This document discusses childhood hypertension. Some key points:
- The prevalence of childhood hypertension and prehypertension has increased significantly since 2004. Around 3.5% of children have hypertension and 10-11% have prehypertension.
- Updated definitions were provided for normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 blood pressure in children aged 1-13 years and over 13 years.
- Common causes of secondary hypertension in children include renal, vascular, and endocrine conditions. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical exam and screening tests.
- Treatment involves identifying and managing underlying causes, lifestyle modifications, and medications if needed to control blood pressure. Regular monitoring is important.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating and managing hypertension in children and adolescents, including recommended methods for blood pressure measurement, definitions of normal and elevated blood pressure levels, potential causes of primary and secondary hypertension at different ages, screening tests and workup for underlying conditions, and monitoring of patients. Evaluation involves assessing family history, performing a physical exam, and obtaining lab tests and imaging studies to identify secondary causes and end-organ damage from high blood pressure.
childhood hypertension is unique presentation by Dr. Hemraj Soni,
very compressive, complied,upgraded, presentation......will definative helpfull for paediatrician n resident doctor............
This document discusses pediatric hypertension. It begins by outlining how to properly measure a child's blood pressure, including using an appropriately sized cuff and having the child rest beforehand. It then defines hypertension as an average blood pressure at or above the 95th percentile for age, sex and height on 3 occasions. Common causes of hypertension in children include renal, cardiovascular, endocrine and drug-related issues. The clinical approach involves taking a thorough history, conducting an examination, and performing initial tests and imaging to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and may require one or more antihypertensive medications, with the goals of reducing blood pressure below the 95th percentile without complications or below the 90th percentile with complications
The statement that is NOT true is:
D. Primary hypertension is more common in children than Secondary
The document states that secondary hypertension is more common in children than primary hypertension. All the other statements are supported by information provided in the document.
This document summarizes the approach to hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and prehypertension based on blood pressure percentiles for age, gender and height. Secondary causes of hypertension in children include renal, cardiovascular, endocrine and neurological conditions. Evaluation involves assessing for target organ damage and investigating for underlying causes based on clinical features. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics based on the patient's age, gender and other health conditions. Hypertensive crisis requires prompt parenteral treatment to lower blood pressure over minutes to hours to prevent complications.
(1) Hypertension in children can be primary or secondary, and is defined based on BP percentiles adjusted for age, sex, and height.
(2) The I3C Consortium found that childhood BP is predictive of adult BP, and elevated BP in childhood can lead to increased risk of cardiovascular issues like LVH and cIMT thickening in adulthood.
(3) Evaluation of hypertension in children includes assessing for secondary causes, target organ damage, and cardiovascular risks. Treatment involves non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and may include pharmacological therapy depending on the severity of hypertension.
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and outlines stages of severity. In infants and young children, hypertension is usually secondary to an underlying condition, while adolescents can develop primary or essential hypertension. Evaluation involves measuring blood pressure properly, considering causes of secondary hypertension, assessing for target organ damage like left ventricular hypertrophy, and determining if hypertension is primary or secondary. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, weight management if overweight, and potentially medications to lower blood pressure below guidelines.
This document discusses childhood hypertension. Some key points:
- The prevalence of childhood hypertension and prehypertension has increased significantly since 2004. Around 3.5% of children have hypertension and 10-11% have prehypertension.
- Updated definitions were provided for normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 blood pressure in children aged 1-13 years and over 13 years.
- Common causes of secondary hypertension in children include renal, vascular, and endocrine conditions. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical exam and screening tests.
- Treatment involves identifying and managing underlying causes, lifestyle modifications, and medications if needed to control blood pressure. Regular monitoring is important.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating and managing hypertension in children and adolescents, including recommended methods for blood pressure measurement, definitions of normal and elevated blood pressure levels, potential causes of primary and secondary hypertension at different ages, screening tests and workup for underlying conditions, and monitoring of patients. Evaluation involves assessing family history, performing a physical exam, and obtaining lab tests and imaging studies to identify secondary causes and end-organ damage from high blood pressure.
childhood hypertension is unique presentation by Dr. Hemraj Soni,
very compressive, complied,upgraded, presentation......will definative helpfull for paediatrician n resident doctor............
This document discusses pediatric hypertension. It begins by outlining how to properly measure a child's blood pressure, including using an appropriately sized cuff and having the child rest beforehand. It then defines hypertension as an average blood pressure at or above the 95th percentile for age, sex and height on 3 occasions. Common causes of hypertension in children include renal, cardiovascular, endocrine and drug-related issues. The clinical approach involves taking a thorough history, conducting an examination, and performing initial tests and imaging to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and may require one or more antihypertensive medications, with the goals of reducing blood pressure below the 95th percentile without complications or below the 90th percentile with complications
The statement that is NOT true is:
D. Primary hypertension is more common in children than Secondary
The document states that secondary hypertension is more common in children than primary hypertension. All the other statements are supported by information provided in the document.
This document summarizes the approach to hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and prehypertension based on blood pressure percentiles for age, gender and height. Secondary causes of hypertension in children include renal, cardiovascular, endocrine and neurological conditions. Evaluation involves assessing for target organ damage and investigating for underlying causes based on clinical features. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics based on the patient's age, gender and other health conditions. Hypertensive crisis requires prompt parenteral treatment to lower blood pressure over minutes to hours to prevent complications.
(1) Hypertension in children can be primary or secondary, and is defined based on BP percentiles adjusted for age, sex, and height.
(2) The I3C Consortium found that childhood BP is predictive of adult BP, and elevated BP in childhood can lead to increased risk of cardiovascular issues like LVH and cIMT thickening in adulthood.
(3) Evaluation of hypertension in children includes assessing for secondary causes, target organ damage, and cardiovascular risks. Treatment involves non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and may include pharmacological therapy depending on the severity of hypertension.
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and outlines stages of severity. In infants and young children, hypertension is usually secondary to an underlying condition, while adolescents can develop primary or essential hypertension. Evaluation involves measuring blood pressure properly, considering causes of secondary hypertension, assessing for target organ damage like left ventricular hypertrophy, and determining if hypertension is primary or secondary. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, weight management if overweight, and potentially medications to lower blood pressure below guidelines.
