1. The document discusses various types of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and effects.
2. It categorizes antihypertensive drugs into 8 classes: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators.
3. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and common side effects. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are considered first-line treatments for hypertension.
This presentation deals with the most common antihypertensive drugs used in our day-to-day practice. The common 4 ABCDs (Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics)
- Antianginal drugs are used to treat different types of angina pectoris including classical, variant, and unstable angina. The drugs work by reducing oxygen demand on the heart muscle, relaxing blood vessels to improve blood flow, or inhibiting calcium channels.
- The main classes of antianginal drugs are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and newer drugs like nicorandil and ranolazine. Nitrates rapidly relax blood vessels to relieve chest pain during angina attacks. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are used for long-term prevention of angina by reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
- While these drugs can relieve symptoms, they do not treat the
Drugs used to treat peptic ulcer diseasePravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat peptic ulcer disease. It classifies the drugs into 4 main groups - those that reduce gastric acid secretion, neutralize gastric acids, protect ulcers, and target H. pylori bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective treatment for reducing acid secretion and healing ulcers, with fewer side effects than other options. Anticholinergic drugs act by blocking muscarinic receptors in the stomach, reducing acid production but also potentially causing side effects. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of various drug classes used to treat peptic ulcer disease.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
This document discusses body fluid compartments and volume expanders. It begins by outlining the total body water, intracellular fluid, and extracellular fluid compartments in the body. It then discusses the properties of various volume expanders, including crystalloids like saline and colloids like albumin, dextrans, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. For each type of volume expander, the document provides details on their composition, mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that colloids are generally better than crystalloids at expanding plasma volume for longer durations.
This document discusses various anti-diuretic agents including antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), its synthesis and release mechanisms. It classifies anti-diuretic agents into antidiuretic hormone, thiazide diuretics, and miscellaneous agents. It describes the pharmacological actions of ADH including its effects on kidneys to increase water permeability and reduce urine volume, and its effects on blood vessels and other tissues. It also discusses analogues of ADH including lypressin, terlipressin, and desmopressin, and their uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Thiazide diuretics and some other miscellaneous drugs that provide alternative anti
This presentation deals with the most common antihypertensive drugs used in our day-to-day practice. The common 4 ABCDs (Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics)
- Antianginal drugs are used to treat different types of angina pectoris including classical, variant, and unstable angina. The drugs work by reducing oxygen demand on the heart muscle, relaxing blood vessels to improve blood flow, or inhibiting calcium channels.
- The main classes of antianginal drugs are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and newer drugs like nicorandil and ranolazine. Nitrates rapidly relax blood vessels to relieve chest pain during angina attacks. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are used for long-term prevention of angina by reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
- While these drugs can relieve symptoms, they do not treat the
Drugs used to treat peptic ulcer diseasePravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat peptic ulcer disease. It classifies the drugs into 4 main groups - those that reduce gastric acid secretion, neutralize gastric acids, protect ulcers, and target H. pylori bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective treatment for reducing acid secretion and healing ulcers, with fewer side effects than other options. Anticholinergic drugs act by blocking muscarinic receptors in the stomach, reducing acid production but also potentially causing side effects. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of various drug classes used to treat peptic ulcer disease.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
This document discusses body fluid compartments and volume expanders. It begins by outlining the total body water, intracellular fluid, and extracellular fluid compartments in the body. It then discusses the properties of various volume expanders, including crystalloids like saline and colloids like albumin, dextrans, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. For each type of volume expander, the document provides details on their composition, mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that colloids are generally better than crystalloids at expanding plasma volume for longer durations.
This document discusses various anti-diuretic agents including antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), its synthesis and release mechanisms. It classifies anti-diuretic agents into antidiuretic hormone, thiazide diuretics, and miscellaneous agents. It describes the pharmacological actions of ADH including its effects on kidneys to increase water permeability and reduce urine volume, and its effects on blood vessels and other tissues. It also discusses analogues of ADH including lypressin, terlipressin, and desmopressin, and their uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Thiazide diuretics and some other miscellaneous drugs that provide alternative anti
This document summarizes hypolipidemic agents used to treat various dyslipidemias and reduce cardiovascular risk. It discusses the physiology of lipid metabolism, pharmacological targets for lowering lipids, individual drug properties and combinations. Key drugs include statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, niacin, fibrates and fish oils. The document also reviews use of these agents in special populations like children, women and diabetics.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It defines the two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. It describes the characteristics, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each type. The document also summarizes the mechanisms of action and side effects of different classes of insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, and thiazolidinediones. It provides details on insulin administration and the complications that can arise from insulin therapy.
