Hypothetical meaning
•
10 likes•17,060 views
The document discusses different verb forms used with common expressions involving wishes, preferences, hypothetical situations, and the passage of time. It explains that "wish + past simple" expresses wishes that have not come true, "wish + would/could" refers to general future wishes, and "wish + past perfect" refers to past regrets. It also outlines the similar uses of "if only" and how "it's time" refers to present or future actions that should have happened earlier.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Recursion
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
Semantic Field.pptx
A semantic field refers to a set of words grouped by similar meanings that relate to a specific subject. It is a collection of related words used to describe a particular domain or topic. There are two main types of semantic fields - ordered fields, where the words are arranged in a specific sequence, and unordered fields with no fixed ordering. Semantic fields help build emotion in literature by providing subtle context clues and hints about upcoming events or ideas. A lexical field focuses more on how words affect each other in sentences, while a semantic field emphasizes the underlying meanings expressed by groups of words.
Collocation
The document discusses different types of collocations, including grammatical collocations, lexical collocations, strong collocations, weak collocations, medium strength collocations, and unique collocations. Grammatical collocations involve a noun, verb, or adjective plus a preposition or verb form. Lexical collocations predictably connect a verb, noun, adjective, or adverb with another word. Strong collocations have words that are highly attached and occur together frequently, while weak collocations have freely substitutable words. Medium strength collocations occur together more often than other combinations. Unique collocations involve words that are singular in how they co-occur.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Lexical relations
The document discusses various lexical semantic relationships between words including synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, prototypes, homophones, homonyms, polysemy, metonymy, and collocation. It provides examples and explanations of each relationship, noting how words can be related through meaning, pronunciation, or common association. Understanding these relationships is important for analyzing how meaning is constructed in text.
Reference and sense
This document discusses the concepts of reference and sense in linguistics. Reference deals with the relationship between language and real-world entities, while sense relates to the system of relationships between linguistic elements themselves. Referring expressions identify entities, with referring and non-referring expressions defined. Referents can be unique, variable, concrete, abstract, countable or non-countable. Sense involves the meanings and relationships between words and phrases. Ambiguous, anomalous, contradictory and paraphrased sentences are examined.
Minimalist program
This document provides an overview of the Minimalist Program (MP) proposed by Chomsky in 1993. It discusses the redundant and necessary levels of representation, including Logical Form and Phonetic Form. Principles like economy of derivation and economy of representation are explained. The document also covers topics like phrase structure, movements, feature checking, and the Full Interpretation Principle in MP. The conclusion states that MP aims to minimize theoretical concepts in syntax to achieve universality of grammar.
Conversation analysis
Conversation analysis (CA) is a method that studies how people organize and accomplish social interaction through talk-in-interaction. It examines recordings of real-life conversations to understand rules and practices from an interactional perspective. CA focuses on features like turn-taking, sequence organization through question-answer pairs, and repair when problems arise. Recordings are transcribed with notation to retain prosodic and sequential elements, allowing researchers to analyze how conversations are structured through turns and sequences of communicative actions.
Recommended
Recursion
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
Semantic Field.pptx
A semantic field refers to a set of words grouped by similar meanings that relate to a specific subject. It is a collection of related words used to describe a particular domain or topic. There are two main types of semantic fields - ordered fields, where the words are arranged in a specific sequence, and unordered fields with no fixed ordering. Semantic fields help build emotion in literature by providing subtle context clues and hints about upcoming events or ideas. A lexical field focuses more on how words affect each other in sentences, while a semantic field emphasizes the underlying meanings expressed by groups of words.
Collocation
The document discusses different types of collocations, including grammatical collocations, lexical collocations, strong collocations, weak collocations, medium strength collocations, and unique collocations. Grammatical collocations involve a noun, verb, or adjective plus a preposition or verb form. Lexical collocations predictably connect a verb, noun, adjective, or adverb with another word. Strong collocations have words that are highly attached and occur together frequently, while weak collocations have freely substitutable words. Medium strength collocations occur together more often than other combinations. Unique collocations involve words that are singular in how they co-occur.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Lexical relations
The document discusses various lexical semantic relationships between words including synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, prototypes, homophones, homonyms, polysemy, metonymy, and collocation. It provides examples and explanations of each relationship, noting how words can be related through meaning, pronunciation, or common association. Understanding these relationships is important for analyzing how meaning is constructed in text.