This document discusses pediatric stroke. It begins with definitions, types, epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of pediatric stroke. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors in children include structural heart disease, vasculopathies, hematological disorders, and prothrombotic states. Clinical features can include focal neurological deficits like hemiparesis. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging such as MRI and distinguishing stroke from other conditions. Management aims to prevent recurrence and support rehabilitation.
The document discusses pediatric acute hypertension. It notes that secondary hypertension is most common in infants and younger children, potentially caused by conditions like renal disease, coarctation of the aorta, or endocrine disorders. In adolescents, essential or primary hypertension becomes more common. The document provides guidance on accurately measuring blood pressure in children and evaluating for underlying medical conditions and family history that could indicate the cause of hypertension.
This document discusses hypertension in pediatrics. It defines different types and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure percentiles. Secondary hypertension is most common in infants and children and is usually caused by an underlying condition. Accurate blood pressure measurements should be taken routinely starting at age 3. Treatment involves identifying and managing the underlying cause, lifestyle changes like salt restriction, and medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Hypertensive emergencies require promptly but gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days to prevent end organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies can be treated orally by lowering blood pressure over 1-2 days.
1) Hypertension in children is defined as blood pressure greater than the 95th percentile for age, gender and height measured on at least 3 occasions. It is categorized into prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension depending on blood pressure levels.
2) All children ages 3 and older should have their blood pressure checked annually as part of routine physicals. Younger children or those with certain medical conditions or risk factors may also need checks.
3) When measuring, the child needs to be calm and resting with the correct cuff size used. Readings are then compared to age-specific blood pressure percentiles.
Hypertension in children and adolescents is increasing in prevalence. The actual prevalence of clinical hypertension is approximately 3.5%, while the prevalence of prehypertension is 2.2-3.5%. High blood pressure in childhood increases the risk of adult hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Both primary and secondary causes of hypertension can occur in children. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological treatment with medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers if lifestyle changes are not effective. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure below the 90th percentile or 130/80 mmHg to reduce future cardiovascular risks.
This document discusses hypertension in children and focuses on hypertensive encephalopathy. It begins with objectives of defining hypertension, evaluating children with hypertension, complications and management. It then covers topics like resistance and flow in vessel networks, normal conditions in peripheral vasculature, measurement of arterial pressure, determinants of arterial pressure, classifications of hypertension in children, calculating blood pressure percentiles, causes by age, pathophysiology including risk factors, and evaluations including history, physical exam and lab investigations.
This document discusses neonatal thrombocytopenia. It defines thrombocytopenia in neonates as a platelet count below 150,000/mcL. The incidence is 0.7-0.9% overall but higher in NICUs at 22-35%. Causes include fetal alloimmune conditions, infections, genetic disorders, placental insufficiency, and perinatal complications. Evaluation and management depends on timing of onset (early vs late) and severity (mild, moderate, severe). Testing may include antigen screening for conditions like NAIT. Treatment involves treating any underlying conditions, IVIG, and platelet transfusions following guidelines based on platelet count and clinical status.
This document provides an outline about hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and classifies it into different stages. It discusses hypertensive crisis, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approach, and treatment. It notes that approximately 30% of children with a BMI over the 95th percentile have hypertension. It also outlines diagnostic testing, treatment considerations including medication options and goals, and provides algorithms for treating hypertensive urgency and emergencies. The treatment involves gradually lowering blood pressure over 24-48 hours while monitoring for side effects and end organ damage.
This document discusses pediatric hypertension. It begins by defining normal blood pressure ranges in children and the classification of hypertension. Primary hypertension is usually mild and related to obesity, while secondary hypertension is more common in children and often caused by underlying renal or cardiac issues. The evaluation of hypertensive children involves taking a thorough history, physical exam, blood and urine tests, and imaging studies to investigate for secondary causes or end-organ damage. Lifestyle modifications are first-line treatment, while various drug classes like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics may be used if lifestyle changes are not effective. The goals of treatment are to reduce blood pressure and prevent long-term complications.
Pediatric hypertension is defined as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age and sex. It is increasing in prevalence due to rising rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Evaluation involves blood pressure monitoring over multiple visits to identify white coat hypertension, as well as basic lab work and imaging to investigate potential underlying causes. Lifestyle modifications are first-line treatment, while medications like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers can help control blood pressure if needed. Long-term goals are to prevent target organ damage and future cardiovascular risks.
Polycythemia in newborns is defined as an increased total red blood cell mass with a hematocrit greater than 65%. This can lead to hyperviscosity or increased blood viscosity. Polycythemia occurs in 1-5% of term newborns, often due to placental transfusion or insufficiency. Clinical signs include poor feeding, lethargy, and hypotonia due to regional hypoxia from hyperviscosity or microthrombi formation. Asymptomatic infants with hematocrit 60-70% require increased fluids while those over 70% may need partial exchange transfusion. Symptomatic infants with hematocrit over 65% also receive partial exchange transfusion to reduce viscosity. The prognosis is
This document discusses the approach to hypoglycemia in childhood. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing the importance of glucose for brain development. It then discusses the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia, focusing on how the body maintains blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis. The clinical features of hypoglycemia are presented, distinguishing between sympathetic overactivity and neuroglycopenic symptoms. Common etiologies like hyperinsulinism, metabolic disorders, and systemic illnesses are outlined. The document concludes with recommendations for investigating hypoglycemia, managing acute episodes, and treating underlying causes to prevent long-term neurological consequences.
This document discusses hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/L), which occurs when the ratio of water to sodium is increased in the body. It covers the basic concepts of body water compartments, osmolality regulation, definitions of hyponatremia, pseudohyponatremia, causes, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including assessing volume status, treatment including sodium correction, and risks like central pontine myelinosis from too rapid correction. A clinical scenario describes a 2 year old male child with a history of fever, loose stools, and decreased urine output who is found to have severe dehydration and a serum sodium of 122 mEq/L.
This document provides an overview of pediatric stroke, including:
1. It classifies pediatric strokes as perinatal (birth to 28 days) or childhood (28 days to 18 years) and describes common types like arterial ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
2. Risk factors and causes of childhood stroke are discussed, including cardiac lesions, hematological disorders, arteriopathies, infections, and genetic syndromes. Evaluation involves cardiac and thrombophilia testing as well as neuroimaging.
