Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications and medications. Common antihypertensive drug classes include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Treatment involves reducing factors that increase blood pressure such as stress, weight, sodium intake, and sympathetic tone through both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Certain drugs should be avoided in patients with comorbidities like diabetes, gout, renal disease, etc. to prevent adverse effects.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Common drug classes used to treat hypertension include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Drug choice depends on the individual patient's condition and needs to avoid medications that could worsen other diseases.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is important in regulating blood pressure. Common classes of antihypertensive agents discussed include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, alpha blockers, and central sympatholytics. Lifestyle modifications including weight loss, exercise, diet changes, and avoiding tobacco are also recommended for managing hypertension.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide is a natriuretic peptide that causes vasodilation and natriuresis. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Common drug classes used to treat hypertension include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Drug choice depends on the individual patient's condition and needs to avoid medications that could worsen other diseases.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is important in regulating blood pressure. Common classes of antihypertensive agents discussed include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, alpha blockers, and central sympatholytics. Lifestyle modifications including weight loss, exercise, diet changes, and avoiding tobacco are also recommended for managing hypertension.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide is a natriuretic peptide that causes vasodilation and natriuresis. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide acts similarly to reduce preload and causes natriuresis. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Combined treatment with diuretics, vasodilators, and Ī²-blockers aims to reduce preload and afterload while protecting the heart.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
This document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology. It covers topics like diuretics and their indications for hypertension and fluid retention. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies. The main antihypertensive drug classes covered are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It also discusses heart failure pharmacology and angina management. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of different drug classes for cardiovascular conditions.
Pharmacotherapy, Management of Hypertension, JNC 8 guidelinesankitamishra1402
Ā
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and discussing its physiological regulation. It then covers the principles of antihypertensive therapy, classifying drugs by their primary mechanisms of action. The main drug classes discussed are diuretics, sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse drug reactions. It concludes by discussing lifestyle modifications and strategies for dosing antihypertensive drugs according to JNC8 guidelines.
This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs. It begins by listing the specific learning objectives, which include defining hypertension, discussing types and drugs for treatment, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and considerations for use in various conditions. It then covers primary and secondary hypertension, urgency vs emergency, and mnemonics for drug classes. Individual drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, arteriolar vasodilators, and beta blockers. Mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and special considerations are provided for each class.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Basic must know things about Anti-Hypertensives including the latest JNC-8 Classification and protocol for managing hypertension in various co-morbid conditions.
This document summarizes the properties and uses of drugs with cardiac inotropic effects for treating heart failure. It discusses how these drugs increase the force of cardiac contraction without proportionally increasing oxygen consumption. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of digitalis glycosides, which are commonly used inotropic drugs that work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat both congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
This document discusses various vasoactive drugs used to treat low blood pressure and cardiac issues in critically ill patients. It begins by explaining the immature heart's limited responsiveness to medications and calcium regulation. It then describes different types of effects that agents can have including increasing blood pressure, contractility, heart rate, and relaxation. The remainder of the document delves into specific drugs, outlining their mechanisms, indications, dosages, and side effects. These include catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as dobutamine, milrinone, vasopressin, nitroprusside, and nesiritide.
1. The document discusses drug therapy for hypertension, outlining several classes of drugs and their mechanisms of action, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other central acting agents.
2. Beta-blockers are recommended for mild to moderate hypertension but have adverse effects like fatigue and should not be used in diabetes or asthma. ACE inhibitors are first-line for essential hypertension and have benefits for conditions like diabetes.
3. Diuretics are commonly used first-line but have side effects like hypokalemia. Combination therapy with multiple drug classes is often needed to control resistant hypertension.
