DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing techniques to monitor and map soil salinity in the Tuz Lake region of Turkey from 1990 to 2015. The study analyzed 25 Landsat satellite images from 1990, 2002, 2006, 2011 and 2015 to calculate soil salinity indices and generate salinity maps for each time period. Field measurements of soil electrical conductivity from 2002 were used to relate the satellite-derived indices to actual soil salinity. Land cover data from 2000-2006 and 2006-2012 was also analyzed to detect changes that could impact salinity levels. The results showed the salinity index that combined the blue and red bands had the best correlation to field measurements. The maps produced can help track changes in salt-affected areas
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document describes the design and preliminary results of the CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment, which aims to study carbon dynamics and balances under simulated soil erosion conditions. The experiment involves removing topsoil from a moderately eroded plot and adding it to a depositional plot, while replacing the removed topsoil with clay-enriched subsoil material. Soil properties were measured before and after the manipulation to assess changes in bulk density, soil organic carbon content, and carbon stocks. Preliminary results show the manipulation was largely successful in establishing the targeted soil conditions.
This document presents a study on quantifying groundwater recharge from rainfall in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The study uses a soil water balance approach and meteorological data from 2014 to estimate recharge for an area in Mohammadpur. The results show that the area receives 432mm of rainfall per year that is stored in the ground between June to September, considered the rainy season. Estimated recharge depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff. Between October to May, little rainfall contributes to recharge as most water is lost to surface runoff or evapotranspiration, leaving the soil dry. The study aims to provide data for sustainable water resource management in Dhaka City amidst climate
This document compares traditional and modern methods for measuring the soil sorption complex, which is important for long-term studies of soil chemistry changes. Specifically, it analyzes soil samples from natural forests in Ukraine using both the historic Gedroiz method (involving ammonium chloride extraction and titration/weighing) and modern flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after barium chloride extraction. Despite risks of error in the Gedroiz method, results showed high correlation between nutrient measurements across soil profiles by the different methods. This allows values from past studies using labor-intensive Gedroiz to be recalculated to results of modern FAAS, enabling use of older data to study long-term soil chemical changes
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing techniques to monitor and map soil salinity in the Tuz Lake region of Turkey from 1990 to 2015. The study analyzed 25 Landsat satellite images from 1990, 2002, 2006, 2011 and 2015 to calculate soil salinity indices and generate salinity maps for each time period. Field measurements of soil electrical conductivity from 2002 were used to relate the satellite-derived indices to actual soil salinity. Land cover data from 2000-2006 and 2006-2012 was also analyzed to detect changes that could impact salinity levels. The results showed the salinity index that combined the blue and red bands had the best correlation to field measurements. The maps produced can help track changes in salt-affected areas
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document describes the design and preliminary results of the CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment, which aims to study carbon dynamics and balances under simulated soil erosion conditions. The experiment involves removing topsoil from a moderately eroded plot and adding it to a depositional plot, while replacing the removed topsoil with clay-enriched subsoil material. Soil properties were measured before and after the manipulation to assess changes in bulk density, soil organic carbon content, and carbon stocks. Preliminary results show the manipulation was largely successful in establishing the targeted soil conditions.