This document discusses antidiuretic drugs, which reduce urine volume. It describes various classes of antidiuretic agents including antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin), thiazide diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. ADH is synthesized and released by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on V1 receptors in blood vessels and V2 receptors in kidney collecting ducts to increase water permeability and reduce urine volume. Desmopressin is a synthetic ADH analogue used to treat diabetes insipidus and bedwetting. Side effects of ADH include headache, flushing, and fluid retention. Thiazide diuretics and drugs like amiloride and indomethac
1. Diarrhea results from an imbalance of fluid and electrolyte secretion and reabsorption in the gut and can be caused by infection, motility disorders, IBS, or secretory tumors.
2. Oral rehydration therapy with a glucose-electrolyte solution is the first priority to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, especially for mild to moderate diarrhea.
3. Drugs may also be used such as antimotility drugs like opioids, antispasmodics like anticholinergics, and anti-infectives depending on the cause of diarrhea.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified into four classes based on their mechanism of action and effects on cardiac action potentials. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide are sodium channel blockers. Class II includes beta blockers like propranolol. Class III prolongs repolarization by blocking potassium channels, represented by drugs like amiodarone and bretylium. Class IV calcium channel blockers like diltiazem and verapamil slow conduction in the atrioventricular node. These drugs work to normalize abnormal electrical activity in the heart and treat arrhythmias of various origins.
Alpha-adrenergic blockers work by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors. They are classified based on selectivity for alpha-1 or alpha-2 receptors and reversibility. Phenoxybenzamine is a nonselective and irreversible blocker used for pheochromocytoma. Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are selective alpha-1 blockers used for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Yohimbine is a selective alpha-2 blocker that has been studied for conditions like depression and diabetes. Alpha-blockers lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance and are used to treat conditions involving smooth muscle constriction.
This document discusses different types of volume expanders used to increase blood volume, including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, as well as colloids like albumin, dextrans, gelatin polymers, and hydroxyethyl starch. It provides details on the composition and uses of various fluids, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The ideal properties of volume expanders are described. Crystalloids expand extracellular volume while colloids are better at expanding plasma volume due to their larger size, though some colloids can interfere with coagulation or cause allergic reactions.
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant drug that is used to prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting. Warfarin is indicated to prevent blood clots associated with conditions like atrial fibrillation, heart attacks, and strokes. It is administered orally and dosage is adjusted based on prothrombin time and INR levels to maintain an appropriate level of anticoagulation. Adverse effects include bleeding and interactions can occur with foods and other drugs that affect vitamin K levels or clotting. Vitamin K can reverse the effects of an overdose.
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular condition caused by persistently high blood pressure that damages organs. Antihypertensive drugs work via different mechanisms like inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking calcium channels, promoting sodium excretion with diuretics, and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Common classes of antihypertensives include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. Treatment involves beginning with certain drug classes based on patient characteristics and guidelines, and escalating treatment by adding other classes as needed to control blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug choice is also based on minimizing adverse effects and avoiding
This document summarizes antiprotozoal drugs used to treat amoebiasis and giardiasis. It describes the life cycles and treatment of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Nitroimidazoles like metronidazole are first-line to treat intestinal infections while tissue amoebicides like emetine are used for extra-intestinal amoebiasis. Metronidazole is also used to treat giardiasis. Other drugs discussed include luminal amoebicides, nitazoxanide, paromomycin, and 8-hydroxyquinolines. Adverse effects and mechanisms of action are provided for major antiproto
This document discusses various types of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and side effects of common antihypertensive drugs from each class such as hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, propranolol, nifedipine, and hydralazine. The document provides an overview of classifications, treatment approaches, and management of hypertension using different antihypertensive drug classes and combinations.