3. Acute management focuses on stabilization, with some evidence that thrombolysis may be considered in select cases. Long-term prevention emphasizes antithrombotic therapies tailored to the underlying condition. Outcomes
This document provides guidelines for screening and managing hypertension in children and adolescents. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age, gender and height on 3 occasions. Secondary causes are more common in children and include conditions like renal disease, coarctation of aorta, and endocrine disorders. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications, with the goal of reducing blood pressure below the 90th percentile. For hypertensive emergencies, the aim is to lower blood pressure more gradually to prevent end-organ damage.
Basic approach on short stature in childrenAzad Haleem
This document provides an overview of short stature, including definitions, types, diagnostic principles, causes, and management. It defines short stature as height below the 3rd percentile and discusses types such as familial short stature. Diagnosis involves accurate height measurements, bone age assessment, mid-parental height comparison, and medical investigations. Causes include growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, and small size at birth. Management consists of dietary counseling, growth hormone injections, and limb lengthening procedures depending on the underlying cause.
Growth charts in Neonates- Preterm and termSujit Shrestha
Growth charts in Newborn, Preterm and term neonates. All historically used charts in NICU are discussed here.
Presented by Dr Sujit, in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
The document provides information on pediatric stroke. It defines stroke and describes the different types that can occur in children, including arterial ischemic stroke, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors and potential causes are discussed for each type. Clinical features may include seizures, weakness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or swallowing. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging like CT or MRI along with other lab tests. Treatment focuses on neuroprotection, recanalization of blocked vessels, and anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapies to prevent further clotting.
Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) is defined as evidence of liver dysfunction within 8 weeks of symptoms onset in children, with uncorrectable coagulopathy and no evidence of chronic liver disease. Common etiologies include viral hepatitis, drugs, and other metabolic causes. Diagnostic workup involves general and etiology-specific tests. Key parameters to monitor include encephalopathy grade, coagulopathy, electrolytes, and complications. Treatment focuses on supportive care, complication management, and liver transplantation if indicated based on severity scores. Prognosis depends on etiology and degree of encephalopathy.
This document discusses prehypertension and hypertension in children. It defines prehypertension as blood pressure levels between the 90th and 95th percentiles, and hypertension as levels at or above the 95th percentile. Risk factors for developing hypertension in childhood include obesity, family history, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. The document provides prevalence rates for prehypertension and hypertension from various studies worldwide. It outlines guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing hypertension in children, and discusses potential complications and treatment approaches.
Approach to young hypertensive patientsChandan Kumar
1. The document discusses hypertension in young adults, including definitions of different types of elevated blood pressure (e.g. hypertensive urgency, emergency), risk factors, clinical presentation, causes (primary vs. secondary), evaluation approach, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
2. Most young adults with hypertension have primary/essential hypertension with no identifiable cause, though secondary hypertension can occur in about 10% of cases. Evaluation aims to confirm the diagnosis, assess cardiovascular risk, detect target organ damage, and identify secondary causes.
3. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides blood pressure readings outside the office and can help identify white coat hypertension or masked hypertension, which have implications for risk stratification and treatment.
This document discusses pediatric stroke. It begins with definitions, types, epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of pediatric stroke. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors in children include structural heart disease, vasculopathies, hematological disorders, and prothrombotic states. Clinical features can include focal neurological deficits like hemiparesis. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging such as MRI and distinguishing stroke from other conditions. Management aims to prevent recurrence and support rehabilitation.
The document discusses pediatric acute hypertension. It notes that secondary hypertension is most common in infants and younger children, potentially caused by conditions like renal disease, coarctation of the aorta, or endocrine disorders. In adolescents, essential or primary hypertension becomes more common. The document provides guidance on accurately measuring blood pressure in children and evaluating for underlying medical conditions and family history that could indicate the cause of hypertension.
This document discusses hypertension in pediatrics. It defines different types and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure percentiles. Secondary hypertension is most common in infants and children and is usually caused by an underlying condition. Accurate blood pressure measurements should be taken routinely starting at age 3. Treatment involves identifying and managing the underlying cause, lifestyle changes like salt restriction, and medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Hypertensive emergencies require promptly but gradually lowering blood pressure over hours to days to prevent end organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies can be treated orally by lowering blood pressure over 1-2 days.
1) Hypertension in children is defined as blood pressure greater than the 95th percentile for age, gender and height measured on at least 3 occasions. It is categorized into prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension depending on blood pressure levels.
2) All children ages 3 and older should have their blood pressure checked annually as part of routine physicals. Younger children or those with certain medical conditions or risk factors may also need checks.
3) When measuring, the child needs to be calm and resting with the correct cuff size used. Readings are then compared to age-specific blood pressure percentiles.
Hypertension in children and adolescents is increasing in prevalence. The actual prevalence of clinical hypertension is approximately 3.5%, while the prevalence of prehypertension is 2.2-3.5%. High blood pressure in childhood increases the risk of adult hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Both primary and secondary causes of hypertension can occur in children. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise changes as well as pharmacological treatment with medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers if lifestyle changes are not effective. The goals of treatment are to lower blood pressure below the 90th percentile or 130/80 mmHg to reduce future cardiovascular risks.
This document discusses hypertension in children and focuses on hypertensive encephalopathy. It begins with objectives of defining hypertension, evaluating children with hypertension, complications and management. It then covers topics like resistance and flow in vessel networks, normal conditions in peripheral vasculature, measurement of arterial pressure, determinants of arterial pressure, classifications of hypertension in children, calculating blood pressure percentiles, causes by age, pathophysiology including risk factors, and evaluations including history, physical exam and lab investigations.
This document discusses neonatal thrombocytopenia. It defines thrombocytopenia in neonates as a platelet count below 150,000/mcL. The incidence is 0.7-0.9% overall but higher in NICUs at 22-35%. Causes include fetal alloimmune conditions, infections, genetic disorders, placental insufficiency, and perinatal complications. Evaluation and management depends on timing of onset (early vs late) and severity (mild, moderate, severe). Testing may include antigen screening for conditions like NAIT. Treatment involves treating any underlying conditions, IVIG, and platelet transfusions following guidelines based on platelet count and clinical status.
This document provides an outline about hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and classifies it into different stages. It discusses hypertensive crisis, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approach, and treatment. It notes that approximately 30% of children with a BMI over the 95th percentile have hypertension. It also outlines diagnostic testing, treatment considerations including medication options and goals, and provides algorithms for treating hypertensive urgency and emergencies. The treatment involves gradually lowering blood pressure over 24-48 hours while monitoring for side effects and end organ damage.
This document discusses pediatric hypertension. It begins by defining normal blood pressure ranges in children and the classification of hypertension. Primary hypertension is usually mild and related to obesity, while secondary hypertension is more common in children and often caused by underlying renal or cardiac issues. The evaluation of hypertensive children involves taking a thorough history, physical exam, blood and urine tests, and imaging studies to investigate for secondary causes or end-organ damage. Lifestyle modifications are first-line treatment, while various drug classes like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics may be used if lifestyle changes are not effective. The goals of treatment are to reduce blood pressure and prevent long-term complications.
Pediatric hypertension is defined as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age and sex. It is increasing in prevalence due to rising rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Evaluation involves blood pressure monitoring over multiple visits to identify white coat hypertension, as well as basic lab work and imaging to investigate potential underlying causes. Lifestyle modifications are first-line treatment, while medications like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers can help control blood pressure if needed. Long-term goals are to prevent target organ damage and future cardiovascular risks.
Polycythemia in newborns is defined as an increased total red blood cell mass with a hematocrit greater than 65%. This can lead to hyperviscosity or increased blood viscosity. Polycythemia occurs in 1-5% of term newborns, often due to placental transfusion or insufficiency. Clinical signs include poor feeding, lethargy, and hypotonia due to regional hypoxia from hyperviscosity or microthrombi formation. Asymptomatic infants with hematocrit 60-70% require increased fluids while those over 70% may need partial exchange transfusion. Symptomatic infants with hematocrit over 65% also receive partial exchange transfusion to reduce viscosity. The prognosis is
This document discusses the approach to hypoglycemia in childhood. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing the importance of glucose for brain development. It then discusses the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia, focusing on how the body maintains blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis. The clinical features of hypoglycemia are presented, distinguishing between sympathetic overactivity and neuroglycopenic symptoms. Common etiologies like hyperinsulinism, metabolic disorders, and systemic illnesses are outlined. The document concludes with recommendations for investigating hypoglycemia, managing acute episodes, and treating underlying causes to prevent long-term neurological consequences.
This document discusses hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/L), which occurs when the ratio of water to sodium is increased in the body. It covers the basic concepts of body water compartments, osmolality regulation, definitions of hyponatremia, pseudohyponatremia, causes, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including assessing volume status, treatment including sodium correction, and risks like central pontine myelinosis from too rapid correction. A clinical scenario describes a 2 year old male child with a history of fever, loose stools, and decreased urine output who is found to have severe dehydration and a serum sodium of 122 mEq/L.
This document provides an overview of pediatric stroke, including:
1. It classifies pediatric strokes as perinatal (birth to 28 days) or childhood (28 days to 18 years) and describes common types like arterial ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
2. Risk factors and causes of childhood stroke are discussed, including cardiac lesions, hematological disorders, arteriopathies, infections, and genetic syndromes. Evaluation involves cardiac and thrombophilia testing as well as neuroimaging.
3. Acute management focuses on stabilization, with some evidence that thrombolysis may be considered in select cases. Long-term prevention emphasizes antithrombotic therapies tailored to the underlying condition. Outcomes
This document provides guidelines for screening and managing hypertension in children and adolescents. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age, gender and height on 3 occasions. Secondary causes are more common in children and include conditions like renal disease, coarctation of aorta, and endocrine disorders. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications, with the goal of reducing blood pressure below the 90th percentile. For hypertensive emergencies, the aim is to lower blood pressure more gradually to prevent end-organ damage.
Basic approach on short stature in childrenAzad Haleem
This document provides an overview of short stature, including definitions, types, diagnostic principles, causes, and management. It defines short stature as height below the 3rd percentile and discusses types such as familial short stature. Diagnosis involves accurate height measurements, bone age assessment, mid-parental height comparison, and medical investigations. Causes include growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, and small size at birth. Management consists of dietary counseling, growth hormone injections, and limb lengthening procedures depending on the underlying cause.
Growth charts in Neonates- Preterm and termSujit Shrestha
Growth charts in Newborn, Preterm and term neonates. All historically used charts in NICU are discussed here.
Presented by Dr Sujit, in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
The document provides information on pediatric stroke. It defines stroke and describes the different types that can occur in children, including arterial ischemic stroke, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors and potential causes are discussed for each type. Clinical features may include seizures, weakness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or swallowing. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging like CT or MRI along with other lab tests. Treatment focuses on neuroprotection, recanalization of blocked vessels, and anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapies to prevent further clotting.
Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) is defined as evidence of liver dysfunction within 8 weeks of symptoms onset in children, with uncorrectable coagulopathy and no evidence of chronic liver disease. Common etiologies include viral hepatitis, drugs, and other metabolic causes. Diagnostic workup involves general and etiology-specific tests. Key parameters to monitor include encephalopathy grade, coagulopathy, electrolytes, and complications. Treatment focuses on supportive care, complication management, and liver transplantation if indicated based on severity scores. Prognosis depends on etiology and degree of encephalopathy.
This document discusses prehypertension and hypertension in children. It defines prehypertension as blood pressure levels between the 90th and 95th percentiles, and hypertension as levels at or above the 95th percentile. Risk factors for developing hypertension in childhood include obesity, family history, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. The document provides prevalence rates for prehypertension and hypertension from various studies worldwide. It outlines guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing hypertension in children, and discusses potential complications and treatment approaches.
Approach to young hypertensive patientsChandan Kumar
1. The document discusses hypertension in young adults, including definitions of different types of elevated blood pressure (e.g. hypertensive urgency, emergency), risk factors, clinical presentation, causes (primary vs. secondary), evaluation approach, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
2. Most young adults with hypertension have primary/essential hypertension with no identifiable cause, though secondary hypertension can occur in about 10% of cases. Evaluation aims to confirm the diagnosis, assess cardiovascular risk, detect target organ damage, and identify secondary causes.
3. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides blood pressure readings outside the office and can help identify white coat hypertension or masked hypertension, which have implications for risk stratification and treatment.
This document discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in children. ABPM provides important parameters like mean blood pressure, blood pressure load, dipping status, and pulse pressure that can help diagnose conditions like white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and assess treatment effectiveness. It is particularly useful for high-risk children with conditions like chronic kidney disease, obesity, diabetes or sleep apnea. The document outlines how to perform ABPM and interpret the results according to pediatric norms to properly classify a child's blood pressure status.
This document discusses accelerated hypertension and provides information on defining and classifying hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It then discusses classifying hypertension based on severity from prehypertension to stage 1 and 2 hypertension. The document notes accelerated hypertension is associated with a rapid rise in blood pressure that causes retinal damage. It emphasizes controlling blood pressure to reduce risks of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. The document provides guidelines for properly measuring blood pressure and evaluating patients with hypertension.
Hypertensive crisis in children copy copy.pptxAltaf Bhat
The document discusses hypertensive pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department. It describes 5 cases including seizures, altered mental status, behavioral changes, rash and abdominal pain, and tachypnea/cyanosis. It then defines hypertensive crisis, reviews screening and measurement, etiologies like renal and cardiac issues, clinical features, evaluation, and management including intravenous drugs, oral medications, and addressing underlying conditions like aortic coarctation, renovascular hypertension, and endocrine tumors.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. It is a major public health problem affecting over 60 million Americans. Risk factors include family history, age, gender, ethnicity, stress, obesity, high sodium diet, and low calcium intake. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to stroke, heart attack, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to prevent complications from this chronic condition.
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age, sex and height. It can be primary (essential) or secondary to an underlying condition.
- Secondary hypertension is more common in children and is often caused by renal or endocrine diseases. Primary hypertension becomes more prevalent in adolescents.
- Evaluation of hypertensive children includes assessing for target organ damage, evaluating comorbidities like obesity, and screening for underlying secondary causes through tests like renal ultrasound.
- Lifestyle modifications focusing on diet, exercise and weight loss are the first-line treatment for hypertension in children. Pharmacological treatment is indicated if hypertension persists or there is evidence of end organ damage.
Systemic hypertension in children & recent advancesebinroshan07
1. Hypertension in children is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age, sex, and height on at least 3 occasions.
2. Evaluation of hypertension in children includes checking for secondary causes and target organ damage through tests like ECG, echocardiogram, renal ultrasound, and CT/MRI angiography.
3. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and increased physical activity. Medications may include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
The prevalence of hypertension in children is reported to be 1–3%. In recent years, the prevalence of hypertension
in school-aged children appears to be increasing, perhaps as a result of the increased prevalence of obesity (Sorof JM,
Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman PJ. Overweight, ethnicity and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged
children. Pediatrics . The majority of these children have mild hypertension, most often primary.
However, secondary causes of hypertension such as renal parenchymal diseases and renovascular disorders still
remain the leading cause of paediatric hypertension, particularly in children < 12 years of age. Regardless of its
cause, the significant elevation of blood pressure can lead to acute organ dysfunction, and hypertensive child almost
always warrants a diagnostic evaluation.
This document summarizes a seminar on childhood hypertension. It discusses the objectives of the seminar which include classification of hypertension, prevalence in children, common causes, screening candidates, measurement methods, approach to hypertensive children, and management. It then covers physiology and regulation of blood pressure, classification of hypertension in children, common etiologies like renal and endocrine diseases, conditions associated with transient hypertension, screening recommendations, measurement methods, clinical manifestations, hypertensive emergencies, and approach to evaluating a hypertensive child.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its prevalence, types, risk factors, complications, prevention, and historical aspects. Some key points:
1. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and in countries like India, China, and the US. It affects around 20% of adults.
2. There are two main types - primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions.
3. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, diet high in salt and saturated fat/low in fiber, smoking, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, and stress. Having diabetes also increases
Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardio vascular system (CVS) disease, kidney failure and mortality in all over the world. It is said that in our country there are 200 million patients have been suffering from hypertension but only half of them were aware of their illness and out of them only 30% are taking medications under constant medical care. This is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases in the world leading to around 9.4 million deaths occurred in every year. The estimated market share of anti-hypertensive agents is $30 billion by 2016. Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the US and approximately 1 billion worldwide. There are significant health and economic gains achieved owing to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension. Hypertension prevails where ever weak health conditions exist all over the world irrespective of either advanced or low per capita income countries. It is alarming to know one in three American adults chronically suffering from high blood pressure. Many people don't aware that they have B.P till they badly affected because negligence of high blood pressure as no symptoms or warning signs appears and then only they abruptly rushed for the medical aid. Elevated chronic blood pressure enhanced cholesterol and blood sugar levels abnormally which causes serious damage to the arteries, kidneys, and heart. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to detect and treat due to invention of advanced medical instruments and techniques and introduction of new pharmaceutical drugs. People can keep blood pressure in a healthy range of normal conditions simply by altering lifestyle changes by reducing overweight, by regulating food habits with natural foods and regular practice of exercises and yoga. This report includes tips on how to use a home blood pressure monitor, as well as advice on choosing an appropriate drug treatment strategy based on the age and severity of B.P keeping in view any other medical problems existing in the body.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition characterized by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation without prior chronic hypertension. It can range from mild to severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Severe PIH is associated with multiple organ involvement and risks to both mother and baby. Care involves careful monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby when term, and preventing and treating seizures with magnesium sulfate. Anesthetic management focuses on regional techniques like epidural anesthesia to control blood pressure, while preparing for potential difficulties like airway edema during general anesthesia if needed.
This document summarizes hypertension, including its definition, classification, measurement, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure and is classified based on blood pressure levels, identifiable causes, and organ damage. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and affects over 1 billion people globally. Prevention involves population-wide and individual lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and control blood pressure in diagnosed individuals.
This document discusses renal hypertension in children. It defines hypertension and outlines screening and treatment approaches. Key points include: hypertension is defined as BP above the 95th percentile; screening is recommended for those with risk factors; lifestyle changes and medications like ACE inhibitors are first-line treatment; secondary causes like renal disease must be evaluated; target BP is below the 90th percentile to prevent end organ damage.
- Hypertension (HTN) affects 4-5% of children and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Early identification and treatment of HTN in children is important.
- The document discusses definitions of HTN in children, risk factors, evaluation, causes, and management of HTN in children. Evaluation involves taking medical history, physical exam, and lab tests to identify underlying causes.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as first-line treatment. Medication may be used for more severe HTN or if target organ damage is present. Control of HTN in high-risk groups like children with chronic kidney disease can reduce morbidity and mortality.
Hypertension in children and adolescents is an increasing health concern due to rising childhood obesity rates and improved awareness. Secondary hypertension, caused by underlying medical conditions like kidney disease, is more common in younger children, while primary hypertension becomes more prevalent in adolescents. Evaluation of childhood hypertension involves taking a thorough history, physical exam, and tests to identify risk factors and signs of organ damage. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, and may include medications depending on severity and responsiveness to lifestyle changes. Early detection and treatment of childhood hypertension can help reduce long-term cardiovascular risks.
Epidemiology prevention control of hypertensionAbhi Manu
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its epidemiology, prevention, and control. It begins with learning objectives and defines hypertension. An estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension. Prevalence is increasing and it is a major cause of death. Prevention efforts include population-wide strategies like reducing sodium intake and increasing physical activity, as well as high-risk strategies like monitoring blood pressure from childhood. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication to control blood pressure. New initiatives in India are screening for hypertension at all levels of the healthcare system.
Pediatric hypertension a growing problemgisa_legal
This document discusses pediatric hypertension, which was once thought to be rare but now has a prevalence of 1-5% in the US. Younger children under 6 are more likely to have secondary hypertension from conditions like renal disease, while older children and teens are more likely to have primary hypertension linked to obesity. Left untreated, pediatric hypertension can lead to long-term risks like cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. The evaluation and treatment of pediatric hypertension involves lifestyle changes, monitoring for secondary causes, and may include medication under a specialist's care.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Primary (essential) hypertension occurs
commonly in adults and, if untreated, is a major risk
factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, and renal
failure.
In adults with hypertension, 5 mm Hg DBP--
coronary artery disease risk 20% , stroke risk
35%.
hypertension is implicated in the etiology of nearly 50% of adults with
end-stage renal disease. The prevalence of adult hypertension
increases with age, ranging from 15% in young adults to 60% in
individuals older than 65 yr.
3. Hypertensive children, although usually asymptomatic,
already manifest evidence of target organ damage.
Up to 40% of hypertensive children have left ventricular
hypertrophy and hypertensive children have increased
carotid intima—media thickness, a marker of early
atherosclerosis.
Primary hypertension during childhood often tracks into
adulthood.
Children with BP >90th percentile ---2.4-fold greater risk
of hypertension as adults.
nearly half of hypertensive adults had BP >90th
percentile as children.
association between childhood hypertension and early
atherosclerosis in young adulthood.
4. PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION
IN CHILDREN
In infants and young children, systemic hypertension is
uncommon, with a prevalence of <1%, when present, it
is often indicative of an underlying disease process
>90% cases(secondary hypertension).
Severe and symptomatic hypertension in children is
usually caused by secondary hypertension.
In contrast, the prevalence of primary essential
hypertension, mostly in older school-age children and
adolescents, has increased in prevalence in parallel with
the obesity epidemic.
School screening studies show that approximately 10% of U.S. youth overall
have prehy-pertension and 2.5% have hypertension. The influence of obesity
on elevated BP is evident in children as young as 2-5 yr old. Approximately
20% of American youth are obese, and up to 10% of obese youth have
hypertension.
5. DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION
Hypertension:
systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic BP
that is more than 95th percentile for age, sex, and
height specific on at least three occasions 1-3
weeks apart.
Prehypertension:
SBP/DBP between 90th to 95th percentile persistently.
In adolescents beginning at age 12 yr,
prehypertension is defined as BP between 120/80
mm Hg and the 95th percentile.
6. white coat hypertension :
BP levels 95th percentile in a medical setting but
normal BP outside of the hospital.
Stage 1 hypertension:
SBP/DBP >95th percentile but <5 mm Hg above the
99th percentile
Stage 2 hypertension:
SBP/DBP > 99th percentile plus 5 mm Hg
7. Stage 1 hypertension, if asymptomatic and without
target organ damage: allows time (1-2 week) for
evaluation before starting treatment
Stage 2 hypertension calls for more prompt
evaluation and pharmacologic therapy
(Fig. 445-1).
8.
9. MEASUREMENT OF BP IN CHILDREN
children 3 yr or older BP checked during every
healthcare episode (the AHA recommends annual
BP checks).
Selected children <3 yr old should also have their
BP checked, including those with a history of
prematurity, congenital heart disease, renal
disease, solid-organ transplant, cancer, treatment
with drugs known to raise BP, other illnesses
associated with hypertension (neurofibromatosis,
tuberous sclerosis, others), or evidence of
increased intracranial pressure.
10. preferred method:auscultation and a BP cuff appropriate for
the size of the child's arm should be used.
Elevated readings should be confirmed on repeat visits before
determining that a child is hypertensive.
measured with child in sitting position after a period of quiet
for at least 5 min.
Careful attention to cuff size to avoid over diagnosis,
Cuff too short or narrow artificially increases BP readings.
wide variety of bladder sizes should be available in any medical office where
children are routinely seen.
An appropriate sized cuff has an inflatable bladder that is at
least 40% of the arm circumference at a point midway along
the upper arm.
The inflatable bladder should cover at least two thirds of the
upper arm length and 80-100% of its circumference.
11. Systolic pressure is indicated by appearance of the
1st Korotkoff sound.
Diastolic pressure has been defined by consensus
as the 5th Korotkoff sound.
Palpation is useful for rapid assessment of SBP,
although the palpated pressure is generally about
10 mm Hg less than that obtained via auscultation.
Oscillometric techniques are used frequently in
infants and young children, but they are susceptible
to artifacts and are best for measuring mean BP.
12. AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING
(ABPM
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is a procedure
where the child wears a device that records BP frequently,
usually every 20-30 min, throughout a 24 hr period while the child
goes about usual daily activities, including sleep.
This allows calculation of the mean daytime BP, sleep BP, and
mean BP over 24 hr.
It determine proportion of BP measurements that are in the
hypertensive range (BP load) and whether there is an
appropriate decrease in BP during sleep (nocturnal dip).
ABPM particularly useful in the evaluation for white coat
hypertension and determining risk of hypertensive target organ
damage, evaluating resistance to pharmacologic therapy, and
evaluating patients with hypotensive episodes on
antihypertensive medication.
ABPM is also useful for certain special populations, such as
children with chronic kidney disease, kidney transplant, and
diabetes mellitus and provide important information on
cardiovascular risk that cannot be determined as well by office
measurements.
13. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BP product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular
resistance
increase in either cardiac output or peripheral resistance
results in an increase in BP
if 1 of these factors increases while the other decreases, BP
may not increase.
secondary hypertension : result of another disease process
primary (essential) hypertension:When no identifiable cause
Many factors, including heredity, diet, stress, and obesity
Secondary hypertension most common in infants and
younger children
younger the child, the higher the BP and the presence of
symptoms related to hypertension, the more likely underlying
secondary cause of hypertension.
14. Many childhood diseases can be responsible for
chronic hypertension (Table 445-1) or acute/
intermittent hypertension (Table 445-2).
Hypertension in the premature infant:umbilical
artery catheterization and renal artery thrombosis.
Hypertension during early childhood:by renal
disease,coarctation of the aorta, endocrine
disorders, or medications.
In older school-age children and adolescents,
primary hypertension becomes increasingly
common
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Secondary hypertension in children : MC caused by renal
abnormalities; cardiovascular disease or endocrinopathies are
additional etiologies.
Renal (chronic glomerulonephritis, reflux or obstructive nephropathy,
hemolytic uremic syndrome, polycystic or dysplastic renal diseases), or
renovascular hypertension, account for approximately 90 %of
children with secondary hypertension.
Renal parenchymal disease and renal artery stenosis lead to
water and sodium retention thought to be, in part, secondary
to increased renin secretion.
Coarctation of aorta should always be considered.
Several endocrinopathies associated with hypertension:
involving the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands.
Systolic hypertension and tachycardia ommon in
hyperthyroidism.
diastolic pressure is not usually elevated.
20. Hypercalcemia, whether secondary to
hyperparathy-roidism or other causes, often results
in mild elevation in BP because of an increase in
vascular tone.
Adrenocortical disorders (aldosterone- secreting
tumors, sodium retaining congenital adrenal
hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome) may produce
hypertension in patients with increased
mineralocorticoid secretion.
conditions associated with real or apparent
mineralocorticoid excess (Table 445-3) and thus a
suppressed renin level form of secondary
hypertension.
21.
22. Pheochromocytomas: catecholamine-secreting tumors
give rise to hypertension
because cardiac and peripheral vascular effects of
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Children with pheochromocytoma usually have
sustained rather than intermittent or exercise-induced
hypertension.
Pheochromocytoma develops in approximately 5% of
patients with neurofibromatosis.
Rarely, secondary hypertension can caused by
pseudohyperaldosteronism,which leads to elevated BP
in the face of a suppressed renin level.
Such disorders include Liddle syndrome, apparent
mineralocorticoid excess, and dexamethasone
suppressible aldosteronism.
23. Altered sympathetic tone can be responsible for
acute or intermittent elevation of BP in children with
Guillain-Barré syndrome, poliomyelitis, burns, and
Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Sympathetic outflow from the central nervous
system affected by intracranial lesions.
Drugs abuse, therapeutic agents, and toxins
Cocaine provoke rapid increase in BP, can result in
seizures or intracranial hemorrhage.
Phencyclidine:transient hypertension that may
become persistent in chronic abusers.
Tobacco
24. Sympathomimetic agents used as nasal
decongestants, appetite suppressants, and
stimulants for attention deficit disorder produce
peripheral vasoconstriction and varying degrees of
cardiac stimulation.
Oral contraceptives to be suspected as a cause of
hypertension in adolescent girls, incidence is lower
with use of low-estrogen preparations.
Immunosuppressant agents such as cyclosporine
and tacrolimus cause hypertension in organ
transplant recipients, and the effect is exacerbated
by the co-administration of steroids.
heavy metal poisoning
25. Children and adolescents with primary (essential) hypertension
commonly overweight, often strong family history of hypertension,usually
BP values at or only slightly above the 95th percentile for age.
Primary hypertension MC form of hypertension in adults, recognized
more often in adolescents than in young children.
cause of primary hypertension multifactorial:
obesity,
genetic alterations in calcium and sodium transport,
vascular smooth muscle reactivity,
renin—angiotensin system,
sympathetic nervous system overactivity,
insulin resistance
lowering of uric acid levels results in lower BP in overweight youth with
hypertension or prehypertension.
Some children and adolescents demonstrate salt-sensitive hypertension,
a factor which ameliorated with weight loss and sodium restriction.
26. Normotensive children of hypertensive parents may
show abnormal physiologic responses that are similar to
those of their parents.
When subjected to stress or competitive tasks, the
offspring of hypertensive adults, as a group, respond
with greater increases in heart rate and BP than do
children of normotensive parents.
some children of hypertensive parents may excrete
higher levels of urinary catecholamine metabolites or
may respond to sodium loading with greater weight gain
and increases in BP than do those without a family
history of hypertension.
The abnormal responses in children with affected
parents black population > white individuals.
27. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
primary hypertension:
usually asymptomatic;
BP elevation mild and detected during routine
examination or evaluation before athletic
participation.
children may be obese.
28. secondary hypertension:
o BP elevations ranging from mild to severe.
usually not produce symptoms till pressure sustained or
rising rapidly
clinical manifestations may show
underlying disease process e.g.growth failure in
children with chronic kidney disease
With substantial hypertension,
headache,
dizziness,
epistaxis,
anorexia,
visual changes,
seizures may occur
31. Cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, and renal
dysfunction (malignant hypertension) may occur in
marked hypertension.
Bell palsy may be seen in asymptomatic or symptomatic
patients.
Hypertensive crisis:
decreased vision (retinal hemorrhages of hypertensive
retinopathy)
papilledema,
encephalopathy (headache, seizures, depressed level of
consciousness),
heart failure,
accelerated deterioration of renal function.
32. Subclinical hypertensive target-organ injury is a
common clinical manifestation in children with essential
hypertension.
left ventricular hypertrophy detected in up to 40% of
hypertensive children by echocardiography .