This document presents a study on quantifying groundwater recharge from rainfall in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The study uses a soil water balance approach and meteorological data from 2014 to estimate recharge for an area in Mohammadpur. The results show that the area receives 432mm of rainfall per year that is stored in the ground between June to September, considered the rainy season. Estimated recharge depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff. Between October to May, little rainfall contributes to recharge as most water is lost to surface runoff or evapotranspiration, leaving the soil dry. The study aims to provide data for sustainable water resource management in Dhaka City amidst climate
This document compares traditional and modern methods for measuring the soil sorption complex, which is important for long-term studies of soil chemistry changes. Specifically, it analyzes soil samples from natural forests in Ukraine using both the historic Gedroiz method (involving ammonium chloride extraction and titration/weighing) and modern flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after barium chloride extraction. Despite risks of error in the Gedroiz method, results showed high correlation between nutrient measurements across soil profiles by the different methods. This allows values from past studies using labor-intensive Gedroiz to be recalculated to results of modern FAAS, enabling use of older data to study long-term soil chemical changes
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Modelling Vegetation Patterns in Semiarid EnvironmentsSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses modeling vegetation patterns in semi-arid environments. It presents a study of the Upper Rio Salado basin where a soil water balance model was coupled with patterns of vegetation, soil, and climate to generate spatial patterns of soil moisture and water stress. Different interaction rules for a cellular automata model were tested against observed vegetation patterns in the basin. The results showed that rules accounting for minimizing water stress and maximizing transpiration best replicated actual vegetation distributions. The model was then used to simulate changes in vegetation patterns and diversity under different rainfall scenarios by varying the mean rainfall rate and depth.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Subsurface injection of gaseous effluents of stationary internal combustion e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on injecting gaseous effluents from internal combustion engines into subsurface soils. The study tested injecting exhaust from a gasoline generator into sandy and clay soils at depths of 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm. Gas sensors measured CO and NO2 levels above ground at increasing distances from the injection point. Deeper injection and clay soil provided better filtration, with 60 cm depths achieving near-zero surface concentrations 100 cm away. Injection failed at 80 cm due to high soil compaction limiting gas dispersion without affecting backpressure. Clay soil showed 55% and 36% better NO2 and CO removal respectively than sandy soil. Subsurface injection is an effective natural method for filtering gaseous poll
EFFECTS CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND VEGETATION PATTERNSSalvatore Manfreda
1) The document describes a model that couples patterns of vegetation, soil, and climate to generate patterns of water balance and soil moisture distribution within a basin in New Mexico.
2) The model uses a stochastic process to represent rainfall events and calculates water losses through evaporation, transpiration, and leakage to determine soil water balance.
3) The authors use the model to simulate how changes in rainfall characteristics, like rate and mean depth, could impact vegetation patterns, landscape diversity, and the water balance components of evapotranspiration, leakage, runoff, and infiltration.
IRJET- Effect of Dumping on Geotechnical Properties of Soil: A ReviewIRJET Journal
Uncontrolled dumping of municipal solid waste has severe negative environmental and public health impacts and affects the geotechnical properties of soil. Previous studies have shown that dumping can decrease the specific gravity and increase the plasticity of soil. It also tends to increase the optimum moisture content and decrease the maximum dry density of soil. Dumping lowers the soil's angle of internal friction and increases its compression and consolidation properties. This review examines the methodologies and key findings of earlier investigations into the effects of dumping on soil index properties, strength characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity in order to understand how it changes geotechnical properties and to guide further research.
1) The study assessed the relationship between soil moisture held at different water potentials (matric potentials) and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn-soybean field.
2) Soil samples were collected and analyzed at various matric potentials (0, -0.05, -0.1, -0.33, and -15 bars) to determine soil moisture levels. Higher moisture levels were found at 0 and -0.05 bars.
3) When soil moisture was near saturated conditions (0 bar matric potential), CO2 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture levels, while CH4 fluxes were negatively correlated.
This study examined the effects of treated municipal wastewater, magnetized wastewater, and normal water on soil chemical properties under furrow irrigation. Soil samples were taken from surface and subsurface layers after the first, third, and fifth irrigations and analyzed for salinity (EC) and pH. Results showed that soil salinity did not significantly differ between treatments in surface layers but increased significantly in subsurface layers under magnetized wastewater, likely due to increased salt mobility. Soil pH was reduced by wastewater but not significantly affected by magnetization. In conclusion, magnetizing wastewater increased salt accumulation in subsurface soils compared to untreated wastewater or normal water under furrow irrigation conditions.
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
The performance of heat absorber from zinc on the efficiencyIAEME Publication
The document examines the performance of different sizes of zinc heat absorbers on the efficiency of a double slope solar still, finding that using zinc absorbers covering 10% of the water surface area in the upper layer produced the highest condensed water output of 1.43 liters/day and highest efficiency of 25.99%, while larger 90% coverage produced the lowest efficiency of 15.02%, with efficiency generally decreasing as absorber size increased. Equations and methods are provided for calculating solar radiation, energy transfers, and efficiency of the solar still system.