Reference and sense
This document discusses the concepts of reference and sense in linguistics. Reference deals with the relationship between language and real-world entities, while sense relates to the system of relationships between linguistic elements themselves. Referring expressions identify entities, with referring and non-referring expressions defined. Referents can be unique, variable, concrete, abstract, countable or non-countable. Sense involves the meanings and relationships between words and phrases. Ambiguous, anomalous, contradictory and paraphrased sentences are examined.
Minimalist program
This document provides an overview of the Minimalist Program (MP) proposed by Chomsky in 1993. It discusses the redundant and necessary levels of representation, including Logical Form and Phonetic Form. Principles like economy of derivation and economy of representation are explained. The document also covers topics like phrase structure, movements, feature checking, and the Full Interpretation Principle in MP. The conclusion states that MP aims to minimize theoretical concepts in syntax to achieve universality of grammar.
Conversation analysis
Conversation analysis (CA) is a method that studies how people organize and accomplish social interaction through talk-in-interaction. It examines recordings of real-life conversations to understand rules and practices from an interactional perspective. CA focuses on features like turn-taking, sequence organization through question-answer pairs, and repair when problems arise. Recordings are transcribed with notation to retain prosodic and sequential elements, allowing researchers to analyze how conversations are structured through turns and sequences of communicative actions.
Derivational Morphology
This document presents information on derivation and inflection in linguistics. It defines derivational morphemes as affixes that change the meaning or function of a word to create a new lexeme. Inflectional morphemes are affixes that carry grammatical meaning without changing the part of speech or core meaning. Examples of common derivational and inflectional suffixes are provided along with their grammatical functions.
Levels of stylistic analysis
This document outlines different levels of stylistic analysis for examining written works, including graphology, phonology, grammar, lexical analysis, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. It provides examples of features analyzed at each level, such as rhyme schemes, punctuation, parts of speech, inferences, and repetitions. The document also discusses word frequency analysis and lists common literary devices and techniques.
Politeness
This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
Politeness (Pragmatics)
This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
Lecture 3 implicature
This document discusses implicature, which refers to what a speaker suggests or implies beyond the literal meaning of an utterance. There are two types of implicature: conversational implicature, which is derived from conversational principles and assumptions, and conventional implicature, which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature can be generalized or particularized. Scalar implicature communicates additional information based on a scale of values used in an utterance. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of implicature.
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
This document discusses constituency tests which are used to identify syntactic constituents in sentences. There are three main types of constituency tests: movement tests, substitution tests, and stand alone tests. Movement tests involve rearranging parts of the sentence. Substitution tests involve replacing parts of the sentence with pronouns or other words. Stand alone tests check if parts of the sentence can stand alone as fragments. The document provides examples to illustrate how each of these tests can identify constituents.
Semantics and pragmatics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It deals with the literal meanings of words and sentences and the relationship between linguistic forms and what they refer to in the world. Pragmatics is concerned with how language is used in context between speakers. It examines how more is communicated than what is literally said. Theories of semantics and pragmatics have included meaning as naming, concepts, behavior, and truth conditions. Pragmatics also examines speech acts, relevance theory, cooperation principles, and argumentation. Both fields are important for understanding how meaning is constructed and communicated through language.
Wh Movement
This document discusses wh-movement in language syntax. It defines wh-expressions as interrogative words like what, when, where, etc. Wh-movement refers to these expressions moving into the specifier position of the CP constituent. The CP comprises a head (C) and TP complement. Wh-expressions originate as verb complements and move to the front of the clause, preceding any inverted auxiliary. Wh-movement moves maximal projections and acts to satisfy the EPP feature of C, driving movement to the specifier of CP. Only one wh-expression can be preposed in multiple wh-questions due to the attract closest principle.
grammar and style
The document discusses grammar and style. It defines grammar as the systematic study and description of language, noting that grammar establishes rules that are necessary for a language to be complete, similar to rules in games. Style refers to word choices used by specific groups. The document then presents the basic model of grammar as having a hierarchy from small linguistic units like clauses to larger units. It describes the key components of a clause as the subject, predicator, complement, and adjunct. Various types of clauses are also discussed, including imperative, interrogative, and declarative clauses as well as variations involving different grammatical moods.
Pragmatics: Introduction
This document discusses pragmatics and its relationship to linguistics. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning as it relates to speakers, addressees, context and knowledge of language use. Pragmatics focuses on utterances within a given context. Unlike grammar, pragmatics allows humans into the analysis and looks at principles rather than rules. It deals with processes rather than products. The document provides several definitions of pragmatics and outlines its distinction from semantics and syntax.
Discourse analysis
This document discusses discourse analysis and provides information on key concepts. It defines discourse analysis as the analysis of language beyond the sentence level, including analysis of text and conversation. It also discusses several basic ideas in discourse analysis such as text analysis, conversation analysis, cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, and the cooperative principle. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
Discourse
Discourse analysis examines how sentences form coherent units like paragraphs and conversations. Cohesion refers to grammatical and lexical relationships between discourse elements, created through devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. However, coherence depends on how people interpret a discourse based on their background knowledge and expectations. While cohesive devices link utterances, coherence involves constructing a meaningful interpretation in line with one's experience of the world.
Deixis presentation
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information about who is speaking, where, and when. Deixis includes pronouns like I, you, and demonstratives like this and that. The meaning of deictic expressions depends on the deictic center, which is the speaker's point of view in terms of person, place, and time. There are different types of deixis, including person deixis referring to speakers and addressees, place deixis indicating locations, and time deixis referring to moments in time. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of language that allows speakers to anchor meanings to the immediate context of an utterance.
Deixis
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
General linguistics
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Phrase structure rules
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
Cooperative principle
This document discusses the cooperative principle and Grice's maxims of conversation. It provides definitions and examples of the cooperative principle, which describes how people achieve effective communication through cooperation. It outlines Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Examples are given of conversations that follow the maxims through clear, truthful and relevant responses. Examples are also provided of conversations that violate the maxims through ambiguous, unrelated or insincere responses. The document analyzes conversations from the play Waiting for Godot in terms of compliance with and violations of Grice's maxims.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Discourse Analysis
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
syntax
The document discusses syntax and its key aspects:
1. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in sentences and the rules governing their combinations to form grammatically correct sentences.
2. It involves analyzing the hierarchical structure of sentences by breaking them down into constituent parts such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3. Phrase structure rules are used to represent sentences as trees to show the constituent structure and linear order of words.
Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses various conditional structures used to express hypothetical meanings and wishes in English:
1. Wish + past simple expresses wishes that have not come true or may come true in the future.
2. Wish + would and could refer to general future wishes. Wish + would also expresses wishes for other people.
3. Wish + past perfect refers to things one regrets from the past. "If only" expresses stronger feelings and is used to criticize others.
4. "It's time" uses past simple to say an action should have been done. "Would rather" expresses preferences.
5. "Suppose" uses various verb forms to describe hypothetical situations. "As if" implications
New English File - adapted unit 3 C_unreal uses of the past
The document discusses the different uses of past tenses when expressing wishes, regrets, and hypothetical situations in English. It explains that:
- "Wish" is used with the past simple tense to talk about things we want that are impossible now, and with the past perfect to talk about things we now regret from the past.
- "If only" can also be used instead of "wish" to talk about unrealistic wishes or hypothetical past situations, and implies more emphasis.
- "Would rather" with a subject and past tense expresses preference.
- "It's time" with a subject implies something needs to be done now or soon.
So in summary, it provides examples and explanations
More Related Content
What's hot
Derivational Morphology
This document presents information on derivation and inflection in linguistics. It defines derivational morphemes as affixes that change the meaning or function of a word to create a new lexeme. Inflectional morphemes are affixes that carry grammatical meaning without changing the part of speech or core meaning. Examples of common derivational and inflectional suffixes are provided along with their grammatical functions.
Levels of stylistic analysis
This document outlines different levels of stylistic analysis for examining written works, including graphology, phonology, grammar, lexical analysis, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. It provides examples of features analyzed at each level, such as rhyme schemes, punctuation, parts of speech, inferences, and repetitions. The document also discusses word frequency analysis and lists common literary devices and techniques.
Politeness
This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
Politeness (Pragmatics)
This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
Lecture 3 implicature
This document discusses implicature, which refers to what a speaker suggests or implies beyond the literal meaning of an utterance. There are two types of implicature: conversational implicature, which is derived from conversational principles and assumptions, and conventional implicature, which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature can be generalized or particularized. Scalar implicature communicates additional information based on a scale of values used in an utterance. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of implicature.
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
This document discusses constituency tests which are used to identify syntactic constituents in sentences. There are three main types of constituency tests: movement tests, substitution tests, and stand alone tests. Movement tests involve rearranging parts of the sentence. Substitution tests involve replacing parts of the sentence with pronouns or other words. Stand alone tests check if parts of the sentence can stand alone as fragments. The document provides examples to illustrate how each of these tests can identify constituents.
Semantics and pragmatics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It deals with the literal meanings of words and sentences and the relationship between linguistic forms and what they refer to in the world. Pragmatics is concerned with how language is used in context between speakers. It examines how more is communicated than what is literally said. Theories of semantics and pragmatics have included meaning as naming, concepts, behavior, and truth conditions. Pragmatics also examines speech acts, relevance theory, cooperation principles, and argumentation. Both fields are important for understanding how meaning is constructed and communicated through language.
Wh Movement
This document discusses wh-movement in language syntax. It defines wh-expressions as interrogative words like what, when, where, etc. Wh-movement refers to these expressions moving into the specifier position of the CP constituent. The CP comprises a head (C) and TP complement. Wh-expressions originate as verb complements and move to the front of the clause, preceding any inverted auxiliary. Wh-movement moves maximal projections and acts to satisfy the EPP feature of C, driving movement to the specifier of CP. Only one wh-expression can be preposed in multiple wh-questions due to the attract closest principle.
grammar and style
The document discusses grammar and style. It defines grammar as the systematic study and description of language, noting that grammar establishes rules that are necessary for a language to be complete, similar to rules in games. Style refers to word choices used by specific groups. The document then presents the basic model of grammar as having a hierarchy from small linguistic units like clauses to larger units. It describes the key components of a clause as the subject, predicator, complement, and adjunct. Various types of clauses are also discussed, including imperative, interrogative, and declarative clauses as well as variations involving different grammatical moods.
Pragmatics: Introduction
This document discusses pragmatics and its relationship to linguistics. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning as it relates to speakers, addressees, context and knowledge of language use. Pragmatics focuses on utterances within a given context. Unlike grammar, pragmatics allows humans into the analysis and looks at principles rather than rules. It deals with processes rather than products. The document provides several definitions of pragmatics and outlines its distinction from semantics and syntax.
Discourse analysis
This document discusses discourse analysis and provides information on key concepts. It defines discourse analysis as the analysis of language beyond the sentence level, including analysis of text and conversation. It also discusses several basic ideas in discourse analysis such as text analysis, conversation analysis, cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, and the cooperative principle. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
Discourse
Discourse analysis examines how sentences form coherent units like paragraphs and conversations. Cohesion refers to grammatical and lexical relationships between discourse elements, created through devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. However, coherence depends on how people interpret a discourse based on their background knowledge and expectations. While cohesive devices link utterances, coherence involves constructing a meaningful interpretation in line with one's experience of the world.
Deixis presentation
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information about who is speaking, where, and when. Deixis includes pronouns like I, you, and demonstratives like this and that. The meaning of deictic expressions depends on the deictic center, which is the speaker's point of view in terms of person, place, and time. There are different types of deixis, including person deixis referring to speakers and addressees, place deixis indicating locations, and time deixis referring to moments in time. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of language that allows speakers to anchor meanings to the immediate context of an utterance.
Deixis
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
General linguistics
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Phrase structure rules
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
Cooperative principle
This document discusses the cooperative principle and Grice's maxims of conversation. It provides definitions and examples of the cooperative principle, which describes how people achieve effective communication through cooperation. It outlines Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Examples are given of conversations that follow the maxims through clear, truthful and relevant responses. Examples are also provided of conversations that violate the maxims through ambiguous, unrelated or insincere responses. The document analyzes conversations from the play Waiting for Godot in terms of compliance with and violations of Grice's maxims.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Discourse Analysis
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
syntax
The document discusses syntax and its key aspects:
1. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in sentences and the rules governing their combinations to form grammatically correct sentences.
2. It involves analyzing the hierarchical structure of sentences by breaking them down into constituent parts such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3. Phrase structure rules are used to represent sentences as trees to show the constituent structure and linear order of words.
What's hot (20)
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
Similar to Hypothetical meaning
Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses various conditional structures used to express hypothetical meanings and wishes in English:
1. Wish + past simple expresses wishes that have not come true or may come true in the future.
2. Wish + would and could refer to general future wishes. Wish + would also expresses wishes for other people.
3. Wish + past perfect refers to things one regrets from the past. "If only" expresses stronger feelings and is used to criticize others.
4. "It's time" uses past simple to say an action should have been done. "Would rather" expresses preferences.
5. "Suppose" uses various verb forms to describe hypothetical situations. "As if" implications
New English File - adapted unit 3 C_unreal uses of the past
The document discusses the different uses of past tenses when expressing wishes, regrets, and hypothetical situations in English. It explains that:
- "Wish" is used with the past simple tense to talk about things we want that are impossible now, and with the past perfect to talk about things we now regret from the past.
- "If only" can also be used instead of "wish" to talk about unrealistic wishes or hypothetical past situations, and implies more emphasis.
- "Would rather" with a subject and past tense expresses preference.
- "It's time" with a subject implies something needs to be done now or soon.
So in summary, it provides examples and explanations
Bridges2 unit04-cw-wish-10-11
1. Wish can be used with a that-clause to express regret about situations that are unreal, impossible, or unlikely. Common tenses include past tenses used with a present or future meaning.
2. Wish is not generally used for wishes about possible future events; hope is used instead. Within a wish clause, past tenses refer to present or future time. Many people use "were" instead of "was".
3. Wish is often used with "would" in the that-clause to express regret, dissatisfaction, or irritation about something someone refuses or is unwilling to do. Wish with "would" can imply criticism.
Wish that-clauses
Wish can be used with a that-clause to express regret about situations that are unreal, impossible, or unlikely. Tenses in the that-clause after wish are similar to those used after "if". Wish + that-clause is not generally used for wishes about possible future events, where "hope" is used instead. Wish + "would" expresses regret, dissatisfaction, or irritation that someone or something will or won't do something, referring to willingness or unwillingness. Would is not used when willingness is not relevant to the wish.
Unreal tenses
The document discusses several structures using past tenses to express different meanings and situations. It explains that "wish + past simple" is used to talk about things in the present/future that are impossible or unlikely. "Wish + past perfect" expresses regret about past events or actions. "Would rather + subject + past tense" indicates preference. And "It's time + subject + past tense" means that something needs to be done now or soon. Examples are provided for each structure.
Expressing wishes again
The document discusses the use of wishes in English. It provides examples of how to express wishes about present, future and past situations using different verb tenses after "wish". Wishes about the present or future use "wish" followed by the past simple tense. Wishes about the past use "wish" followed by the past perfect tense. The document also discusses using "wish" with other verbs like "would", "hope", and "want" as well as in fixed expressions.