The document discusses various types of angina and treatments for restoring the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. It describes 3 main types of angina - chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina. The goal of antianginal drug therapy is to increase blood flow to the heart and decrease myocardial oxygen demand. The major antianginal drug classes discussed are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Specific drugs within each class are also named and their mechanisms and uses summarized within 3 sentences.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a summary of peptic ulcer disease and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat it. It discusses the physiology of gastric acid secretion and the pathophysiology of peptic ulcers. It then describes various classes of anti-ulcer drugs including proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues, antacids, and cytoprotective agents. Combination antibiotic regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication are also covered. Adverse effects and interactions are outlined for each drug class.
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdoses. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain more strongly than opioids, kicking the opioids off the receptors and restoring breathing. Naloxone can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intranasally. It takes effect within 2-5 minutes and lasts 30-90 minutes. Signs of opioid overdose include unconsciousness, blue lips/fingertips, slow/shallow breathing, and pinpoint pupils. Naloxone administration follows the SAVE ME steps of stimulating, providing airway/ventilation, evaluating, injecting naloxone into muscle, and re-evaluating
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then classifies and describes the mechanisms and examples of major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors like enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril, ARBs like telmisartan and valsartan, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and diuretics. For some of the drugs, it provides their chemical structure, mechanism of action, brand/generic names, and references. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the common classes and examples of pharmaceuticals used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
This document discusses the hypertension drug Diovan (valsartan). It begins by explaining that Diovan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat high blood pressure. It then compares Diovan to ACE inhibitors, noting that a main advantage of Diovan is that it does not cause cough like ACE inhibitors can. The document provides information on proper use of Diovan, including precautions, contraindications, dosing, and potential side effects like kidney failure or allergic reaction.
Antidiuretics help control fluid balance by reducing urination. They are divided into three categories: antidiuretic hormone and analogues like vasopressin; natriuretics like thiazides that cause sodium excretion and water retention; and miscellaneous agents like carbamazepine. Antidiuretic hormone and analogues work by binding to V1 and V2 receptors, promoting water reabsorption and vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Natriuretics inhibit sodium transporters. Miscellaneous agents enhance antidiuretic hormone effects. Common uses include treating diabetes insipidus. Side effects of antidiuretic hormone include headaches and gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides information on congestive heart failure (CHF). It begins by defining heart failure and CHF, noting that CHF is characterized by abnormalities in left ventricular function and neurohormonal regulation that cause effort intolerance, fluid retention, and reduced longevity. The document then discusses the pathophysiology of CHF, explaining that it can be caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, or myocardial infarction. It also describes the body's compensatory mechanisms in response to reduced cardiac output, such as increased sympathetic discharge, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and cardiac remodeling. Finally, it lists some common clinical manifestations of CHF like fluid retention, pulmonary congestion, and dysp
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its causes. It describes the types and classifications of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, side effects, and examples of drugs.
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
This document summarizes hypolipidemic agents used to treat various dyslipidemias and reduce cardiovascular risk. It discusses the physiology of lipid metabolism, pharmacological targets for lowering lipids, individual drug properties and combinations. Key drugs include statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, niacin, fibrates and fish oils. The document also reviews use of these agents in special populations like children, women and diabetics.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It defines the two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. It describes the characteristics, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each type. The document also summarizes the mechanisms of action and side effects of different classes of insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, and thiazolidinediones. It provides details on insulin administration and the complications that can arise from insulin therapy.
This document discusses antidiuretic drugs, which reduce urine volume. It describes various classes of antidiuretic agents including antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin), thiazide diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. ADH is synthesized and released by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on V1 receptors in blood vessels and V2 receptors in kidney collecting ducts to increase water permeability and reduce urine volume. Desmopressin is a synthetic ADH analogue used to treat diabetes insipidus and bedwetting. Side effects of ADH include headache, flushing, and fluid retention. Thiazide diuretics and drugs like amiloride and indomethac
1. Diarrhea results from an imbalance of fluid and electrolyte secretion and reabsorption in the gut and can be caused by infection, motility disorders, IBS, or secretory tumors.
2. Oral rehydration therapy with a glucose-electrolyte solution is the first priority to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, especially for mild to moderate diarrhea.