Poster prepared by Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigae for the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Effects of different land uses on soil quality in sokoto urban fringesAlexander Decker
The study characterized soils from different land uses around Sokoto, Nigeria. Physical properties like texture, bulk density and porosity were generally influenced more by the sandy parent material than land use. Chemical properties like pH, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were also low overall due to the parent material. There were no significant differences in soil properties between the residential, petrol station, arable and cement block land uses. The soils were concluded to be low in fertility due to their sandy texture and low chemical properties regardless of land use.
This document discusses using digitized outcrop images and forward modeling to simulate ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data under different water saturation scenarios. Petrophysical models are used to estimate electrical properties for different lithological elements in an outcrop image from a gravel quarry site. GPR simulations are performed for the outcrop model under three water saturation states: uniformly drained, nonuniformly saturated, and fully saturated. Comparisons of the synthetic GPR sections with field data show that the occurrence of reflections depends on the presence and distribution of pore water. The modeling approach allows investigation of GPR sensitivity to different soil types and conditions.
Feasibility of Using Tincal Ore Waste as Barrier Material for Solid Waste Con...IOSR Journals
This document investigates using tincal ore waste (TOW) as a material to improve the properties of lateritic soil barriers for containing municipal solid waste. Tests were conducted on lateritic soil alone and mixtures replacing 5-20% of the soil with TOW. All mixtures met the required unconfined compressive strength for stability. Hydraulic conductivity was lowest for mixtures with 20% TOW compacted at high energy, ranging from 2.1x10-10 to 3.2x10-12 m/s when permeated with leachate. For economic purposes, lateritic soil could meet conductivity standards compacted at 15% moisture using standard light compaction. TOW contains silica and other compounds making
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlandsNUST (IESE)
Constructed wetlands can help reduce pollution and maintain healthy ecosystems. This document discusses the environmental and operational issues of integrated constructed wetlands. Regarding environmental issues, studies have shown that constructed wetlands have lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional wastewater treatment systems. Operational issues include the need to properly monitor wetlands and determine optimal harvesting frequencies to maximize nutrient removal while maintaining plant health. Overall, constructed wetlands provide sustainability, pollution removal efficiency, and economic benefits compared to other wastewater treatment options.
This document discusses the use of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic properties for use in soil water balance models. The performance of published PTFs developed by Vereecken et al. (1989, 1990) were evaluated by comparing simulated soil moisture contents, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes using estimated soil hydraulic properties against measured field data from a test site. Simulations using estimated properties overpredicted soil moisture contents and drainage fluxes compared to simulations using measured soil hydraulic properties from the test site. The study highlights the need for further evaluation of PTFs against field measurements of soil water balance components before widespread application in models.
DSD-INT 2017 Global modelling of hydrology and water resources: current state...Deltares
Presentation by Marc BIerkens (Deltares) at the Symposium on catchment hydrology and WFlow, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 24 October 2017, Delft.
Drainage Condition in Water Logged Areas of Central Part in Chittagong City ...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the existing drainage conditions in three wards in the central part of Chittagong City Corporation in Bangladesh that experience water logging during the monsoon season. Field measurements found that the water carrying capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary drains had decreased significantly from their initial capacities due to silt deposition and waste dumping. The study recommends regular maintenance of drains to remove silt and debris, as well as coordination between government authorities to properly implement drainage plans and address the water logging problems. Adopting the recommendations of the Chittagong Metropolitan Master Plan from 1999 could help minimize water logging in the future.
