design of aqueduct
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Cross drainage works are structures that carry canal water across natural streams or other obstructions. There are different types of structures depending on whether the canal is above or below the drainage. These include aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, and canal siphons. Proper sites for drainage crossings have minimum disturbance to channels, suitable foundation soil, sufficient headway above high flood levels, and existing conditions that allow for reasonable costs.
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Spillways components and types
A brief details about the component parts of spillways and also about the different types of spillways.
Canal Regulation & Cross Drainage Works
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
Canal headworks
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Diversion Headworks
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
Dams and spillways
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
Cross Drainage Works
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
Reservior planning
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
Earthen Dams
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
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Canal Regulation & Cross Drainage Works
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
Canal headworks
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Diversion Headworks
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
Dams and spillways
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
Cross Drainage Works
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
Reservior planning
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
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Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
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This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
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This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
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Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
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Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
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Topics:
1. Regulation Works
2. Types of Regulation Works
3. Canal Falls
4. Distributory & Head Regulators
5. Cross Regulators
6. Canal Escapes
7. Canal Outlets
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Topics:
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Cross drainage works are structures built to carry canal water across natural streams and other obstructions that intersect the canal. There are different types of structures depending on whether the canal passes over or below the drainage. Common types include aqueducts, siphon, super passages, and canal siphons. Aqueducts can be built with tunnels underground or above ground, sometimes using shafts to remove dirt and supply workers. The ideal site for a drainage crossing has minimum disturbance to channels, suitable foundation soil, sufficient height clearance, and favorable existing topography and hydraulic conditions.
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A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
Cross drainage work
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS.pptx
Cross drainage works are structures constructed at points where canals intersect with natural drainages like rivers or streams to allow water from the canal and drainage to flow freely in their respective directions. There are three main types of cross drainage works: aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage; super passages where the drainage passes over the canal; and level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. Aqueducts come in three types - type I retains the original canal cross section, type II uses retaining walls, and type III replaces the entire earth canal section with a concrete or masonry trough - with the type chosen depending on the width of the drainage being crossed.
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river training work
River training structures are used to guide and direct river flow, regulate the river bed, and increase water depth. The objectives are to provide safe passage for floods, prevent river bank erosion, improve channel alignment, and efficiently transport sediment. Common structures include embankments, guide banks, groynes, cutoffs, pitched islands, and bandalling. Groynes can be impermeable or permeable, classified based on their height, functions like attracting or repelling flow, and some have special designs like T-heads or hockey shapes.
Canal Fall
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
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This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
presentation : cross drainage work
Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
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ENERGY DISSIPATION IS AN IMPORTANT TERM USED IN THE ENGINEERING. ESPECIALLY CIVIL ENGINEERING. THIS IS USEFUL IN THE FIELD OF IRRIGATION
Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
minor and micro irrigation
This document discusses various types of minor and micro irrigation schemes including bandhara irrigation, percolation tanks, and lift irrigation. Bandhara irrigation involves constructing small diversion weirs across streams to raise the water level for irrigation. Key components of bandharas include the weir, outlet works, and flood banks. Percolation tanks are constructed on permeable soils to recharge groundwater levels and increase water availability in wells downstream. Lift irrigation schemes are necessary when land to be irrigated is at a higher elevation than the water source and involve lifting water using pumps.
Laying and Testing of sewer
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
Reservoir Planning
This document discusses reservoir planning and design. It describes how reservoirs are created by constructing dams across rivers. Investigations including engineering surveys, geological studies, and hydrological analyses are conducted. Reservoirs have different levels like full reservoir level and minimum drawdown level. Storage zones include live, dead, and flood storage. Methods to determine reservoir capacity and yield using mass inflow and demand curves are presented. Factors affecting reservoir sedimentation and management techniques are outlined. Flow routing methods like graphical and trial and error are described to model flood waves passing through reservoirs. Spillway types including free overfall are also summarized.
Canal
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
Regulation Works
Topics:
1. Regulation Works
2. Types of Regulation Works
3. Canal Falls
4. Distributory & Head Regulators
5. Cross Regulators
6. Canal Escapes
7. Canal Outlets
Spillways
Topics:
1. Types of Spillways
2. Design Principles of Ogee Spillway
3. Spillway Gates
4. Energy Dissipaters
5. Significance of Jump Height Curve & Tail Water Curve
6. Stilling Basins
Stream Gauging
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
Design and construction of well foundations
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Diversion headwork
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Types of earth dams
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL & PRACTICE
This document discusses materials used in highway construction. It outlines seven major materials: bituminous materials, soil, aggregates, Portland cement concrete, admixtures, pavement marking materials, and structural steel. For each material, it provides details on composition, properties, and relevant tests used for evaluation and quality control of the material. Key tests discussed include moisture content value, California bearing ratio, Los Angeles abrasion value, and specific gravity and water absorption.