3. Drugs may also be used such as antimotility drugs like opioids, antispasmodics like anticholinergics, and anti-infectives depending on the cause of diarrhea.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified into four classes based on their mechanism of action and effects on cardiac action potentials. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide are sodium channel blockers. Class II includes beta blockers like propranolol. Class III prolongs repolarization by blocking potassium channels, represented by drugs like amiodarone and bretylium. Class IV calcium channel blockers like diltiazem and verapamil slow conduction in the atrioventricular node. These drugs work to normalize abnormal electrical activity in the heart and treat arrhythmias of various origins.
Alpha-adrenergic blockers work by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors. They are classified based on selectivity for alpha-1 or alpha-2 receptors and reversibility. Phenoxybenzamine is a nonselective and irreversible blocker used for pheochromocytoma. Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are selective alpha-1 blockers used for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Yohimbine is a selective alpha-2 blocker that has been studied for conditions like depression and diabetes. Alpha-blockers lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance and are used to treat conditions involving smooth muscle constriction.
This document discusses different types of volume expanders used to increase blood volume, including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, as well as colloids like albumin, dextrans, gelatin polymers, and hydroxyethyl starch. It provides details on the composition and uses of various fluids, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The ideal properties of volume expanders are described. Crystalloids expand extracellular volume while colloids are better at expanding plasma volume due to their larger size, though some colloids can interfere with coagulation or cause allergic reactions.
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant drug that is used to prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting. Warfarin is indicated to prevent blood clots associated with conditions like atrial fibrillation, heart attacks, and strokes. It is administered orally and dosage is adjusted based on prothrombin time and INR levels to maintain an appropriate level of anticoagulation. Adverse effects include bleeding and interactions can occur with foods and other drugs that affect vitamin K levels or clotting. Vitamin K can reverse the effects of an overdose.
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular condition caused by persistently high blood pressure that damages organs. Antihypertensive drugs work via different mechanisms like inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking calcium channels, promoting sodium excretion with diuretics, and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Common classes of antihypertensives include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. Treatment involves beginning with certain drug classes based on patient characteristics and guidelines, and escalating treatment by adding other classes as needed to control blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug choice is also based on minimizing adverse effects and avoiding
This document summarizes antiprotozoal drugs used to treat amoebiasis and giardiasis. It describes the life cycles and treatment of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Nitroimidazoles like metronidazole are first-line to treat intestinal infections while tissue amoebicides like emetine are used for extra-intestinal amoebiasis. Metronidazole is also used to treat giardiasis. Other drugs discussed include luminal amoebicides, nitazoxanide, paromomycin, and 8-hydroxyquinolines. Adverse effects and mechanisms of action are provided for major antiproto
This document discusses various types of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and side effects of common antihypertensive drugs from each class such as hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, propranolol, nifedipine, and hydralazine. The document provides an overview of classifications, treatment approaches, and management of hypertension using different antihypertensive drug classes and combinations.
The document discusses various types of angina and treatments for restoring the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. It describes 3 main types of angina - chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina. The goal of antianginal drug therapy is to increase blood flow to the heart and decrease myocardial oxygen demand. The major antianginal drug classes discussed are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Specific drugs within each class are also named and their mechanisms and uses summarized within 3 sentences.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a summary of peptic ulcer disease and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat it. It discusses the physiology of gastric acid secretion and the pathophysiology of peptic ulcers. It then describes various classes of anti-ulcer drugs including proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues, antacids, and cytoprotective agents. Combination antibiotic regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication are also covered. Adverse effects and interactions are outlined for each drug class.
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdoses. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain more strongly than opioids, kicking the opioids off the receptors and restoring breathing. Naloxone can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intranasally. It takes effect within 2-5 minutes and lasts 30-90 minutes. Signs of opioid overdose include unconsciousness, blue lips/fingertips, slow/shallow breathing, and pinpoint pupils. Naloxone administration follows the SAVE ME steps of stimulating, providing airway/ventilation, evaluating, injecting naloxone into muscle, and re-evaluating
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types. It then classifies and describes the mechanisms and examples of major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors like enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril, ARBs like telmisartan and valsartan, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and diuretics. For some of the drugs, it provides their chemical structure, mechanism of action, brand/generic names, and references. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the common classes and examples of pharmaceuticals used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
This document discusses the hypertension drug Diovan (valsartan). It begins by explaining that Diovan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat high blood pressure. It then compares Diovan to ACE inhibitors, noting that a main advantage of Diovan is that it does not cause cough like ACE inhibitors can. The document provides information on proper use of Diovan, including precautions, contraindications, dosing, and potential side effects like kidney failure or allergic reaction.