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Modelling Vegetation Patterns in Semiarid EnvironmentsSalvatore Manfreda
This document discusses modeling vegetation patterns in semi-arid environments. It presents a study of the Upper Rio Salado basin where a soil water balance model was coupled with patterns of vegetation, soil, and climate to generate spatial patterns of soil moisture and water stress. Different interaction rules for a cellular automata model were tested against observed vegetation patterns in the basin. The results showed that rules accounting for minimizing water stress and maximizing transpiration best replicated actual vegetation distributions. The model was then used to simulate changes in vegetation patterns and diversity under different rainfall scenarios by varying the mean rainfall rate and depth.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Subsurface injection of gaseous effluents of stationary internal combustion e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on injecting gaseous effluents from internal combustion engines into subsurface soils. The study tested injecting exhaust from a gasoline generator into sandy and clay soils at depths of 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm. Gas sensors measured CO and NO2 levels above ground at increasing distances from the injection point. Deeper injection and clay soil provided better filtration, with 60 cm depths achieving near-zero surface concentrations 100 cm away. Injection failed at 80 cm due to high soil compaction limiting gas dispersion without affecting backpressure. Clay soil showed 55% and 36% better NO2 and CO removal respectively than sandy soil. Subsurface injection is an effective natural method for filtering gaseous poll
EFFECTS CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND VEGETATION PATTERNSSalvatore Manfreda
1) The document describes a model that couples patterns of vegetation, soil, and climate to generate patterns of water balance and soil moisture distribution within a basin in New Mexico.
2) The model uses a stochastic process to represent rainfall events and calculates water losses through evaporation, transpiration, and leakage to determine soil water balance.
3) The authors use the model to simulate how changes in rainfall characteristics, like rate and mean depth, could impact vegetation patterns, landscape diversity, and the water balance components of evapotranspiration, leakage, runoff, and infiltration.
IRJET- Effect of Dumping on Geotechnical Properties of Soil: A ReviewIRJET Journal
Uncontrolled dumping of municipal solid waste has severe negative environmental and public health impacts and affects the geotechnical properties of soil. Previous studies have shown that dumping can decrease the specific gravity and increase the plasticity of soil. It also tends to increase the optimum moisture content and decrease the maximum dry density of soil. Dumping lowers the soil's angle of internal friction and increases its compression and consolidation properties. This review examines the methodologies and key findings of earlier investigations into the effects of dumping on soil index properties, strength characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity in order to understand how it changes geotechnical properties and to guide further research.
1) The study assessed the relationship between soil moisture held at different water potentials (matric potentials) and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn-soybean field.
2) Soil samples were collected and analyzed at various matric potentials (0, -0.05, -0.1, -0.33, and -15 bars) to determine soil moisture levels. Higher moisture levels were found at 0 and -0.05 bars.
3) When soil moisture was near saturated conditions (0 bar matric potential), CO2 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture levels, while CH4 fluxes were negatively correlated.
This study examined the effects of treated municipal wastewater, magnetized wastewater, and normal water on soil chemical properties under furrow irrigation. Soil samples were taken from surface and subsurface layers after the first, third, and fifth irrigations and analyzed for salinity (EC) and pH. Results showed that soil salinity did not significantly differ between treatments in surface layers but increased significantly in subsurface layers under magnetized wastewater, likely due to increased salt mobility. Soil pH was reduced by wastewater but not significantly affected by magnetization. In conclusion, magnetizing wastewater increased salt accumulation in subsurface soils compared to untreated wastewater or normal water under furrow irrigation conditions.
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
The performance of heat absorber from zinc on the efficiencyIAEME Publication
The document examines the performance of different sizes of zinc heat absorbers on the efficiency of a double slope solar still, finding that using zinc absorbers covering 10% of the water surface area in the upper layer produced the highest condensed water output of 1.43 liters/day and highest efficiency of 25.99%, while larger 90% coverage produced the lowest efficiency of 15.02%, with efficiency generally decreasing as absorber size increased. Equations and methods are provided for calculating solar radiation, energy transfers, and efficiency of the solar still system.
Poster prepared by Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigae for the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Effects of different land uses on soil quality in sokoto urban fringesAlexander Decker
The study characterized soils from different land uses around Sokoto, Nigeria. Physical properties like texture, bulk density and porosity were generally influenced more by the sandy parent material than land use. Chemical properties like pH, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were also low overall due to the parent material. There were no significant differences in soil properties between the residential, petrol station, arable and cement block land uses. The soils were concluded to be low in fertility due to their sandy texture and low chemical properties regardless of land use.