Spillway gates
Spillway crest gates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir and river systems. They act as barriers to store additional water, allowing the height of dams to be increased and requiring more land acquisition. The main types of spillway gates are dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift/rectangle gates. Vertical lift gates are rectangular gates that spin horizontally between grooved piers and can be raised or lowered by a hoisting mechanism to control water flow.
design of aqueduct
Cross drainage works are structures built to carry canal water across natural streams and other obstructions that intersect the canal. There are different types of structures depending on whether the canal passes over or below the drainage. Common types include aqueducts, siphon, super passages, and canal siphons. Aqueducts can be built with tunnels underground or above ground, sometimes using shafts to remove dirt and supply workers. The ideal site for a drainage crossing has minimum disturbance to channels, suitable foundation soil, sufficient height clearance, and favorable existing topography and hydraulic conditions.
weir & barrage
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
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Cross drainage work
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
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CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS.pptx
Cross drainage works are structures constructed at points where canals intersect with natural drainages like rivers or streams to allow water from the canal and drainage to flow freely in their respective directions. There are three main types of cross drainage works: aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage; super passages where the drainage passes over the canal; and level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. Aqueducts come in three types - type I retains the original canal cross section, type II uses retaining walls, and type III replaces the entire earth canal section with a concrete or masonry trough - with the type chosen depending on the width of the drainage being crossed.
Cross drainage work.pptx
1) A cross drainage work is a structure built where a canal crosses a natural drain or river. It allows the canal and drain to intersect without mixing waters.
2) There are three main types of cross drainage works: those that carry the canal over the drain (aqueduct, syphon aqueduct), those that carry the drain over the canal (super passage, canal syphon), and those that allow drain water into the canal (level crossing, inlets and outlets).
3) Factors like relative water levels and flows, material availability, costs, and drainage size determine the most suitable type of cross drainage work for a given location. Proper selection and design are needed to safely convey waters across
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Cross drainage works are hydraulic structures built where canals intersect natural streams or drainage in order to prevent mixing of canal and drainage waters. There are three main types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage: 1) where the canal passes over the drainage (e.g. aqueduct or siphon aqueduct), 2) where the drainage passes over the canal (e.g. super passage or siphon super passage), and 3) where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level (e.g. level crossing or inlet and outlet). The appropriate type of structure is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, foundation conditions, cost, and hydraulic requirements.
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The document discusses different types of cross drainage works used where irrigation canals intersect with streams or drainages. There are three main types:
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Cross Drainage Works by Engr. Ehtisham Habib
The document discusses cross drainage works, which are structures constructed at points where irrigation canals intersect with natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of cross drainage works: 1) Type I where the irrigation canal passes over the drainage via an aqueduct or siphon aqueduct, 2) Type II where the drainage passes over the canal via a super passage or siphon super passage, and 3) Type III where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level, requiring a level crossing or inlet and outlet structure. The type of structure constructed depends on factors like the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge levels.
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and Lacey s Regim et heory
Cross drainage work
Cross-drainage works refer to structures built where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types: 1) where the irrigation canal passes over the drainage (e.g. aqueduct or siphon aqueduct), 2) where the drainage passes over the irrigation canal (e.g. super passage or siphon super passage), and 3) where the drainage and canal intersect at the same level (e.g. level crossing or inlet and outlet). The type of cross-drainage work constructed depends on factors like the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage, suitable foundation availability, economic considerations, drainage discharge, and construction problems.
unit 4 vsem cross drainage works & srturcture water resource engineering Siph...
unit 4 vsem cross drainage works & srturcture water resource engineering types of CDW Siphon Aqueduct Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge selection of cross drainage works Fluming of Canal Necessity (Merits) of Cross Drainage Works
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CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdf CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdf
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The main types are aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, siphon super passages, level crossings, and inlets and outlets. The suitable type of structure must be selected based on factors like relative bed levels, foundation conditions, cost, and drainage discharge. The maximum flood discharge of the drainage must also be determined to design the cross drainage work to safely pass high flows.
2170609 irrigation engineering cross drainage works
This document provides information on cross-drainage works for irrigation projects. Cross-drainage works are structures built where canals intersect with natural drainages to allow for the separate flow of water in each. There are several types of structures depending on the relative water levels, including aqueducts, super passages, and level crossings. Selection of the appropriate type considers factors like relative bed levels, available foundation, economics, and hydraulic characteristics of the drainage. Cross-drainage works are necessary to maintain separate flow directions and prevent mixing of canal and drainage waters at intersection points.