The drug that is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy is losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). While all antihypertensives should be used cautiously in pregnancy, ARBs like losartan are contraindicated due to the risk of fetal harm, including the possibility of fetal death. Atenolol, methyldopa, nifedipine and propranolol can be used in pregnancy with appropriate monitoring by an obstetrician. The answer is B.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
Ā
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications, including their mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages. It focuses on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and central sympatholytics. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels and relaxing smooth muscle. Thiazide diuretics are first-line for elderly hypertension due to benefits like once daily dosing and reduced stroke/heart attack risk. ACEIs and ARBs inhibit the renin-angiotensin system and are recommended for various conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Central sympatholytics like clonidine and
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
1. The document discusses various types of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and effects.
2. It categorizes antihypertensive drugs into 8 classes: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators.
3. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and common side effects. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are considered first-line treatments for hypertension.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying drugs into different groups including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, and direct vasodilators. It then proceeds to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of drugs within each group. The document concludes by discussing treatment algorithms for hypertension based on JNC 7 guidelines and recommendations for treating hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive agents (blood pressure medications). It discusses the types and classes of antihypertensives, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects of each class. The document is intended to teach healthcare providers about selecting and utilizing different antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertension.
Heart failure is a common condition that results in impaired pumping of the heart. It can be caused by structural or functional issues in the heart. There are over 5 million patients with heart failure in the US, with 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The two main types are systolic heart failure, characterized by reduced pumping ability, and diastolic heart failure, characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle. Treatment involves medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and device-based therapies like biventricular pacing for certain patients. Ongoing research is exploring new drugs and approaches for the treatment of heart failure.
The document summarizes several classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure. It discusses the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, side effects and nursing considerations for drugs from classes like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin. The document provides an overview of how these drugs work and how they are used to treat various cardiac conditions.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It affects over 300 million people worldwide. The hallmark symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to airway inflammation and constriction. Common triggers include allergens, viruses, exercise, and air pollution. Diagnosis involves lung function tests to measure airflow limitation and its improvement with bronchodilator medication. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms with bronchodilators and preventing exacerbations with anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide acts similarly to reduce preload and causes natriuresis. Ī²-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Combined treatment with diuretics, vasodilators, and Ī²-blockers aims to reduce preload and afterload while protecting the heart.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
This document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology. It covers topics like diuretics and their indications for hypertension and fluid retention. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies. The main antihypertensive drug classes covered are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It also discusses heart failure pharmacology and angina management. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of different drug classes for cardiovascular conditions.
Pharmacotherapy, Management of Hypertension, JNC 8 guidelinesankitamishra1402
Ā
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and discussing its physiological regulation. It then covers the principles of antihypertensive therapy, classifying drugs by their primary mechanisms of action. The main drug classes discussed are diuretics, sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse drug reactions. It concludes by discussing lifestyle modifications and strategies for dosing antihypertensive drugs according to JNC8 guidelines.
This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs. It begins by listing the specific learning objectives, which include defining hypertension, discussing types and drugs for treatment, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and considerations for use in various conditions. It then covers primary and secondary hypertension, urgency vs emergency, and mnemonics for drug classes. Individual drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, arteriolar vasodilators, and beta blockers. Mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and special considerations are provided for each class.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Basic must know things about Anti-Hypertensives including the latest JNC-8 Classification and protocol for managing hypertension in various co-morbid conditions.
This document summarizes the properties and uses of drugs with cardiac inotropic effects for treating heart failure. It discusses how these drugs increase the force of cardiac contraction without proportionally increasing oxygen consumption. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of digitalis glycosides, which are commonly used inotropic drugs that work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat both congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
This document discusses various vasoactive drugs used to treat low blood pressure and cardiac issues in critically ill patients. It begins by explaining the immature heart's limited responsiveness to medications and calcium regulation. It then describes different types of effects that agents can have including increasing blood pressure, contractility, heart rate, and relaxation. The remainder of the document delves into specific drugs, outlining their mechanisms, indications, dosages, and side effects. These include catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as dobutamine, milrinone, vasopressin, nitroprusside, and nesiritide.
1. The document discusses drug therapy for hypertension, outlining several classes of drugs and their mechanisms of action, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other central acting agents.
2. Beta-blockers are recommended for mild to moderate hypertension but have adverse effects like fatigue and should not be used in diabetes or asthma. ACE inhibitors are first-line for essential hypertension and have benefits for conditions like diabetes.
3. Diuretics are commonly used first-line but have side effects like hypokalemia. Combination therapy with multiple drug classes is often needed to control resistant hypertension.
The drug that is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy is losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). While all antihypertensives should be used cautiously in pregnancy, ARBs like losartan are contraindicated due to the risk of fetal harm, including the possibility of fetal death. Atenolol, methyldopa, nifedipine and propranolol can be used in pregnancy with appropriate monitoring by an obstetrician. The answer is B.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
Ā
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications, including their mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages. It focuses on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and central sympatholytics. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels and relaxing smooth muscle. Thiazide diuretics are first-line for elderly hypertension due to benefits like once daily dosing and reduced stroke/heart attack risk. ACEIs and ARBs inhibit the renin-angiotensin system and are recommended for various conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Central sympatholytics like clonidine and
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
1. The document discusses various types of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and effects.
2. It categorizes antihypertensive drugs into 8 classes: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators.
3. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and common side effects. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are considered first-line treatments for hypertension.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying drugs into different groups including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, and direct vasodilators. It then proceeds to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of drugs within each group. The document concludes by discussing treatment algorithms for hypertension based on JNC 7 guidelines and recommendations for treating hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive agents (blood pressure medications). It discusses the types and classes of antihypertensives, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects of each class. The document is intended to teach healthcare providers about selecting and utilizing different antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertension.
Heart failure is a common condition that results in impaired pumping of the heart. It can be caused by structural or functional issues in the heart. There are over 5 million patients with heart failure in the US, with 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The two main types are systolic heart failure, characterized by reduced pumping ability, and diastolic heart failure, characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle. Treatment involves medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and device-based therapies like biventricular pacing for certain patients. Ongoing research is exploring new drugs and approaches for the treatment of heart failure.
The document summarizes several classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure. It discusses the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, side effects and nursing considerations for drugs from classes like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin. The document provides an overview of how these drugs work and how they are used to treat various cardiac conditions.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It affects over 300 million people worldwide. The hallmark symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to airway inflammation and constriction. Common triggers include allergens, viruses, exercise, and air pollution. Diagnosis involves lung function tests to measure airflow limitation and its improvement with bronchodilator medication. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms with bronchodilators and preventing exacerbations with anti-inflammatory drugs like corticosteroids.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the airways causing coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. It is usually caused by allergic triggers like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander that lead to bronchospasms and airway obstruction. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests, and allergy testing. Treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.
Ischaemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between the heart's supply and demand for oxygenated blood, usually due to atherosclerosis narrowing the coronary arteries. The main symptoms are chest pain or discomfort known as angina. There are different types of angina that vary based on their triggers and patterns. Diagnosis involves tests like ECG, echocardiogram, stress tests and angiography. Treatment options include medications to reduce demands on the heart like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as interventions like angioplasty, stents and bypass surgery.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Complications arise when blood flow is reduced to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and limbs, potentially causing heart attacks, strokes, chronic kidney disease, or poor circulation. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and symptoms.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on hypertension. It begins with objectives to understand hypertension's etiology, risk factors, and complications. It then covers definitions of hypertension, classifications based on cause and clinical features, risk factors, pathogenesis, regulation of blood pressure, vascular changes in hypertension, and complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and brain. The lecture topics include primary and secondary causes, benign vs malignant hypertension, endocrine factors influencing blood pressure, and target organ damage.
Hypertension and its pathophysiology.pptxImtiyaz60
Ā
The document discusses hypertension and the heart. It provides details on:
- The structure and layers of the heart, including the myocardium and pericardium.
- The path of blood through the heart, from the vena cava and atria to the ventricles, valves, and out the aorta to the body.
- Additional details are given on heart size, location in the thoracic cavity, and the double-walled pericardium surrounding and protecting the heart.
This document discusses various appetite stimulants, digestants, and carminatives. It describes how appetite is influenced by several factors in the hypothalamus and gut-brain pathways. Common appetite stimulants mentioned include lemon pickles, bitter orange peel, and soups containing aromatic oils. Some medications can increase appetite but also have side effects. The document also discusses various digestive enzymes and bile acids that may aid digestion, though evidence for their efficacy is limited. Finally, it outlines several common carminative herbs and spices that can relieve gas and bloating.
