This document compares traditional and modern methods for measuring the soil sorption complex, which is important for long-term studies of soil chemistry changes. