Participle clauses can be used to make writing more concise. An "-ing" participle clause has an active meaning and can replace a relative clause with an active verb, while an "-ed" participle clause has a passive meaning and can replace a relative clause with a passive verb. Examples are provided to illustrate replacing relative clauses with participle clauses.

1. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
USE: We can use a participle clause to make our writing more economical.
• -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
An –ing participle clause has an active meaning. It can replace relative
clauses which have an active verb.
- This is the road leading to the school.
(This is the road which leads to the school)
- There was a huge lamp hanging from the ceiling.
(There was a huge lamp which hung from the ceiling)
• -ED PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
An –ed participle clause has a passive meaning. It can replace relative
clauses which have a passive verb.
- The cathedral, built in the Middle Ages and recently restored, is well
worth a visit.
(The cathedral which was built in the Middle Ages and which has
recently been restored is well worth a visit)