Anti Ulcer drugs pharmacology and classificationImtiyaz60
Ā
This document summarizes drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of gastric acid secretion regulated by histamine, acetylcholine, and gastrin. It describes prostaglandins' protective role in the stomach and how H2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors work to suppress acid secretion. H2 blockers competitively inhibit histamine receptors, while PPIs irreversibly inactivate the proton pump. Common medications discussed include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, omeprazole, and lansoprazole. The goals of anti-ulcer therapy are relieving pain, promoting healing, and preventing complications and relapse.
Ginger and asafoetida are plants with medicinal properties. Ginger is native to Southeast Asia and cultivated in many tropical regions. It has buff-colored rhizomes with an aromatic odor and taste. Chemical constituents include volatile oils and phenolic compounds that give ginger its flavor and pharmacological effects. Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from Ferula plants. It occurs in tear or mass forms, has an intense odor, and chemical tests detect umbelliferone. Both ginger and asafoetida have traditional uses as carminatives, expectorants, and to treat conditions like nausea, flatulence, and asthma. They can be subject to adulteration
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing hypopigmented patches and thickening of nerves. There are two main forms - tuberculoid leprosy, which causes localized lesions, and lepromatous leprosy, which involves multiple organs. Diagnosis involves skin smears and biopsies to identify acid-fast bacilli. Treatment involves multidrug chemotherapy regimens containing dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Prevention focuses on contact tracing, chemoprophylaxis, isolation during reactions, and rehabilitation.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically forms granulomas in the lungs. It is treatable with a combination of anti-TB drugs over a 6-12 month period to kill both actively replicating and dormant bacilli. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, tuberculin skin test, and sputum culture. Risk factors include HIV infection, poverty, and crowded living conditions.
Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death in the US. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Ischemic strokes, which account for 85% of cases, occur when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a brain artery ruptures due to conditions like hypertension. TIAs are temporary and cause no permanent damage but indicate risk for future strokes. Symptoms of stroke appear suddenly and include face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and severe headache. Diagnostic tests help determine the type and location of stroke. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment can help prevent strokes.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolism in nearly every organ system. Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production. Disorders include hypothyroidism, where thyroid hormone production is inadequate, and hyperthyroidism, where production is excessive. Graves' disease is an autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism. Cretinism results from untreated congenital hypothyroidism and causes severe physical and mental impairment.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract. The two main types are ulcerative colitis, which causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine, and Crohn's disease, which is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. IBD is treated through a combination of medications, dietary changes, and sometimes surgery, with the goals of inducing and maintaining remission of symptoms, preventing complications, and avoiding surgery if possible. Treatments include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologics that target tumor necrosis factor, and antimicrobial agents.
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. They are classified as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, or pseudo-tannins. Hydrolysable tannins are hydrolyzed by acids into gallic acid or ellagic acid, while condensed tannins are more resistant to hydrolysis. Tannins are extracted using mixtures of polar and non-polar solvents due to their high molecular weight. Identification tests for tannins include the gelatin test, Goldbeater's skin test, and reactions with ferrous sulfate or ferric chloride that produce colors. Pterocarpus marsupium, or Bijasal, is a plant source of k
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection and the person is not infectious, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the disease. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
The document discusses infectious diseases and infectious agents. It covers host barriers to infection like the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It describes how these barriers can fail and allow infection. It also discusses the different classes of infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The document outlines the different types of inflammatory responses infections can cause like suppurative inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, and cytopathic responses. It covers how microbes can evade the immune system and the various ways infections can be transmitted.