Wish
This document provides information and examples about using wish/if only, hope, and it's time in English. It discusses:
- Using wish/if only with the past simple, past perfect, and would to talk about present/future desires or past regrets.
- The difference between hope, which is usually used for future wishes, versus wish, which implies knowledge that facts contradict desires.
- Using it's time with to infinitives, the past simple/continuous, and about/high time to comment on when something should be done.
- The various structures for would rather/sooner, including preferring one action over another or a subject doing/not doing something.
Simple future tense
The document discusses the simple future tense in English. It provides examples of how to form positive, negative, and interrogative sentences in the simple future tense using "will" as the auxiliary verb. It also discusses the use of "shall" in certain cases with first person pronouns. Contractions of "will" are listed. Common uses of the simple future tense are outlined, including for predictions, spontaneous decisions, willingness/unwillingness, and promises. Questions are discussed and examples provided of forming questions starting with "wh-" words in the simple future tense.
Presentacion 1. chavez perdomo
The document provides instruction on using different tenses in English, including the present simple, present continuous, present perfect, past tense, past continuous, and passive voice. It gives examples of how to form each tense and common uses. For the passive voice specifically, it explains the basic structure of subject + be verb + past participle + optional by agent, and provides examples of affirmative and interrogative forms in the present simple passive.
relativeclauses5-140415015521-phpapp02 (1) (1).pptx
The document discusses relative clauses and their usage. It defines relative clauses as clauses that provide additional information about a person or thing mentioned elsewhere in the sentence. It notes the different relative pronouns used in relative clauses like who, which, that, whose, when, why, where, and whom. It also discusses the position and omission of relative pronouns in sentences. The document provides examples of different types of relative clauses and their proper usage.
E1 talking about_the_future
The document discusses different ways to talk about the future in English using future tenses like will, be going to, present continuous, future continuous, and future perfect. It explains the different meanings and uses of each tense, including expressing plans and predictions, voluntary actions, promises, scheduled events, fixed arrangements, interrupted actions, duration before an event, and completed actions before a future time. Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage of each future form.
52 ifandwish
This document discusses the different types of conditional clauses in English, known as "if clauses". It outlines three main types:
1. Type 1 clauses refer to possible present or future events and use structures like present tense or future with "will".
2. Type 2 clauses refer to unlikely present events and use "were" or "could" along with modal verbs.
3. Type 3 clauses refer to unlikely past events and use past perfect tense or "would have" along with past forms.
The document provides examples of tense combinations used in the main and conditional clauses for each type, and discusses structures like permission, ability, necessity that can be used in the conditional clauses.
Clase 32 - MODAL AND CONDITIONALS.pptx
This document discusses the different types of conditional sentences in English. There are four main types: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional. Each type uses a different verb tense combination and serves a different grammatical function. The zero conditional refers to general truths using present tense. The first conditional refers to possible future events using present and future tenses. The second conditional refers to unlikely present or future situations using past tense. The third conditional refers to imagined past events using past perfect tense. Mixed conditionals combine tenses to discuss past situations with present results or vice versa.
American English File - 5 - Unit 8A
This document discusses different uses of gerunds and infinitives in English. It explains that passive gerunds and infinitives describe actions done to the subject. Perfect gerunds and infinitives emphasize completed or past actions. The perfect infinitive is used after would like/love/hate/prefer/rather to talk about earlier actions. Continuous infinitives indicate an action or event in progress. Gerunds are used after expressions with it or there, while infinitives are used after nouns formed from verbs and expressions with quantifiers. Infinitives also follow something, anywhere, question words, and superlatives. For can be used before an infinitive to refer to the subject.
Cambridge grammar module 4 (unit 13,14,15,16)
This document provides instruction on several English grammar forms:
1) Forms of "to be" + "going to" + verb (infinitive) to talk about intentions and make predictions.
2) "Must"/"mustn't" + verb to say something is important/unimportant to do.
