hypertension slides medicine paediatrics

1. DR ANJALI ANN CHACKO

2.  PREVALENCE- <1%
 MAINLY SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
 PRIMARY HYPERTENSION is on the rise due to
obesity
 Based on the 4th report of National high BP education
programme working group ,SBP &/or DBP >/= 95
percentile for age,sex and height for >/= 3 occasions

3.  In the 4th report, normal BP was defined as SBP and
DBP values < 90th percentile (on the basis of age, sex,
height percentiles)
 For the preadolescent “ prehypertension “ was defined
as SBP and DBP between 90-95th percentile (on the
basis of age ,sex and height tables)

4.  For adolescents, prehypertension defined as BP >/=
120/80 mm Hg to < 95th percentile or between 90-95th
percentile whichever was lower.
 HTN was defined as average clinic measured SBP and
DBP >/= 95th percentile (on the basis of age,sex and
height percentiles) and further classified as stage 1 or
stage 2 HTN.

5.  Stage 1 HTN-95 to 99th percentile ; asymptomatic
without any target organ damage
 Stage2 HTN->99th percentile ; prompt treatment
needed

6. Recent changes
 The term “PREHYPERTENSION” has been replaced
by the term “ ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE”

7.  BP values are categorized as:
-normal(50th -90thpercentile)
-elevated BP(>90th to 95thpercentile) or 120/80 to95th
whichever is lower
-stage1 HTN(>/=95th percentile)to < 95th percentile
+12mmHg OR 130/80 to139/89 whichever is lower
-stage2 HTN(>/=95th percentile +12 mmHg)OR
>/=140/90 whichever is lower

8.  The decision to create new tables was based on
evidence of the strong association of both overweight
and obesity with elevatedBP and HTN .

9. Simplified BP table
 A new simplified table for initial BP screening based
on 90th percentile BP for age and sex for children at the
5th percentile of height ,which gives the values in the
table a negative predictive value of >99%
 -designed as screening tool only
 -for identification of children and adolescents who
need further evaluation of their BP .

10. Not used to diagnose elevated BP /HTN.
-FOR adolescents>/= 13 years of age , a threshold of
120/80 mmHg is used regardless of gender

11. BP Measurement
 Childhood BP is variable
 There are many potential causes for isolated elevated
BP in children and adolescents,viz.anxiety ,recent
caffeine intake,etc.
 BP should be measured in the right arm by using
standard measurement practices unless the child has
atypical aortic arch anatomy

12. The initial BP measurement may be oscillometric (on a
calibrated machine that has been validated for use in
the pediatric population) or auscultatory (by using a
mercury or aneroid sphygmomanometer)

13.  If the initial BP is elevated (≥90th percentile),
providers should perform 2 additional oscillometric or
auscultatory BP measurements at the same visit and
average them.
 If using auscultation, this averaged measurement is
used to determine the child’s BP category (ie, normal,
elevated BP, stage 1 HTN, or stage 2 HTN).
 If the averaged oscillometric reading is ≥90th
percentile, 2 auscultatory measurements should be
taken and averaged to define the BP category

14. MEASUREMENT OF BP IN NEONATE
 Many methods available, including direct intra-
arterial measurements using indwelling catheters as
well as indirect measurements using the oscillometric
technique.
 Normative values for neonatal and infant BP have
been determined in the right upper arm with the
infant supine, and a similar approach should be
followed in the outpatient setting.

15. BP measurement steps
 1. The child should be seated in a quiet room for 3–5 min
before measurement, with the back supported and feet
uncrossed on the floor.
 2. BP should be measured in the right arm for consistency,
for comparison with standard tables, and to avoid a falsely
low reading from the left arm in the case of coarctation of
the aorta. The arm should be at heart level,90 supported,
and uncovered above the cuff. The patient and observer
should not speak while the measurement is being taken.
 3. The correct cuff size should be used. The bladder length
should be 80%–100% of the circumference of the arm, and
the width should be at least 40%.

17.  4. For an auscultatory BP, the bell of the stethoscope
should be placed over the brachial artery in the antecubital
fossa, and the lower end of the cuff should be 2–3 cm above
the antecubital fossa. The cuff should be inflated to 20–30
mmHg above the point at which the radial pulse
disappears. Overinflation should be avoided. The cuff
should be deflated at a rate of 2–3 mmHg per second.
 5. To measure BP in the legs, the patient should be in the
prone position, if possible. An appropriately sized cuff
should be placed midthigh and the stethoscope placed over
the popliteal artery. The SBP in the legs is usually 10%–20%
higher than the brachial artery pressure.

18.  BP should be measured annually in children and
adolescents ≥3 years of age
 BP should be checked in all children and adolescents
≥3 years of age at every health care visit if they have
obesity, are taking medications known to increase BP,
have renal disease, a history of aortic arch obstruction
or coarctation, or diabetes

19. Management
 Normal BP- If BP is normal or normalizes after repeat
readings (ie, BP <90th percentile),no additional action
needed.
 Should check the BP in the next regular visit.

20.  “ELEVATED BP” - If the BP reading is at the elevated
BP level, lifestyle interventions should be
recommended (ie, healthy diet, sleep, and physical
activity); the measurement should be repeated in 6
months by auscultation. Nutrition and/or weight
management referral should be considered as
appropriate.

21.  If BP remains at the elevated BP level after 6 months,
upper and lower extremity BP should be checked
(right arm, left arm, and 1 leg), lifestyle counselling
should be repeated, and BP should be rechecked in 6
months (ie, at the next well-child care visit) by
auscultation.

22.  If BP continues at the elevated BP level after 12 months
(eg, after 3 auscultatory measurements), ABPM should
be ordered (if available), and diagnostic evaluation
should be conducted. Subspecialty referral (ie,
cardiology or nephrology).
 If BP normalizes at any point, return to annual BP
screening at well-child care visits.

23.  STAGE 1 HTN- If BP is at stage 1, and the patient is
asymptomatic, provide lifestyle counselling and
recheck the BP in 1 to 2 weeks by auscultation
 If the BP reading is still at the stage 1 level, upper and
lower extremity BP should be checked (right arm, left
arm, and 1 leg), and BP should be rechecked in 3
months by auscultation. Nutrition and/or weight
management referral should be considered

24.  If BP continues to be at the stage 1 HTN level after 3 visits,
ABPM should be ordered (if available), diagnostic
evaluation should be conducted, and treatment should be
initiated. Subspecialty referral should be considered .
 STAGE2 HTN-If the BP reading is at the stage 2 HTN level
(Table 3), upper and lower extremity BP should be checked
(right arm, left arm, and 1 leg), lifestyle recommendations
given, and the BP measurement should be repeated within
1 week. Alternatively, the patient could be referred to
subspecialty care within 1 week

25.  If the BP reading is still at the stage 2 HTN level when
repeated, then diagnostic evaluation, including ABPM,
should be conducted and treatment should be
initiated, or the patient should be referred to
subspecialty care within 1 week .
 If the BP reading is at the stage 2 HTN level and the
patient is symptomatic, or the BP is >30 mmHg above
the 95th percentile (or >180/120 mmHg in an
adolescent), refer to an immediate source of care, such
as an emergency department .

27. MASKED HYPERTENSION
 MH occurs when patients have normal office BP but
elevated BP on ABPM. There is growing evidence that
compared with those with normal 24-hour BP, these
patients have significant risk for end organ
hypertensive damage.
 Patients who are at risk of MH include patients with
obesity and secondary forms of HTN, such as CKD or
repaired aortic coarctation.
 MH is particularly prevalent in patients with CKDand
is associated with target organ damage.

28. WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION
 WCH is defined as BP ≥95th percentile in the office or
clinical setting but <95th percentile outside the office
or clinical setting.
 Identification of WCH reduce costs by reducing the
no. Of additional tests performed & decreasing the no.
Of children exposed to antihypertensive medication.

29.  Children and adolescents with WCH should have
screening BP measured at regular well-child care visits
with consideration of a repeat ABPM in 1 to 2 years

30. Primary Hypertension
 General characteristics of children with primary HTN
include older age (≥6 years),positive family history (in
a parent and/or grandparent) of HTN, and overweight
and/or obesity. Severity of BP elevation has not
differed significantly between children with primary
and secondary HTN but DBP elevation appears to be
more predictive of secondary HTN whereas systolic
HTN appears to be more predictive of primary HTN.