Antidiuretics help control fluid balance by reducing urination. They are divided into three categories: antidiuretic hormone and analogues like vasopressin; natriuretics like thiazides that cause sodium excretion and water retention; and miscellaneous agents like carbamazepine. Antidiuretic hormone and analogues work by binding to V1 and V2 receptors, promoting water reabsorption and vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Natriuretics inhibit sodium transporters. Miscellaneous agents enhance antidiuretic hormone effects. Common uses include treating diabetes insipidus. Side effects of antidiuretic hormone include headaches and gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides information on congestive heart failure (CHF). It begins by defining heart failure and CHF, noting that CHF is characterized by abnormalities in left ventricular function and neurohormonal regulation that cause effort intolerance, fluid retention, and reduced longevity. The document then discusses the pathophysiology of CHF, explaining that it can be caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, or myocardial infarction. It also describes the body's compensatory mechanisms in response to reduced cardiac output, such as increased sympathetic discharge, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and cardiac remodeling. Finally, it lists some common clinical manifestations of CHF like fluid retention, pulmonary congestion, and dysp
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its causes. It describes the types and classifications of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, side effects, and examples of drugs.
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
1. The document discusses drug therapy for hypertension, outlining several classes of drugs and their mechanisms of action, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other central acting agents.
2. Beta-blockers are recommended for mild to moderate hypertension but have adverse effects like fatigue and should not be used in diabetes or asthma. ACE inhibitors are first-line for essential hypertension and have benefits for conditions like diabetes.
3. Diuretics are commonly used first-line but have side effects like hypokalemia. Combination therapy with multiple drug classes is often needed to control resistant hypertension.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
This document discusses anti-adrenergic drugs, which act on alpha and beta receptors to either stimulate or relax effector cells. It describes the classification, mechanisms, and examples of alpha and beta agonists and antagonists. Key points covered include:
- Alpha receptors control vasoconstriction and other processes, while beta receptors cause vasodilation and relaxation.
- Common alpha blockers like prazosin and terazosin are used to treat hypertension by reducing vasoconstriction.
- Beta blockers like propranolol and metoprolol are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and other conditions by reducing cardiac stress and output.
- Drugs like labetol
Pharmacotherapy, Management of Hypertension, JNC 8 guidelinesankitamishra1402
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and discussing its physiological regulation. It then covers the principles of antihypertensive therapy, classifying drugs by their primary mechanisms of action. The main drug classes discussed are diuretics, sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse drug reactions. It concludes by discussing lifestyle modifications and strategies for dosing antihypertensive drugs according to JNC8 guidelines.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
The drug that is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy is losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). While all antihypertensives should be used cautiously in pregnancy, ARBs like losartan are contraindicated due to the risk of fetal harm, including the possibility of fetal death. Atenolol, methyldopa, nifedipine and propranolol can be used in pregnancy with appropriate monitoring by an obstetrician. The answer is B.
This document discusses hypertension, including its definition, diagnosis, classification, etiology, and treatment. It defines hypertension as persistently elevated blood pressure and notes it is usually diagnosed based on repeated blood pressure measurements. Treatment includes several classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. The document provides details on representative drugs in each class and their mechanisms and side effects.
Directly acting arteriolar dilators are medications that preferentially dilate arterioles. Hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside are two examples that directly relax smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, especially arterioles. Hydralazine inhibits calcium release and opens potassium channels to cause vasodilation. Sodium nitroprusside releases nitric oxide to activate guanylate cyclase and cause smooth muscle relaxation. These drugs are used to treat hypertensive emergencies and reduce blood pressure but can cause side effects like hypotension, tachycardia, and cyanide toxicity with prolonged sodium nitroprusside use.
alpha blocker, receptors, antagonist, mechanism of actionNishiThawait
Alpha blockers work by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system. They are classified as non-selective or selective alpha-1 blockers. Non-selective blockers like phenoxybenzamine irreversibly block both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. Selective alpha-1 blockers like prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing blood vessels and bladder neck. Tamsulosin is a selective alpha-1A blocker used for BPH. Ergot alkaloids are partial agonists and antagonists at multiple receptors and cause vasoconstriction.