This document discusses using digitized outcrop images and forward modeling to simulate ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data under different water saturation scenarios. Petrophysical models are used to estimate electrical properties for different lithological elements in an outcrop image from a gravel quarry site. GPR simulations are performed for the outcrop model under three water saturation states: uniformly drained, nonuniformly saturated, and fully saturated. Comparisons of the synthetic GPR sections with field data show that the occurrence of reflections depends on the presence and distribution of pore water. The modeling approach allows investigation of GPR sensitivity to different soil types and conditions.
Feasibility of Using Tincal Ore Waste as Barrier Material for Solid Waste Con...IOSR Journals
This document investigates using tincal ore waste (TOW) as a material to improve the properties of lateritic soil barriers for containing municipal solid waste. Tests were conducted on lateritic soil alone and mixtures replacing 5-20% of the soil with TOW. All mixtures met the required unconfined compressive strength for stability. Hydraulic conductivity was lowest for mixtures with 20% TOW compacted at high energy, ranging from 2.1x10-10 to 3.2x10-12 m/s when permeated with leachate. For economic purposes, lateritic soil could meet conductivity standards compacted at 15% moisture using standard light compaction. TOW contains silica and other compounds making
Feasibility of Using Tincal Ore Waste as Barrier Material for Solid Waste Con...
Similar to Hydraulic properties estimation of an exHydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban Soil Column Constructed with Waste Brick and Compost
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
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become important to be studied. This study aims to simulate the variation of
evaporation and thermal condition over a wet and dry regime of paddy field. The
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balance and soil water flow model consisting two layered resistance energy balance
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Hydraulic properties estimation of an exHydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban Soil Column Constructed with Waste Brick and Compost
1. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
9
Hydraulic Properties Estimation of an Experimental Urban Soil Column
Constructed with Waste Brick and Compost
Deniz Yilmaz1*
, Murat Dal2
1
LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, GER, Bouguenais, F-44341, France
2
Tunceli University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli, Turkey
*Corresponding author: E-mail: dyilmaz@tunceli.edu.tr
Abstract
For sustainable development, cities have to revalorize waste material produced
by human activities. Urban soils could be constructed from waste material such as
bricks or concrete waste and mixed with compost material for greening application in
urban environment. This study proposes to study from hydraulically point of view an
experimental urban soil constructed with waste brick and compost using an adapted
evaporation laboratory method. The hydraulic properties are estimated using Hydrus 1D
code inverse procedure and are compared with classical soils such as sand, loam and
silt. Conclusions are promising but more investigation should be done to confirm the
possibility of using this material as urban soil for greening application in cities.
Key words: Evaporation Experiment, Hydrus 1D, Hydraulic Properties, Urban Soil
Atık Tuğla ve Kompost ile İnşa Edilen Deneysel Bir Zeminin Hidrolik
Karakteristiklerinin Buharlaşma Metodu ile Tespiti
Özet
Kentlerin sürdürülebilirliği için, kendi atıklarını yeniden değerlendirmesi ile
mümkündür. Özellikle kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde inşaat atıklarının değerlendirmesi
önem arz etmektedir. Kentsel zeminler atık tuğla, atık beton gibi malzemeler ile inşa
edilebilir. Bunlara yeşillendirme fonksiyonu verilebilmesi içinde atık malzemelere
kompost eklenebilinir. Bu çalışmada laboratuarda buharlaşma metodu yöntemini
kullanarak atık tuğla ve kompost ile inşa edilmiş, deneysel bir zeminin hidrolik açıdan
incelenmesi ve karakteristiklerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Hidrolik özellikler; Hydrus 1D
kodunun inverse prosedürü kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Kum, kil ve silt gibi klasik
zeminlerin karakteristikleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu zeminler hem mekanik, hem
hidrolik ve hem de biyolojik açıdan ele alınarak, şehir zeminlerinde uygulanması söz
konusudur.