Cross drainage works irrigation engineering
The document discusses cross drainage works, which are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of cross drainage works:
1. Type I where the canal passes over the drainage (e.g. aqueduct or siphon aqueduct).
2. Type II where the drainage passes over the canal (e.g. super passage or siphon super passage).
3. Type III where the drainage and canal intersect at the same level (e.g. level crossing or inlet and outlet).
The selection of the type of cross drainage work depends on factors like relative bed levels, foundation conditions, cost, and hydraulic considerations. The document also
Chapter 9
This document discusses various types of cross-drainage works and canal structures used in irrigation projects. There are three main types of cross-drainage works:
1) When the irrigation canal passes over the drainage (aqueduct, siphon aqueduct)
2) When the drainage passes over the irrigation canal (super passage, siphon super passage)
3) When the drainage and canal intersect at the same level (level crossing, inlet and outlet).
Canal structures discussed include canal falls (ogee fall, rapid fall, stepped fall), regulators, escapes and outlets. Canal falls are used when the canal bed slope needs to change due to terrain, and come in various types depending on the slope and
Canal regulation works. m4pptx
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Cross drainage works
Cross drainage works carry the flow of a natural stream crossing a canal. The main types are aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, and siphons. Aqueducts are used when the canal bed is above the drain flood level, allowing gravity flow. Siphon aqueducts are used when the drain flood level is above the canal bed, requiring siphonic action. Super passages are used when the drain bed is above the canal supply level, with the canal flowing under the drain. Siphons are used when the canal supply level is above the drain bed. The selection depends on the relative water levels and sizes of the canal and drain.
Drains and sewer
This document provides an overview of drains, sewers, and related infrastructure. It discusses surface drains, classifications of drains, types of sewers including main trunk sewers, branch sewers, and lateral sewers. It also covers sewer sections, materials, joints, appurtenances like manholes, and best practices for laying and testing sewer lines. The key topics covered include the purpose and design of different drain and sewer components as well as construction and maintenance considerations.
Drainage Engineering (cross drainage structures)
This document discusses different types of cross drainage works used when a canal crosses a natural stream or another canal. The main types are aqueducts, when the canal passes over the drainage; super passages, when the drainage passes over the canal; and siphons, when the canal passes under the drainage. Factors like relative water levels and sizes of the canal and drainage determine which type is most suitable. The document provides details on the design and construction of aqueducts, siphons, and considers examples of calculating dimensions for a specific crossing.
Dams by muhammad ahsan riaz
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the crest, spillways, and abutments. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight for stability; buttress dams are reinforced with supports; arch dams are curved to transmit force to abutments; and earth dams are broad, trapezoidal structures built of compacted earth. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia.
Canal Regulation & Canal Types
This document discusses different types of irrigation canals and structures used to regulate water flow in canal networks. It describes:
1. The main types of canals - main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Distributaries are further divided into major and minor types.
2. The primary structures used to regulate water flow - head regulators at the head of canals, cross regulators along canals, and outlets that deliver water to water courses from distributaries.
3. Additional structures like falls used to lower water levels across changes in ground elevation, escapes to discharge excess water, and tail escapes at canal ends.
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unit 4 vsem cross drainage works & srturcture water resource engineering Siph...
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CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdf CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdf
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2170609 irrigation engineering cross drainage works
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design of aqueduct
- 4. A cross drainage work is a structure carrying the discharge from a canal across a natural stream intercepting the canal. Canal comes across obstructions like rivers, natural drains and other canals. The various types of structures that are built to carry the canal water across the above mentioned obstructions are called cross drainage works.
- 11. Canal over the drainage Canal below the drainage Drain through the canal • aqueduct • Siphon aqueduct • Super passage • Canal siphon • Level crossing • Inlets and outlets
- 25. How does an aqueduct work? The water was transported in concrete tunnels. The tunnels were underground if possible. Sometimes the tunnel had to go above ground. Tunnels could be build with a shaft. This shaft allowed them to take out dirt and lower supplies to the workers. tunnel
- 26. PROPER SITE FOR DRAINGE CROSSING: The site selected for the cross drainage works should have the following main characteristics, 1. It should be such that it requires minimum disturbance regarding the approach and tail reaches of the drainage channel. 2. Suitable foundation soil should be available at reasonable depth. 3. Sufficient headway is available for the super structure of the aqueduct over the H.F.L of the natural stream. 4. Suitable existing topography, geological and hydraulic conditions for the cross drainage works at reasonable costs
- 27. LICHFIELD CANAL AQUEDUCT Birmingham, England.
- 29. This aqueduct consist of the centre support and the parts of the 2 abutments located adjacent to the hard shoulders.