This document provides information about mood stabilizers, including lithium carbonate and valproate sodium. It discusses their indications, contraindications, mechanisms of action, side effects, interactions, dosage and administration. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring lithium levels and includes nursing considerations for teaching clients about safe usage and signs of toxicity. Carbamazepine is also briefly mentioned regarding its mode of action and trade names.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications and medications. Common antihypertensive drug classes include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Treatment involves reducing factors that increase blood pressure such as stress, weight, sodium intake, and sympathetic tone through both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Certain drugs should be avoided in patients with comorbidities like diabetes, gout, renal disease, etc. to prevent adverse effects.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be essential or secondary. Treatment approaches aim to reduce sympathetic tone, circulating angiotensin II levels, cardiac force, and increase peripheral vessel dilation. Common drug classes used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta blockers, alpha blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Lifestyle changes such as weight control, reduced sodium intake, and exercise can help control early stage 1 hypertension alone or with pharmacological treatment.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced sodium intake, and exercise. Medications used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Treatment depends on the individual's medical history and any underlying conditions.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications and medications. Common antihypertensive drug classes include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Treatment involves reducing factors that increase blood pressure such as stress, weight, sodium intake, and sympathetic tone through both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Certain drugs should be avoided in patients with comorbidities like diabetes, gout, renal disease, etc. to prevent adverse effects.
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Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced sodium intake, and exercise. Medications used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Treatment depends on the type and severity of hypertension as well as any underlying conditions, with some drugs contraindicated in certain diseases.
This document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology. It covers topics like diuretics and their indications for hypertension and fluid retention. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies. The main antihypertensive drug classes covered are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It also discusses heart failure pharmacology and angina management. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of different drug classes for cardiovascular conditions.
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2. Introduction:
• Hypertension Or High Blood Pressure is defined as a reading of 140/90 on three
consecutive measurements at least 6 hours apart.
• Consistently high BP causes the heart to work harder than it should and can damage
the coronary arteries, the brain, the kidneys and the eyes.
• Hypertension is major cause of STROKE.
Blood pressure = CO X SVR (CO= cardiac output, SVR= systemic vascular resistance)
4. TYPES:
Primary/Essential
hypertension Secondary hypertension
• Specific cause unknown.
• 90% of the cases.
• Also known as essential or idiopathic
hypertension
• May due to stress, obesity, smoking,
more Na+ intake, insomnia and life style.
• Cause is known (Renal artery disease,
pregnancy etc)
• 10% of the cases.
5. ANTI- HYPERTENSIVES
• These are the drugs which are used in the treatment of hypertension.
• Following categories can be given as single or in combinations based
on patient condition.
7. 1. ACE Inhibitors
• Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Etc.
• These are the first choice of drugs in the treatment of hypertension
renal artery stenosis & Renal disease where excessive levels of renin
are released, causing high levels of angiotensin ( a potent
vasoconstrictor ) and aldosterone.
• ACE inhibitors lower circulating angiotensin II and increase Bradykinin,
a potent vasodilator.
8. Mechanism Of Action
Angiotensinogen
RENIN
renal arterial pressure
renal sympathetic
nerve activity
Vasoconstrictor
Na+ in renal tubular
fluid
Angiotensin-I
Angiotensin-II
X ACE
Na+ & H20 retention
B P Blood volume
9. Pharmacokinetics:
• Well oral absorption
• half life is 11-12 hours.
• Primary eliminated by kidney than bile and faces
• Care should be taken if given to patient with liver and kidney failure
• Adverse effects:
• Dry cough (dur to bradykinins)
• Hyperkalemia
• Angioedema
• Loss of taste sensation
• Tachycardia, pulpitation
10. 2. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonist
• Losartan -- it’s a competitive antagonist of Angiotensin II.