3) "Will" + verb to make offers to help.
4) "Should"/"shouldn't" to say something is a good/bad idea.
5) "If" vs. "when" - "if" is unsure, "when" is sure but not specific time.
6) Present perfect to talk about actions that happened some time up to now
Expressing wishes and regrets and preference in English
This document discusses different ways to express wishes and regrets in English using modal verbs and verb tenses. It outlines four main structures:
1) "Wish + past simple" to express a present wish about a situation, such as "I wish I knew the answer."
2) "Wish + person/thing + would" to talk about things we want to happen or stop, like annoying habits.
3) "Wish + past perfect" to express regret about the past, like "I wish you had told me the truth."
4) "Should/shouldn't have + past participle" to also express regret about the past, for example "I should have recharged my phone
Causatives and modals
This document discusses causatives and modal verbs in the past tense. It defines causatives as sentences where the subject causes an action to happen through someone else. Common causative verbs are "make", "have", and "get". Modal verbs in the past tense are used hypothetically to talk about possible or imagined past events, including "could have", "might have", "should have", and "would have". Examples are provided for the different causative and modal verb constructions.
English Grammar reference
This document provides information on modal verbs and tenses used to talk about deduction, probability, intentions, and predictions in the past. It discusses the uses of may, might, will, must, can't, be going to, would, and the past perfect tense. Specifically, it notes that may and might express possibility, will and won't express certainty, and must and can't express deductions based on evidence. It also explains using the past form of be going to to talk about past intentions and would/wouldn't to talk about past predictions.
uses of tenses
This document discusses the uses of different verb tenses in English including:
- Simple Present, Past, and Future Tenses
- Present, Past, and Future Continuous Tenses
- Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect Tenses
- Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It provides examples and explanations of when each tense is used to describe actions, situations, or states in the present, past and future.
Similar to Hypothetical meaning (20)
New English File - adapted unit 3 C_unreal uses of the past
New English File - adapted unit 3 C_unreal uses of the past
relativeclauses5-140415015521-phpapp02 (1) (1).pptx
relativeclauses5-140415015521-phpapp02 (1) (1).pptx
Expressing wishes and regrets and preference in English
Expressing wishes and regrets and preference in English
More from Analía Roitman
Participle clauses
Participle clauses can be used to make writing more concise. An "-ing" participle clause has an active meaning and can replace a relative clause with an active verb, while an "-ed" participle clause has a passive meaning and can replace a relative clause with a passive verb. Examples are provided to illustrate replacing relative clauses with participle clauses.
Habit
The document discusses different ways to talk about past and present habits in English. It explains that "used to" is used to describe past habits or states that no longer exist. It also notes that "would" can refer to repeated past actions but not states. Additionally, the past simple tense can describe past habits. For present habits, the present simple or continuous tense are used, sometimes with frequency adverbs or "always."
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is possible, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It notes that verbs change from present to past tense, adverbs of time change to reflect the new tense, and modal verbs like "will" change to "would". Reporting questions and commands also follows specific patterns outlined in the document.
Modal verbs possibility and certainty
This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express possibility and certainty in English. It outlines how "can", "could", and "may", "might" are used to talk about theoretical possibility or likelihood of present and future events. It also explains how "may", "might", "could" plus the past participle are used to discuss the possibility of past events. Finally, it notes that "must" is used to express certainty about present and past situations, while "can't" and "couldn't" are used for negative statements of certainty.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It explains that verbs change from present to past tense unless the situation being reported remains unchanged. It also covers changes to pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and question and reporting structures. Indirect speech follows specific rules to report what was said or written while observing consistency in tense, pronouns and other elements.
Have and get something done
Jill's roof was damaged in a storm so she arranged for a workman to repair it. The document explains that using "have/get something done" means arranging for someone else to do a task rather than doing it yourself, as Jill had the roof repaired by a workman instead of repairing it herself. Examples are provided to illustrate using "have/get" followed by an object and past participle to indicate someone else performing an action.