The document defines key terms related to the electrophysiology of the heart such as action potential, membrane potential, refractory period, and threshold potential. It then describes the four phases of the cardiac action potential: Phase 0 involves stimulation and sodium/calcium influx causing depolarization; Phase 1 involves partial repolarization through ion efflux; Phase 2 involves a plateau phase through continued ion fluxes; Phase 3 involves full repolarization through ion efflux slower than depolarization. Phase 4 is the interval between repolarizations. The cardiac action potential triggers mechanical contraction. An electrocardiogram detects and records the summed action potentials to analyze patterns like the P, QRS, and T waves related to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue lining the joints. This inflammation causes the synovial tissue to thicken, resulting in swelling and stiffness of the joints. If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can damage joints, cartilage, and bones, causing pain and loss of function. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, but treatment aims to reduce inflammation, prevent further joint damage, and improve quality of life through medications, exercise, physical therapy, and surgery if needed.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
Ā
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
Ā
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin šš¤š¤š„°
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
Ā
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Ā
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
2. Normal BP: <120/<80
Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
Hypertension stage1 140-159/90-99
Hypertension stage 2 ļ³160/100
Emergency >210/>120
Resistant hypertension Failure of BP
control with
three drug
regimen
Isolated systolic >140/<90
hypertension
3. How can we treat hypertension
ā¢Secondary hypertension- treat underlying cause
ā¢Essential hypertension- cause not known
ā¢Factors involved- stress, weight, dietary habits, salt retention,
increased angiotensin production, , increased sympathetic tone
ā¢Approaches-
ļ¼Reduce salt/water content of body
ļ¼Reduce sympathetic tone
ļ¼Reduce effects of circulating angiotensin II
ļ¼Reduce cardiac force of contraction
ļ¼Dilate peripheral vessels to reduce cardiac filling & consequent
stroke volume
4. Drugs used for treatment of hypertension:
ā¢Diuretics
ā¢Centrally acting agents- methyl dopa, clonidine
ā¢ļ¢-Adrenoceptor blockers
ā¢ļ”-Adrenoceptor blockers
ā¢Combined ļ” and ļ¢ blockers
ā¢ACE inhibitors
ā¢ARBs
ā¢CCBs
ā¢Vasodilators
Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Diazoxide,
Fenoldopam (arteriolar)
Sodium nitroprusside
(arteriolar + venular)
5. Need for life-style changes:
ā¢Weight loss/control
ā¢Restricted sodium intake
ā¢Increasing aerobic exercise
ā¢Moderating alcohol consumption
ļ¼These changes in life-style may be sufficient to
control hypertension in early stage I
ļ¼They also facilitate pharmacological treatment
6. Diuretics:
ā¢Thiazides, loop diuretics and K+ sparing diuretics
ļ¼They are antihypertensive when given alone
ļ¼Also enhance the efficacy of other antihypertensive
agents
ļ¼Exact mechanism not known
ļ¼Initially decrease extracellular volume and enhance Na+
excretion by inhibiting Na+Cl- co-transporter which leads
to ļÆ in CO
7. ļ¼Long term therapy- CO and extracellular
volume returns to pretreatment value due to
compensatory mechanisms but antihypertensive
effect persists due to decrease in PVR
ļ¼ļÆ in PVR may occur due to direct vasodilatory
effect of thiazides or due to their effect on kidney
8. Thiazides should be avoided in patients with
concommitant:
ā¢Diabetes mellitus
ā¢Gout
ā¢Hyperlipidaemia
ā¢Renal insufficiency
9. High efficacy (ceiling) diuretics
ā¢Severe reduction in blood volume & electrolyte
imbalance
ā¢Strong diuretic
ā¢Weak antihypertensive than thiazide diuretics
ā¢Indicated in HT when complicated by
ļ¼Chronic renal failure
ļ¼Coexisting CHF
ļ¼Severe edema due to use of potent vasodilators
11. Methyldopa:
ā¢It is an analog of DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine)
