamatory response)
leads to
low ventilation/perfusion ratio (shunting)
hypoxemia
Hyaline membranes form @ alveolar level
• Proteinaceous eosinophilic (basic) material
• Composed of cellular debris & condensed plasma
proteins.
Pulmonary fibrosis develop
Pulmonary Hypertension develops
35. Treatment:
Try to keep pt alive while reducing FiO2
Cause:
Overproduction of O2 free radicals
• Byproducts of cellular metabolism
• Toxic in excessive amounts
• Normally antioxidants & other special enzymes dispose of excess
free radicals
• Neutrophils (WBC’s) & macrophages flood the infiltrate the tissue
& mediate inflammation response, leading to more free radicals
36. How much is too much?
>50% for very extended times
>PO2 the less time it takes
Goal of ideal oxygen therapy:
Use the lowest FiO2 possible to maintain
adequate tissue oxygenation
37. Other side effects
Growing lungs are more sensitive to O2
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP), more later
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), chronic lung
dz, Absorption Atelectasis, Fire hazards, etc
Depression of Ventilation
Hypercarbic drive is blunted
High PCO2 no longer stimulates pt to
increase Ventilation
Suppression of hypoxic drive
The only stimulus left to increase Ventilation
is due to hypoxia
38. When you add to much O2, (remove the hypoxia) you
effectively remove the neurological stimulus to breathe.
(peripheral chemoreceptor’s)
• Hypoventilation occurs
CO2 continues to elevate to sedative levels
• Pt stops breathing until hypoxic again
• If CO2 is too high, they will remain sedated & causes
Cardiopulmonary arrest
• Never withhold O2 therapy from a
Hypoxic pt (PaO2)
39. Take home message!!
Oxygen is a drug, prescribe it as other drugs,
ie, amount, device and time should be specified.
If patient’s SpO2 is not good with nasal cannula,
consider changing the device instead of
increasing flow rate.
Overzealous use of oxygen is often without
justification & consideration of toxic effects of
oxygen therapy. So think before such
unaccounted for use of oxygen.