Cambridge english first information
Cambridge English: First, also known as First Certificate in English (FCE), tests an upper-intermediate level of everyday written and spoken English skills needed for work or study. The exam consists of four papers: Reading, Writing, Use of English, and Listening. Candidates must demonstrate the ability to understand various texts and spoken materials, produce different types of writing, and accurately use English grammar and vocabulary. Test takers receive a separate grade for each paper and an overall exam result.
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is real, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Writing reference
The document provides guidance on writing for different types of assignments. It discusses the key elements for different genres including stories, reports, articles, letters, essays, and reviews. For each genre, it outlines the expected structure and content, such as using paragraphs in a story, including an introduction and headings in a report, and presenting both sides of an argument in an essay. The document also provides sample answers for reference.
Passive
The document discusses the difference between active and passive verbs. It provides examples showing that active verbs indicate what the subject does, while passive verbs indicate what happens to the subject. The passive voice often omits the person or thing performing the action. It then explains the construction of passive voice sentences and compares active and passive verb forms across different tenses.
Travel and transport
This document provides a lesson plan for teaching travel and transport vocabulary to teenagers and adults. The lesson involves students role-playing buying tickets for a journey. Students are divided into groups and each group completes a dialogue for purchasing tickets to different destinations using different modes of transportation. The groups then perform their dialogues for the class. Vocabulary is reinforced through warm-up activities like transport pictionary and a follow-up sentence hangman game. Worksheets are used to structure the role-plays and for other students to listen and fill in information about each group's journey.
More from Analía Roitman (15)
Hypothetical meaning
- 1. HYPOTHETICAL MEANING 1- We use wish + past simple to express a wish that has not come true in the present or to talk about wishes that might come true in the future. We use this structure when we want our own situation (or the situation of the person who is doing the wishing) to be different: I wish Eleanor liked me. Don’t you wish you had a big car? I wish she was/were going out with me. We all wish the weather wasn’t/weren’t so bad. 2- We use wish + would and could to refer to general wishes for the future. I wish the sun would shine. I wish I could be in the basketball team. 3- Wish + would is used to talk about wishes we have for other people. I wish my sister would stop smoking. I wish she wouldn’t chew gum all the time. WATCH OUT!: This form is not often used with I or we. To talk about wishes we have for ourselves we use could. I wish I could have a holiday. 4- We use wish + past perfect to refer to things we are sorry about in the past. I wish I had been invited to the party.
- 2. She wishes she hadn’t told him about Carlo. • IF ONLY If only is used with the same verb forms as wish, and is used when your feelings are stronger. It is often used with an exclamation mark (!). It is often used with would/wouldn’t to criticize someone else’s behavior. If only I could find the answer! If only they would stop talking! If only I had never met him! • IT’S TIME It’s time is used with the past simple to talk about the present or the future. We mean that the action should have been done before. For emphasis, we can also say It’s about time and It’s high time. It’s (about) time you started revising for the exam. It’s (high)time we set off. The train leaves in half an hour. • WOULD RATHER 1- We use would rather + past simple to say what we want someone or something else to do in the present or future. I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone about this. Would you rather I asked someone else? I’d rather we didn’t discuss that, if you don’t mind.
- 3. 2- We use would rather + past perfect to say what we wanted to happen in the past. I’d rather you hadn’t told her that. I’d rather you had asked me first. Note: would rather + infinitive without to is used to talk about our or other people’s preferences in the present or future. I’d rather go to the concert than to the opera. They’d rather go on foot. • SUPPOSE/WHAT IF Suppose means What if…? It is used with: 1- The present simple to describe something that may possibly happen or may have happened. Suppose someone sees her with us. Suppose someone hears you coming in. 2- The past simple to talk about something that is just imagination or which is unlikely to happen in the future. Suppose Eleanor knew you loved her. What would you do? Suppose you won the prize. How would you feel? 3- The past perfect to talk about something that could have happened in the past but didn’t. Suppose we hadn’t told her. Do you think she would have found out? Suppose you had married Carlos. Would you have been happy together?