ā¢It is a pro drug- metabolized in brain by L-aromatic
amino acid decarboxylase in adrenergic neurons to ļ”
methyl dopamine and then converted to ļ” methyl
norepinephrine
ā¢ļ” Methyl norepinephrine is stored in the vesicles in place
of NE and released in response to stimulus
ā¢Acts in the CNS to reduce sympathetic outflow from
brain stem
12. ā¢Also, probably acts an an agonist of central
presynaptic ļ”2 receptors to reduce central
sympathetic outflow
ā¢Rapidly absorbed, tĀ½ approximately 2 h
ā¢Even after i.v. injection effects starts after a
delay of about 6-8 h
13. ā¢Why the delay in action? probably due to time taken for
transportation to brain and conversion to methyl NE
ā¢ADRs:
ļ¼Sedation, transient
ļ¼Dryness of mouth
ļ¼Parkinsonian signs
ļ¼Hyperprolactenemia leading to gynecomastia or
galactorrhoea
14. Clonidine, Guanbenz and Guanfacine:
ā¢Stimulate ļ”2A subtype of ļ”2 receptors in the brain stem
and reduce the central sympathetic outflow
ā¢ļÆ in plasma concentration of NE correlates with the
decrease in BP
ā¢Decreased sympathetic outflow also reduces cardiac
output & HR
ā¢In supine position, when the sympathetic tone to
vasculature is low, the effect is mainly by reducing HR
and stroke volume
15. ā¢In upright position, the vasculature tone is high
and effect is mainly by reducing the PVR
ā¢Since they block peripheral vasoconstriction,
postural hypotension may occur
17. Guanadrel:
ā¢Exogenous false neurotransmitter
ā¢Actively transported to adrenergic neuron by NET (NE
transporter)
ā¢Previously NET was known as Uptake 1
ā¢Stored in adrenergic neurons where it is concentrated in
storage vesicles and replaces NE
ā¢Released in place of NE and acts as false neurotransmitter
ā¢It has no activity on adrenergic receptors
18. ā¢This inhibits the functioning of peripheral
adrenergic neurons
ā¢Antihypertensive effect is achieved by
reduction in PVR
ā¢Postural hypotension
19. ļ¢-Adrenergic blockers:
ā¢Decrease HR, output and stroke volume (ļ¢1)
ā¢Inhibit renin release from JG apparatus (ļ¢1)
ā¢Block ļ¢-receptors of peripheral blood vessels so they
constrict (ļ¢2)
ā¢PVR increases initially but gradually returns to
pretreatment values or less
ā¢Those crossing the BBB also reduce central sympathetic
tone
20. ā¢Do not cause retention of salt and water
ā¢Often combined with diuretics- additive effect
ā¢Highly preferred drugs for hypertensive
patients with complications like angina, MI or
CHF
23. ā¢All ļ¢-adrenoceptor blockers initially produce
vasoconstriction by blocking vascular ļ¢-receptors that
relax vascular smooth muscles
ā¢This vasoconstriction disappears after some time
(adaptability ?)
24. ļ¢-Adrenoceptor blockers with intrinsic
sympathomimetic activity:
Advantages:
ā¢Less bradycardia & myocardial suppression-
useful in patients having low cardiac reserve
ā¢Less likely rebound hypertension
ā¢Less worsening of lipid profile
ā¢Less effect on exercise tolerance
26. Nebivolol: ļ¢1 selective antagonist
ā¢Promotes vasodilation due to ļ production of
NO in arterial smooth muscle
ā¢Has antioxidant properties also
27. ļ”1-Adrenoceptor blockers:
ā¢Block ļ”1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscles of
arterioles
ā¢Reduce arteriolar resistance and increase venous
capacitance
ā¢Reflex increase in HR and plasma renin activity
ā¢Return to normal during long term therapy
ā¢Postural hypotension may occur depending on plasma
volume
28. ā¢Reduce total plasma concentration of
triglycerides and LDL
ā¢Increase plasma levels of HDL- beneficial
effect
ā¢Effect on lipids persists even when combined
with diuretics
ā¢Preferred in hypertensive patients with BPH
29. Combined ļ” and ļ¢ adrenoceptor blockers:
ā¢Labetalol and carvedilol
ā¢Labetalol is a mixture of four stereoisomers- one
isomer is ļ” blocker like prazosin, another is a non-
selective ļ¢ blocker with partial agonist activity like
pindolol
ā¢Other two isomers are inactive
ā¢Carvedilol is a ļ¢ receptor antagonist with ļ”1 receptor
blocking activity
ā¢Pheochromocytoma
30. Vasodilators: Hydralazine:
ļ¼Directly relaxes the arteriolar smooth muscle
ļ¼Mechanism uncertain
ļ¼Does not relax venous smooth muscle
ļ¼Compensatory reflex increase in sympathetic outflow