• It blocks all the action of Angiotensin II like vasoconstriction etc
• MOA:
Angiotensine-II
Effects
3. Release of
adrenaline
4. Central and peripheral
stimulation
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Release of
Aldosterone
11. Pharmacokinetics:
• Well oral absorption
• Losartan –Dose – 50 mg /day
• Metabolized in liver and excreted out by kidney
• Additionally 12.5 mg/day hydrochlorthiazide can be given to enhance the
overall action.
• comparatively safe – do not cause increase in bradykinin levels
• Adverse effects:
• No side effects
• Rarely - Angioedema
• Loss of taste sensation and urticaria
13. MOA
• Causes smooth muscles relaxation by blocking the binding of Ca+ to its
receptor – preventing muscle contraction
• This causes decreased in peripheral smooth muscles tone and
decreased systemic vascular resistance
Decreased blood pressure
14. Pharmacokinetics:
• 90–100% absorbed orally, peak occurring at 1–3 hr (except amlodipine 6–9 hr).
• The oral bioavailability of ca2+ channel blockers is incomplete with marked
inter- and intraindividual variations due to high first pass metabolism
• All are highly plasma protein bound (min.: Diltiazem 80%, max.: Felodipine
99%).
• High clearance drugs with extensive tissue distribution.
• > 90% metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
• The elimination t½ are in the range of 2–6 hr.
• Adverse effects:
• Headache, constipation, rash, nausea, flushing, edema (fluid accumulation in tissues), drowsiness.
15. Uses/indications:
1) Hypertension
2) Angina Pactoris
3) Cardiac Arrhythmias
4) Congestive Heart Failure
5) Myocardial Infraction
6) Alopecia
7) Bronchial Asthma
8) Urinary Urge Incontinence
9) Other Uses- Nifedipine Is An Alternative Drug For Premature
Labour, Erectile Dysfunction
17. 4. Diuretics
• Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide Furosemide, Amiloride
• Diuretics Have Been The Standard Antihypertensive Drugs Over The
Past 4 Decades, Though They Directly Don’t Decrease BP.
18. • Decrease the plasma and extracellular fluid volumes/ Blood volume
• Results: decreased preload
decreased cardiac output
decreased total peripheral resistance
• Overall effect: decreased workload of the heart,
and decreased blood pressure
MOA:
19. SIDE EFFECTS
• Low sodium in your blood (hyponatremia)
• Dizziness.
• Headaches.
• Dehydration.
• Muscle cramps.
• Joint disorders (gout)
• Impotence
20. 5. ALFA- Adrenergic Blockers
• Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine
• They Are Mild Anti Hypertensives. Used for stage 1 otherwise given as a combination with
other drugs.
• Prazosin :This Prototype Selective Α1 Antagonist Dilates Both Resistance Vessels. There Is
Little Reflex Cardiac Stimulation And Renin Release During Long-term Therapy
• Postural Hypotension And Fainting May Occur In The Beginning—called ‘First Dose Effect’,
And With Dose Increments. This Disappears With Continued Therapy, But May Persist In
The Elderly. For This Reason, Prazosin Is Always Started At Low Dose (0.5 Mg) Given At
Bedtime And Gradually Increased With Twice Daily Administration Till An Adequate
Response Is Produced (Max. Dose 10 Mg BD).
21. Side effects:
• Prazosin Is Generally Well Tolerated At Low Doses. But Some Time
• Postural Hypotension
• Headache,
• Drowsiness, Dry Mouth,
• Weakness, Palpitation,
• Nasal Blockade, Blurred Vision And Rash.
• Ejaculation May Be Impaired In Males: Especially With Higher Doses.
• USES:
• PRazosin is a moderately potent antihypertensive with many desirable
features, but is noT Used as a first line drug because fluid retention and
tolerance gradually develops with monotherapy
22. 6. BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKER
• They are mild antihypertensives; do not significantly lower BP in
normotensives. Used alone they suffice in 30–40% patients—mostly mild to
moderate cases. In the large majority of the rest, they can be usefully
combined with other drugs.
• The hypotensive response to β blockers develops over 1–3 weeks and is well
sustained.