Anahtar kelimeler: Buharlaşma metodu, Hydrus 1D, Hidrolik özellikler, Şehir zemini
INTRODUCTION
Cities are renewing continuously
by demolition of old construction. This
process is producing wastes of
demolition such as bricks, concrete,
ballast of railway track, excavated soils.
These wastes are consistently exported
out of the city and are land filled or
parts of them are recycled (Marshall and
Farahbakhsh, 2013). For example, the
amount of waste material stemming
from civil engineering activities in
France is 253 million tons for 2009
(ADEME, 2012). For Turkey, there is
no net data regarding the amount of
demolition waste (Esin and Cosgun,
2. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
10
2007). After the earthquake of 1999 in
Marmara region 13 million of waste
material occurred (Esin and Cosgun,
2007). The construction and demolition
waste are estimated of 200 kg per
person per year in Turkey (Arslan et al.,
2012). Since one year, a big project of
demolition of old construction in
Turkey is planned for sustainable city
retrofitting named as ‘kentsel Dönüşüm’
in Turkish. Thus the amount of
demolition waste creates will increase
in Turkey and will be a huge issue of
waste management. In other part, cities
are also producing compost material
and green wastes from maintenance of
gardens and parks which can provide
nutriments for vegetation in an urban
soil matrix. City practitioners are
usually building urban soils from
agricultural soil stripping and
aggregates coming from quarries. One
alternative idea is to reuse the waste
material produced by the city as urban
soils for parks, gardens and tree lines.
SITERRE project was launched and
funded by the French environmental
agency (ADEME) to develop the
knowledge on urban soils built with
waste material. A part of the project is
focusing on the feasibility to reuse
waste brick mixed with organic matter
(compost and green waste) for plant
growth and trees in urban environment.
These urban soils have to display
adequate properties with respect to their
bearing capacity in an urban
environment, their agronomic properties
for plant growth, their drainage capacity
and the environmental restrictions
enforced by the French regulation in
order to prevent pollutant release in the
underlying aquifer.
The knowledge of hydraulic
properties of urban soils is very
important to understand hydraulic
functioning of urban areas. These are
necessary for modeling hydrologic
processes at the city scale for rainwater
management purposes (Mitchell et al.,
2001; Dussaillant et al., 2004;
Lassabatere et al., 2010), for modeling
the evapotranspiration of trees to assess
their impact on urban climate (House-
Peters and Chang, 2011) and its effect
on the urban heat island phenomenon,
and also for modeling the pollutant
transfer where it is known that water
flow is the main vector of transportation
for pollutants (Lassabatere et al., 2007;
Lamy et al., 2009, Yilmaz et al., 2010).
These properties are also important to
understand if the materials have ability
for agronomic purposes. Hydrodynamic
properties of urban soils built with
waste material are rarely studied and not
very well known. Only a few studies
tried to focus on hydraulic properties
(Sere et al., 2012; Ojeda et al., 2011) of
urban soils built from waste material.
As means of hydraulic
characterization at the laboratory scale,
the evaporation method through
analysis of experimental pressure heads
at different heights in a vertical column
has become widespread in obtaining
hydraulic properties for soils (Wind,
1968; Tamari et al., 1993; Simunek et
al., 1998; Yilmaz et al., 2010).
The aim of this work is the
characterization of hydraulic parameters
of urban soil built from brick waste and
compost using an adapted wind
laboratory method.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Studied Materials
The studied material noted Br-
Co (Br: Brick waste and Co: compost)
was built from a mixture of 60 wt.% of
brick (Br) fabrication waste and 40
wt.% of compost (Co) coming from
waste management facilities and waste
composting. Its specific density was
3. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
11
estimated in laboratory using
picnometer method to 2.18 g.cm-3
.
The Adapted Evaporation Method
The column configuration for
the evaporation experiment used in this
study is different than the conventional
method known as Wind method (Wind,
1968). For this reason, the method used
in this study is mentioned as adapted
evaporation method. In laboratory, the
studied material was packed into 40 cm
high and 7 cm radius column, placed on
a monitored balance (Figure 1). Three
tensiometers (T5, Ums Gmbh, Münich,
Germany), with cups of 7 cm long and
0.5 cm in diameter were horizontally
inserted into drill holes in the material
core at 8.5 cm, 10 and 11.5 cm from
the sample surface.