ļ¼Increase in HR, cardiac output, plasma renin activity and
fluid retention
ļ¼Selective decrease in vascular resistance in coronary,
cerebral and renal vascular beds
ļ¼Postural hypotension- uncommon because it does not
dilate veins
31. ADRs:
ā¢Extension of pharmacological effects: headache,
flushing, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia,
dizziness, nausea
ā¢Can precipitate angina or MI due to increased
myocardial O2 demand
ā¢Immunological reactions- drug induced lupus
syndrome, serum sickness, hemolytic anemia
ā¢Pyridoxine responsive polyneuropathy- probably
because hydralazine combines with pyridoxine to form
hydrazone
32. Minoxidil:
ā¢Converted in liver to active form- minoxidil N-O sulphate
ā¢Produces arteriolar vasodilation
ā¢No effect on venous capacitance vessels
ā¢Causes increase in cardiac output
ā¢Blood flow to skin, skeletal muscles, GIT and heart is
increased
ā¢Dilates renal artery, nett effect depends on hypotension
and extent of dilatation
33. ā¢Potent stimulator of renin secretion- by
increasing sympathetic outflow and effecting
renal regulation of renin release
ā¢Minoxidil sulphate opens ATP-modulated K+
channels
ā¢K+ efflux occurs, cell is hyperpolarized
34. ļ¼May precipitate severe bradycardia/sinus arrest
ļ¼Hepatotoxicity- Coombs test (antiglobulin)
necessary because autoantibodies are produced
against Rh antigen
ļ¼Preferred drug for treatment of hypertension
during pregnancy
35. ADRs:
ā¢CVS: same as hydralazine
ā¢Hypertrichosis: (abnormal hair growth in the
body) may occur
Uses:
ā¢Severe hypertension- should never be given
alone; always with a diuretic to prevent fluid
retention and a sympatholytic drug to control
reflex CVS changes
ā¢Baldness- topical
36. Diazoxide:
ā¢Chemically related to thiazide diuretics but has no diuretic
activity
ā¢Instead causes retention of sodium and water
ā¢Acts by opening K+ channels in arteriolar smooth muscle
cells
ā¢No effect on venules
ā¢Causes hyperglycemia
ā¢Used for short term treatment of hypertensive
emergencies
ā¢Often combined with a diuretic and a ļ¢ blocker
37. Fenoldopam:
ā¢Agonist of dopamine D1 receptors
ā¢Causes dilatation of arterioles and natriuresis
ā¢Oral bioavailability is poor
ā¢tĀ½ approx. 5 min
ā¢Onset of action is rapid
ā¢Increases renal output, creatinine clearance and sodium
excretion so concomitant use of diuretic or ļ¢ blocker is not
required
ā¢ADRs: reflex tachycardia, headache, flushing
ā¢Increases intraocular pressure so should be avoided in
glaucoma
38. Sodium nitroprusside:
ā¢Releases NO which dilates the blood vessels
ā¢Mechanism of NO release not known but mimics
endogenous NO release by vascular endothelial cells
ā¢No development of tolerance (it occurs to nitroglycerine)
ā¢Dilates both arterioles and venules
ā¢CO falls due to venous pooling and reduction in PVR
ā¢Plasma renin activity increases
ā¢Unlike arteriolar dilators hydralazine, minoxidil and
diazoxide, it causes only modest increase in HR and
reduces cardiac O2 demand
39. ā¢Used to treat hypertensive emergencies,
aortic dissection, controlled hypotension
during anesthesia
ā¢Effect of light on drug
40. Toxicity:
ā¢Headache, nausea, vomiting-disappear after the drug is
discontinued
ā¢Cyanide or thiocyanate accumulation
ā¢Thiocyanate toxicity- psychosis, disorientation and
convulsions
ā¢Methemoglobinaemia- due to cyanide
41. ā¢Administration of sodium thiosulfate and
hydroxycobalamine
ā¢Sodium thiosulfate- acts as a sulfur donor and facilitates
metabolism of thiocyanates
ā¢Hydrocobalamine- combines with cyanide ion to form
non-toxic cyanocobalamine
42. Pregnancy
ā¢If taken before pregnancy, most anti-HTN can be
continued except ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers.
ā¢Methyldopa is most widely used for hypertension during
pregnancy.
ā¢Beta-blockers are not recommended early in pregnancy.
43. Drugs to be avoided for treatment of hypertension
associated with other diseases:
Pregnancy ACEI, ARBs, ļ¢-blockers,
diuretics
Diabetes mellitus IIDDM) Diuretics, ļ¢-blockers
Angina pectoris Vasodilators
Bronchial asthma ļ¢-blockers
Peripheral vascular disease ļ¢-blockers
CHF CCBs except amlodipine,
ļ” and ļ¢-blockers