• Despite short and differing plasma half lives, the antihypertensive action of
most β blockers is maintain
• Because of absence of postural hypotension, bowel alteration, salt and water
retention; a low incidence of side effects, low cost; once a day regimen and
cardioprotective potential,
23. 7. CENTRAL SYMPATHOLYTICS
• Clonidine, Methyldopa
• MoA: stimulate alfa 2 receptor of vasomotor center
• Central outflow increases
• Sympathetic outflow increases
• Increase in BP
THESE DRUGS INHIBIT GIVEN
PATHWAY
24. CLONIDINE
• It is an imidazoline derivative having complex actions. Clonidine is a partial agonist
with high affinity and high intrinsic activity at α2 receptors, especially α2a subtype
in brainstem. The major haemodynamic effects result
• From stimulation of α2a receptors present mainly postjunctionally in medulla
(vasomotor centre)→ decrease sympathetic out flow → fall in BP and bradycardia
(also due to enhanced vagal tone). Plasma NA declines
• MOA: SAME
• Pharmacokinetics: Clonidine is well absorbed orally; peak occurs in 2–4 hours;
• 1/2 to 2/3 of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in urine, the rest as metabolites.
• Plasma t½ is 8–12 hours.
• Effect of a single dose lasts for 6–24 hours.
25. Adverse effects
• Sedation, mental depression, disturbed sleep; dryness of mouth, nose and
eyes (secretion is decreased by central action),
• Constipation (antisecretory effect on the intestines).
• Impotence, salt and water retention, bradycardia (due to reduced
sympathetic tone).
• Postural hypotension occurs, but is mostly asymptomatic.
• Alarming rise in bp, in excess of pretreatment level,
• With tachycardia, restlessness, anxiety, sweating
• Drug interactions: tricyclic antidepressants and chlorpromazine abolish the
antihypertensive action of clonidine, probably by blocking α receptors on
which clonidine acts.
27. Hydralazine
• It is a directly acting arteriolar vasodilator
• MOA: The mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxant action of hydralazine is
not clearly known. It is partly endothelium dependent: may involve generation of
NO (nitric oxide) and stimulation of cgmp. Direct effects on membrane potential
and on ca2+ fluxes have also been proposed.
• Pharmacokinetics: Hydralazine is well absorbed orally, and is subjected to first pass
metabolism in liver. The chief metabolic pathway is acetylation. there are slow and
fast acetylators. Bioavailability is higher in slow acetylators,
• Hydralazine is completely metabolized both in liver and plasma; the metabolites
are excreted in urine,
• t½ 1–2 hours. However, hypotensive effect lasts longer (12 hours), probably
because of its persistence in the vessel wall
28. Adverse effects
• Are frequent and mainly due to vasodilatation.
1. Facial flushing, conjunctival injection, throbbing, headache, dizziness, palpitation,
nasal stuffiness, fluid, retention, edema.
2. Angina and MI may be precipitated in patients with coronary artery disease.
3. Postural hypotension is not prominent because of little action on veins: venous
return and C.O. Are not reduced.
4. Paresthesias, tremor, muscle cramps.
USES:
• Used in moderate-to-severe hypertension. It is not Used alone.
• Hydralazine can be used in patients with renal involvement, but is contraindicated
in older patients and in those with ischaemic heart disease.
• It is one of the preferred antihypertensives during pregnancy because of decades
of experience and record of safety.
29. • Minoxidil : it is a powerful vasodilator, the pattern of action resembling hydralazine,
i.E. Direct relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
• Minoxidil is a prodrug—converted to an active metabolite (by sulfate conjugation)
which is an opener of ATP operated K+ channels; acts by hyperpolarizing smooth
Muscle.
• Minoxidil is indicated only rarely in severe or life-threatening hypertension.
• Use in alopecia: minoxidil increases growth of body hair. Applied topically (2% twice
daily) it promotes hair growth in male pattern baldness and alopecia areata.
• The response is slow (takes 2– 6 months) and incomplete, but upto 60% subjects
derive some benefit. Baldness recurs when therapy is discontinued. The mechanism
of increased hair growth is notKnown; may involve:
• (A) enhanced microcirculation around hair follicles.
• (B) direct stimulation of resting hair follicles.
• (C) alteration of androgen effect on genetically programmed hair follicles.