Figure 1. Adapted evaporation column
experiment.
The system was saturated with water
during a sufficient time to reach
hydraulic equilibrium. The
measurement of the mass was
performed by weighing with mass
balance every hour and the
measurements of pressure heads each
five minutes. The potential evaporation
rate was measured every hour using a
square tank filled with water, this
system was placed on monitored
balance and the weighting
measurements were done every hour.
Both balance system were connected to
a computer for data collection.
Tensiometers were connected to a data
logger CR10X from Campbell scientific
for data collection. Initial pressure head
of -10 cm for the tensiometer at 8.5 cm
was measured. The experiment was
performed till the water pressure heads
reach the pressure head of -800 cm. The
experiment lasted 5 months. At the end,
the material was extracted from the
columns and dried to determinate the
water content profile with 5 points.
Modeling was performed using
HYDRUS 1D code (Simunek and al.,
2008) that resolves the Richards’
equation. The unsaturated soil hydraulic
properties are described by the Van
Genuchten (equation 1 and 3) model in
junction with Mualem capillary model
(equation 2).
The evaporation experiment
setup was simulated through a 40 cm
length mesh with 0.1 cm length
elements. Observation points were
introduced at the tensiometer depths.
The initial condition corresponded to
pressure equilibrium with 0 cm at the
surface and 40 cm water pressure head
at the bottom. The boundary conditions
correspond to no flux at the bottom and
daily measured potential evaporation
rate. The hydraulic parameters were
estimated through the HYDRUS 1D
inverse procedure (Marquardt, 1963).
The data to be fitted correspond to the
evolution of the pressure heads at the
observation points and the total water
loss at the end of the experiment.
4. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
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12
Hydraulic parameters
Van Genuchten-Mualem
(Mualem, 1976; Van Genuchten, 1980)
models are used to describe the
hydrodynamic functions h(θ) and K(θ)
in Hydrus.
mn
grs
r
h
h
1
[1]
1
1m
n
[2]
2
1/
( ) 1 1
ml m
r r
s
s r s r
K K
[3]
where n, m are the hydraulic shape
parameters, s and r are the saturated
and residual water contents
respectively, hg the scale parameter for
water pressure head, and Ks the
saturated hydraulic conductivity. The
parameter l is the pore connectivity
parameter and it’s usually set to the
value of 0.5 [-].
The saturated water content is
supposed equal to the porosity and is
estimated from both the dry bulk ( d )
and specific ( s ) densities through the
following equation:
s
d
s
1 [6]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Particle Size Distribution
The particle size distribution
(PSD) analysis, involving manual
sieving and complemented by a grain
size analyzer, is illustrated in figure 2.
The percentages according the U.S.D.A
(U.S Department of Agriculture) above
2 mm fractions (gravel), between 0.05
and 2 mm (sand), between 0.05 and
0.002 mm (silt), and less than 0.05 mm
(clay) are 58.3%, 31.3%, 10.2% and
0.2%. Br-Co material is composed with
large pieces of bricks and this explains
the high value of the percentage of
gravel.
Figure 2. Particle size distribution of
studied material.
Adapted Evaporation Column
Experiment and Inversion Results
The experiment started the 25th
November 2013 and was stopped the 11
April 2014 after the upper tensiometer
has reached the value of -800 cm in
pressure head. The figure 3 is showing
the time evolution of pressure head at -
8.5, 10.0 and 11.5 cm level for the
surface of the evaporation column and
the corresponding model estimation
from Hydrus 1D software. For the
inverse procedure, the saturated water
content θs (cm3
.cm-3
) was fixed and
calculated to 0.631 through equation
n°6. At the end of the evaporation
experiment, the material was dried and
the dry bulk density was estimated to
0.80 g.cm-3
. The residual water content
was fixed to 0.1 cm3
.cm-3
. The initial
water content was supposed equal to the
saturated water content. The inversion
results are shown in table 1.
5. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
13
Table 1. Br-Co material hydraulics parameters estimated from inversion of data
collected from the adapted evaporation experiment
Hydraulics parameters
θr
(cm3
.cm-3
)
θs
(cm3
.cm-3
)
|hg|
(cm)
n
(-)
Ks
(cm.h-1
)
Br-Co studied material 0.1 0.631 12.8 1.43 29.0
The model gives similar values
of pressure head for the three heads up
to pressure head of -300 cm. After that,
the differences between the three heads
are more distinct. The fit of the model
on experimental data are reproducing
the experimental tendency.
Figure 3. Evaporation experiment
results of pressure head monitoring at
level -8.5 cm. 10.0 cm and 11.5 cm
from the top of the column and models
corresponding to the inverse procedure.
Discussions
For purpose of discussion,
hydrodynamic curves h(θ) and K(θ) of
the studied Br-Co material are displayed
respectively in figure 4 and 5. In order
to compare this material with classical
soils such as a sandy, loam and silt,
their hydrodynamics curves are also
reproduced. For that, we used the
hydraulic parameters proposed in
HYDRUS database for sand, loam and
silt.
Figure 4. Water retention curves,
Volumetric water content [cm3
.cm-3
] on
horizontal axe and absolute pressure
head [cm] for vertical axe displayed in
logarithm scale.
The studied material Br-Co has his
saturated volumetric water content θs
higher than classical natural soil or
cultivated soil. This could be explained
by the high content of organic matter in
the material. Organic matter is well
known for its important total porosity
ranging from 0.7 cm3
.cm-3
for composts
material to 0.9 cm3
.cm-3
for peat
material (Cannavo and Michel, 2013).
Br-Co material absolute pressure head
for volumetric water content in very dry
condition (<0.15 cm3
.cm-3
) is lower
than those of classical soil. For
volumetric water content upper than
0.15 cm3
.cm-3
, absolute pressure head of
Br-Co material are contained between
thus of silt soil and loam soil.
For hydraulic conductivity
curves, the same tendency of retention
curves is observed. For dry condition,
the hydraulic conductivity of the studied
material is lower than thus of classic
-890
-790
-690
-590
-490
-390
-290
-190
-90
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
T_8.5
Model_8.5
T_10.0
Model_10.0
T_11.5
Model_11.5
Time (d)
Succion (cm)
6. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 1:9-15 (2015)
Research/Araştırma
14
soils. For volumetric water content
upper than 0.2 cm3
.cm-3
hydraulic
conductivity K is contained between the
K of a silt and loam soil.
Figure 5. Hydraulic conductivity
curves, Volumetric water content [-] on
horizontal axe and water conductivity
[cm.h-1
] for vertical axe in logarithm
scale.
From hydraulic point of view,
this material is functioning between a
silt soil and loam soil. It could be used
as an urban soil for greening purposes
(for instance, for tree or grass growth)
but this has to be studied by
experimental application of greening.
CONCLUSION
The studied material Br-Co was
constructed with a mixture of waste
fabrication bricks and compost to be
used as an urban soil for greening
purpose such as grass or tree. The
hydraulic properties of this material
were obtained through an adapted
evaporation experiment and
experimental collected data were
inversed using Hydrus 1D code. The
estimated hydraulics properties permit
to classify the studied material from
hydraulics point of view between a
loam and a silty soil. This experimental
urban soil material have high porosity
and high hydraulic conductivity value
of Ks and it can achieve the role of
urban soil for greening purpose like
gardens, parks and trees lines, but more
additional study has to be done like
greening experimental plot in situ to
verify the feasibility. Also, an
environmental impact study has to been
done before using this material as urban
soil. For Turkey, demolition waste
could be also valorized as urban soil.
Further research on hydraulics
properties of urban soil constructed with
waste demolition material coming from
Turkish market has to be done and
feasibility of the reuse as urban soil as
to be checked. Finally, the proposed
hydraulics properties of this study can
be used for the settings of urban soil
hydraulic parameters in multiple
applications as water modelling,
evapotranspiration modelling or
pollutant transfer study at the city scale.
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