Hydroelectrical power generation
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This document discusses various methods of traditional and modern hydroelectric power generation. It covers low, medium, and high head power generation as well as large dams like the Three Gorges and Itaipu Dams. The document also examines environmental effects of large dams such as disruption of fish migration, decreased water temperature, and increased water salinity. Specific hydroelectric turbines like the Francis turbine and Pelton water wheel are described in the context of their optimal head ranges.
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HYDRO POWER
Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy.
The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head Dams:
three categories
high-head (800 or more feet)
medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
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Hydropower harnesses the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to generate electrical power and has been used for hundreds of years. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production and is the largest renewable energy source worldwide. Hydropower plants capture the kinetic energy of water and convert it into electrical energy using turbines connected to generators. While hydropower production does not emit greenhouse gases, large dams can significantly alter river ecosystems and require the displacement of communities. Emerging technologies seek to harness tidal, wave, and ocean thermal energy for power generation as well.
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The document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric plants including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and generators. It explains how hydroelectric plants work by harnessing the potential and kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. The document also provides statistics on global hydroelectric production and discusses the history and environmental impacts of hydroelectric power.
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Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. The amount of electricity generated depends on the water flow rate and head (drop height). Greater flow and head produce more power. Humans first used waterwheels to harness water's kinetic energy for tasks like grinding grains. Modern hydropower plants use turbines connected to generators to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into electric power transmitted via power lines. The world's theoretical and technical hydropower potential is large, but only a fraction has been developed so far, with opportunities existing worldwide.
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Hydroelectrical power generation
- 1. Hydroelectrical Power Generation Traditional Methods of Hydroelectric Generation Low Head Power Generation Medium Head Power Generation High Head Power Generation Large Dams (Three Gorges, Itaipu) Environmental Effects of Large Dams
- 2. Energy in the News
- 3. Breast Shot Wheel Breast shot wheel: One type of traditional Water wheel Water wheels: source Of power for the Industrial revolution
- 4. Overshot Wheel More efficient that breast shot Wheel. Some mills using These wheels still in operation In rural appalachia in 1950’s Miller: Mrs. Aarendale
- 5. Typical Hydroelectrical Station Outflow water: can be very cold. Why? (Grand Canyon)
- 6. Low Head Hydroelectrical Generators Low head: Propellor type Turbines Power = Change in Potential Energy per Unit time = weight* Vertical drop/time Energy = Power*time
- 7. Microhydro Installation Small stream with Hydroelectrical generator: Power for one family (Jim Keener)
- 8. Moderate Head Hydro Head: height difference Between water level in Reservoir and water Level entering turbine Head= height in potential Energy equation Penstock: tube water flows Through
- 9. Francis turbine Turbine used for moderate Head hydroelectrical power statiosn
- 10. Water Flow in a Francis Turbine Left: relative to turbine blades Right: true water path
- 11. High Head Hydro
- 12. Pelton Water Wheel Used for high head applications: (above 250 meters) Are impulse turbines. Francis and Propeller type turbine Are reaction turbines. Reaction turbines: run submerged. Impulse turbines: run in normal air
- 13. Jets of Water Hitting Pelton Wheel Jets of water are directed through a nozzle onto Pelton wheel Cups on the wheel transfer kinetic energy from water to wheel.
- 14. Optimum Hydroelectric Turbine Type Optimum water Wheel: not Just a function Of head, also Depends on Water flow rate
- 15. Hydroelectrical Power Use by State
- 16. States Producing Most Hydroelectricity Why is there So much Variation in the Gallons of water Per kilowatthour?
- 17. Hydropower Output by Nation Lure of Hydropower Big Dams Vs Rebar
- 18. Itaipu Dam Presently world’s largest Hydroelectric plant On Parana river between Brazil and Paraguay Capacity: 12,600 MW (drought a problem recently): Provides: 25% of Brazil power 78% of Paraguay power
- 19. Three Gorges Area of Yangtze River Under construction Three Gorges Dam in China Moving 1.2 million People Capacity of 18,600 MW Will finish in 2009
- 20. Three Gorges Area Great beauty Many historic Sights Still pressing Ahead on dam construction Gorge length; ~San Francisco To LA
- 21. Environmental Problems with Dams 1) Silt buildup fills reservoir (Yangtze; levees) 2) Fish migration disrupted (Columbia) 3)Water temperature decreases (Colorado) 4) Water gets more saline (Colorado) 5) Water loses oxygen (Brazil) 6) Water slows down, increases disease (mosquitos, schitosomiasis (Aswan)) 7) Water traps pollution, slows pollution flushing 8) Induced seismicity may occur