31. Secondary Hypertension
 Renal and/or Renovascular Renal disease
 Cardiac, Including Aortic Coarctation Coarctation of
the aorta
 Endocrine HTN
 Environmental Exposures-
Lead,cadmium,mercury,phthalates
 Neurofibromatosis

32.  Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) (also known as Von
Recklinghausen disease) is an autosomal dominant
disorder .
 cafeau-lait macules, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules of
the iris, axillary freckling, optic nerve gliomas, and
distinctive bone lesions.
 Patients with NF-1 have several unique and potential
secondary causes of HTN, most commonly renal artery
stenosis (RAS); coarctation of the aorta, middle aortic
syndrome

33. Investigations
 ECG- To rule out LVH
 ECHO-To determine target organ damage
 Renal USG with doppler
 CT & MR Angiography
 Uric acid and microalbuminuria

35. Goal of treatment
 optimal BP level to be achieved with treatment of
childhood HTN is <90th percentile or <130/80 mmHg
whichever is lower

36. GENERAL MEASURES
 Lifestyle modification
 Diet changes
 Aerobics 40 mins /day x 5/7 days
 Reduce screen time <2hrs/day
 No added salt
 Weight loss in case of obesity(primary
hypertension)BARIATRIC SURGERY
 Investigate cause of secondary hypertension
 OSA treatment

37. Features of OSA
 History of frequent snoring (≥3 nights per week)
 Labored breathing during sleep
 Gasps, snorting noises, observed episodes of apnea
 Sleep enuresis (especially secondary enuresis)
 Sleeping in a seated position or with the neck hyperextended
 Cyanosis
 Headaches on awakening
 Daytime sleepiness
 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Learning problems
 Underweight or overweight
 Tonsillar hypertrophy
 Adenoidal facies
 Micrognathia, retrognathia
 High-arched palate
 Failure to thrive
 HTN

38. DASH diet
 Dietary approach to stop hypertension
 include a diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, low fat
milk products, whole grains, fish, poultry, nuts, and
lean red meats; it also includes a limited intake of
sugar and sweets along with lower sodium intake

40. CHILDREN WITH CKD
 Children and adolescents with CKD should be
evaluated for HTN at each medical encounter.
 Children or adolescents with both CKD and HTN
should be treated to lower 24-hour MAP to <50th
percentile by ABPM.
 Regardless of apparent control of BP with office
measures, children and adolescents with CKD and a
history of HTN should have BP assessed by ABPM at
least yearly to screen for MH

41.  Children and adolescents with CKD and HTN should
be evaluated for proteinuria.
 Those who are urine positive should be treated with an
ACE inhibitor or ARB.

42. CHILDREN WITH DIABETES
 Children and adolescents with T1DM or T2DM should
be evaluated for HTN at each medical encounter and
treated if BP is ≥95th percentile or >130/80 mmHg in
adolescents ≥13 years of age.

43. ACUTE SEVERE HYPERTENSION
 Severe symptomatic hypertension.
 IV medication needed.
 In such situations, the BP should be reduced by no
more than 25% of the planned reduction over the first
8 hours, with the remainder of the planned reduction
over the next 12 to 24 hours- “stepwise reduction
needed”.
 Never attain normal BP during acute phase of
treatment.
 The ultimate short-term BP goal in such patients
should generally be around the 95th percentile.

44. FUNDUS CHANGES IN HTN-
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
 “Keith- Wagnener-Barker” grading
 Grade 1-vascular attenuation
 Grade 2-1+AV nicking /nipping(Salus sign)
 Grade3-2+Retinal edema,cotton wool spot,flame shape
hemorrhages(copper wiring,bonnet sign,gun sign)
 Grade4-3+optic disc edema+macular star silver wiring
silver star

46. STEPPED CARE APPROACH
 Step1-start with low dose single drug
 Step2-increase dose till BP is controlled/max dose of
drug attained
 Step 3-add a 2nd drug of a different class with
complementary action and increase to maximum dose
 step 4-can add a 3rd drug of different class /consult a
physician experienced in childhood and adolescent
HTN
“ALWAYS RULE OUT SECONDARY CAUSE BEFORE
ADDING 3RD DRUG”

48. TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
 ACE inhibitors-captopril,enalapril,lisnopril
 ARB-Losartan ,valsartan,olmesartan
 Aldosterone antagonist-spironolactone,eplerenone
 Calcium channel blockers-amlodipine
 Alpha and beta blocker-carvedilol,labetolol
 Beta blockers-propranolol,metoprolol,atenolol

49.  Centrally acting alpha agonist-clonidine
 Vasodilator-hydralazine,minoxidil
 Diuretics-furosemide,HCTZ,amiloride