Other markers of target organ damage in hypertensive
children:
increased carotid intima—media thickness, hypertensive
retinopathy,
microalbuminuria.
o Children with pre-hypertension also have evidence of
target organ damage, often at a magnitude intermediate
between that of normotensive and hypertensive children.
33. DIAGNOSIS
evaluation of the child with chronic hypertension
should be to uncover underlying causes
evaluating for comorbidities
screening for evidence of target organ damage
extent of evaluation for underlying causes depends
on suspected type of hypertension
When secondary hypertension is a strong
consideration, as in younger children with severe
and symptomatic hypertension, an extensive
evaluation may be necessary (Fig. 445-3).
Alternatively, overweight adolescents with a family
history who have mild elevations of BP may need
only a limited number of tests.
34.
35. careful history and physical examination in all cases
family history for early cardiovascular events should be
obtained.
Growth parameters to detect evidence of chronic
disease.
BP in all 4 extremities to detect coarctation (thoracic or
abdominal) of the aorta.
Unless the history and physical examination suggest
another cause, children with confirmed hypertension
should have an evaluation to detect renal disease,
including urinalysis, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen,
creatinine, complete blood count, urine culture, and
renal ultrasound.
Table 445-4 identifies other features of the physical
examination that may provide evidence of an underlying
cause of hypertension.
36.
37.
38. Table 445-5 provides a more complete list of tests
to consider in the clinical evaluation of a child with
confirmed hypertension.
serum potassium essential because hypokalemia
may be present in Liddle syndrome, glucocorti-coid
remedial aldosteronism, and apparent
mineralcorticoid excess syndrome
Hyperkalemia may be seen in Gordon syndrome.
42. Magnetic resonance or CT
angiography can reveal
renal artery stenosis, but
fluoroscopic angiography
may be needed, especially
to detect intrarenal arterial
stenosis (Fig. 445-4).
43. Primary hypertension often clusters with other risk
factors.
All hypertensive children should be screened for
comorbidities that may increase cardiovascular risk
fasting lipid panel for hyperlipidemia and
fasting glucose level for glucose intolerance
sleep history in children with confirmed
hypertension to screen for sleep disordered
breathing, that is associated with high BP,
particularly in overweight children.
44. What is most common manifestation of target-organ
damage in hypertensive children ?
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
All children with confirmed hypertension should
have echocardiography to evaluate for the
presence of LVH.
Left ventricular mass measurements should be
indexed to height (m2) to account for effect of body
size.
The presence of LVH is an indication to treat the
hypertension with pharmacologic therapy.
45. PREVENTION
Prevention of high BP as part of the prevention of
cardiovascular disease and stroke,
Other risk factors for cardiovascular disease
• Obesity
• elevated serum cholesterol levels
• high dietary sodium intake
• sedentary lifestyle
• alcohol and tobacco use
o increase in arterial wall rigidity and blood viscosity is
associated with exposure to the components of tobacco
may exacerbate hypertension.
o Population approaches to prevention of primary
hypertension include a reduction in obesity, reduced
sodium intake, and an increase in physical activity
through school- and community-based programs.
46. TREATMENT
The Fourth Report recommended a management
algorithm for children with confirmed hypertension
according to whether the child has prehypertension,
stage 1 hypertension, or stage 2 hypertension (see
Figs. 445-1 and 445-5).
47.
48. mainstay of therapy for children with asymptomatic mild
hypertension without evidence of target-organ damage
is therapeutic lifestyle modification with dietary changes
and regular exercise.
Weight loss is primary therapy in obesity-related
hypertension.
It is recommended that all hypertensive children have
diet increased in fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, fiber, and
nonfat dairy, and reduced in sodium. ,
regular aerobic physical activity for at least 30-60 min on
most days
reduction of sedentary activities to less than 2 hr per
day
52. When indicated, antihypertensive medication should be
initiated as a single agent at low dose (see Fig. 445-5).
The dose can then be increased until the goal BP is achieved.
When to add second drug?
Once the highest recommended dose is reached or if the child
develops side effects, then a second drug from a different
class can be added.
Acceptable drug classes for use in children include
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin
receptor blockers, n-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and
diuretics.
Details on recommended doses of different classes of antihypertensive
medications for children can be found in the Fourth Report available free
online at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/ prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.pdf.
53. The goal of therapy for hypertension should be to
reduce BP below the 95th percentile
except in the presence of chronic kidney disease,
diabetes, or target-organ damage, when the goal
should be to reduce BP to less than the 90th
percentile.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or
angiotensin receptor blockers should be used for
children with diabetes and microalbuminuria or
proteinuric renal disease.
P-Blockers or calcium channel blockers should be
considered for hypertensive children with migraine
headaches
54. SEVERE, SYMPTOMATIC HYPERTENSION
Severe, symptomatic hypertension is a
hypertensive emergency that is often accompanied
by cardiac failure, retinopathy, renal failure,
encephalopathy,and seizures.
IV is preferred so that the fall in BP can be carefully
titrated (Table 445-8).
55.
56. SEVERE, SYMPTOMATIC HYPERTENSION
Drug choices include labetalol, nicardipine, and
sodium nitroprusside.
Why stepwise reduction in pressure should be
planned?
Because too rapid a reduction in BP may interfere
with adequate organ perfusion
In general, the pressure should be reduced by 10%
in the 1st hr, and 15% more in the next 3-12 hr, but
not to normal during the acute phase of treatment.
57. Hypertensive urgencies, usually accompanied by
few serious symptoms such as severe headache or
vomiting, can be treated either orally or
intravenously.
The Fourth Report also includes detailed information on
antihypertensive drugs used for the management of severe
hypertension in children.
58. Treatment of secondary hypertension must also focus
on the underlying disease such as chronic renal
disease, hyperthyroidism, adrenal—genital syndrome,
pheochromocytoma, coarctation of the aorta, or
renovascular hypertension.
The treatment of renovascular stenosis includes
antihypertensive medications, angioplasty, or surgery
(Fig. 445-6).
If bilateral renovascular hypertension or renovascular
disease in a solitary kidney is suspected, drugs acting
on the renin-angiotensin axis are usually contraindicated
because they may reduce glomerular filtration rates and
produce renal failure.