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Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses various conditional structures used to express hypothetical meanings and wishes in English:
1. Wish + past simple expresses wishes that have not come true or may come true in the future.
2. Wish + would and could refer to general future wishes. Wish + would also expresses wishes for other people.
3. Wish + past perfect refers to things one regrets from the past. "If only" expresses stronger feelings and is used to criticize others.
4. "It's time" uses past simple to say an action should have been done. "Would rather" expresses preferences.
5. "Suppose" uses various verb forms to describe hypothetical situations. "As if" implications
Participle clauses
Participle clauses can be used to make writing more concise. An "-ing" participle clause has an active meaning and can replace a relative clause with an active verb, while an "-ed" participle clause has a passive meaning and can replace a relative clause with a passive verb. Examples are provided to illustrate replacing relative clauses with participle clauses.
Habit
The document discusses different ways to talk about past and present habits in English. It explains that "used to" is used to describe past habits or states that no longer exist. It also notes that "would" can refer to repeated past actions but not states. Additionally, the past simple tense can describe past habits. For present habits, the present simple or continuous tense are used, sometimes with frequency adverbs or "always."
Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses different verb forms used with common expressions involving wishes, preferences, hypothetical situations, and the passage of time. It explains that "wish + past simple" expresses wishes that have not come true, "wish + would/could" refers to general future wishes, and "wish + past perfect" refers to past regrets. It also outlines the similar uses of "if only" and how "it's time" refers to present or future actions that should have happened earlier.
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is possible, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It notes that verbs change from present to past tense, adverbs of time change to reflect the new tense, and modal verbs like "will" change to "would". Reporting questions and commands also follows specific patterns outlined in the document.
Modal verbs possibility and certainty
This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express possibility and certainty in English. It outlines how "can", "could", and "may", "might" are used to talk about theoretical possibility or likelihood of present and future events. It also explains how "may", "might", "could" plus the past participle are used to discuss the possibility of past events. Finally, it notes that "must" is used to express certainty about present and past situations, while "can't" and "couldn't" are used for negative statements of certainty.
Recommended
Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses various conditional structures used to express hypothetical meanings and wishes in English:
1. Wish + past simple expresses wishes that have not come true or may come true in the future.
2. Wish + would and could refer to general future wishes. Wish + would also expresses wishes for other people.
3. Wish + past perfect refers to things one regrets from the past. "If only" expresses stronger feelings and is used to criticize others.
4. "It's time" uses past simple to say an action should have been done. "Would rather" expresses preferences.
5. "Suppose" uses various verb forms to describe hypothetical situations. "As if" implications
Participle clauses
Participle clauses can be used to make writing more concise. An "-ing" participle clause has an active meaning and can replace a relative clause with an active verb, while an "-ed" participle clause has a passive meaning and can replace a relative clause with a passive verb. Examples are provided to illustrate replacing relative clauses with participle clauses.
Habit
The document discusses different ways to talk about past and present habits in English. It explains that "used to" is used to describe past habits or states that no longer exist. It also notes that "would" can refer to repeated past actions but not states. Additionally, the past simple tense can describe past habits. For present habits, the present simple or continuous tense are used, sometimes with frequency adverbs or "always."
Hypothetical meaning
The document discusses different verb forms used with common expressions involving wishes, preferences, hypothetical situations, and the passage of time. It explains that "wish + past simple" expresses wishes that have not come true, "wish + would/could" refers to general future wishes, and "wish + past perfect" refers to past regrets. It also outlines the similar uses of "if only" and how "it's time" refers to present or future actions that should have happened earlier.
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is possible, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It notes that verbs change from present to past tense, adverbs of time change to reflect the new tense, and modal verbs like "will" change to "would". Reporting questions and commands also follows specific patterns outlined in the document.
Modal verbs possibility and certainty
This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express possibility and certainty in English. It outlines how "can", "could", and "may", "might" are used to talk about theoretical possibility or likelihood of present and future events. It also explains how "may", "might", "could" plus the past participle are used to discuss the possibility of past events. Finally, it notes that "must" is used to express certainty about present and past situations, while "can't" and "couldn't" are used for negative statements of certainty.
Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It explains that verbs change from present to past tense unless the situation being reported remains unchanged. It also covers changes to pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and question and reporting structures. Indirect speech follows specific rules to report what was said or written while observing consistency in tense, pronouns and other elements.
Have and get something done
Jill's roof was damaged in a storm so she arranged for a workman to repair it. The document explains that using "have/get something done" means arranging for someone else to do a task rather than doing it yourself, as Jill had the roof repaired by a workman instead of repairing it herself. Examples are provided to illustrate using "have/get" followed by an object and past participle to indicate someone else performing an action.
Cambridge english first information
Cambridge English: First, also known as First Certificate in English (FCE), tests an upper-intermediate level of everyday written and spoken English skills needed for work or study. The exam consists of four papers: Reading, Writing, Use of English, and Listening. Candidates must demonstrate the ability to understand various texts and spoken materials, produce different types of writing, and accurately use English grammar and vocabulary. Test takers receive a separate grade for each paper and an overall exam result.
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is real, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Writing reference
The document provides guidance on writing for different types of assignments. It discusses the key elements for different genres including stories, reports, articles, letters, essays, and reviews. For each genre, it outlines the expected structure and content, such as using paragraphs in a story, including an introduction and headings in a report, and presenting both sides of an argument in an essay. The document also provides sample answers for reference.
Passive
The document discusses the difference between active and passive verbs. It provides examples showing that active verbs indicate what the subject does, while passive verbs indicate what happens to the subject. The passive voice often omits the person or thing performing the action. It then explains the construction of passive voice sentences and compares active and passive verb forms across different tenses.
Travel and transport
This document provides a lesson plan for teaching travel and transport vocabulary to teenagers and adults. The lesson involves students role-playing buying tickets for a journey. Students are divided into groups and each group completes a dialogue for purchasing tickets to different destinations using different modes of transportation. The groups then perform their dialogues for the class. Vocabulary is reinforced through warm-up activities like transport pictionary and a follow-up sentence hangman game. Worksheets are used to structure the role-plays and for other students to listen and fill in information about each group's journey.
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Indirect speech
The document discusses the changes that occur when direct speech is reported as indirect speech. It explains that verbs change from present to past tense unless the situation being reported remains unchanged. It also covers changes to pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and question and reporting structures. Indirect speech follows specific rules to report what was said or written while observing consistency in tense, pronouns and other elements.
Have and get something done
Jill's roof was damaged in a storm so she arranged for a workman to repair it. The document explains that using "have/get something done" means arranging for someone else to do a task rather than doing it yourself, as Jill had the roof repaired by a workman instead of repairing it herself. Examples are provided to illustrate using "have/get" followed by an object and past participle to indicate someone else performing an action.
Cambridge english first information
Cambridge English: First, also known as First Certificate in English (FCE), tests an upper-intermediate level of everyday written and spoken English skills needed for work or study. The exam consists of four papers: Reading, Writing, Use of English, and Listening. Candidates must demonstrate the ability to understand various texts and spoken materials, produce different types of writing, and accurately use English grammar and vocabulary. Test takers receive a separate grade for each paper and an overall exam result.
Basic types of conditionals
There are three main types of conditionals: real, predictive, and unreal. Real conditionals express factual events, predictive conditionals express likely future events, and unreal conditionals express unlikely or impossible events. Each type uses different verb tenses and structures depending on whether the condition is real, likely, unlikely, or impossible. It is also possible to mix conditionals by having the if clause refer to one time frame and the main clause refer to another.
Writing reference
The document provides guidance on writing for different types of assignments. It discusses the key elements for different genres including stories, reports, articles, letters, essays, and reviews. For each genre, it outlines the expected structure and content, such as using paragraphs in a story, including an introduction and headings in a report, and presenting both sides of an argument in an essay. The document also provides sample answers for reference.
Passive
The document discusses the difference between active and passive verbs. It provides examples showing that active verbs indicate what the subject does, while passive verbs indicate what happens to the subject. The passive voice often omits the person or thing performing the action. It then explains the construction of passive voice sentences and compares active and passive verb forms across different tenses.
Travel and transport
This document provides a lesson plan for teaching travel and transport vocabulary to teenagers and adults. The lesson involves students role-playing buying tickets for a journey. Students are divided into groups and each group completes a dialogue for purchasing tickets to different destinations using different modes of transportation. The groups then perform their dialogues for the class. Vocabulary is reinforced through warm-up activities like transport pictionary and a follow-up sentence hangman game. Worksheets are used to structure the role-plays and for other students to listen and fill in information about each group's journey.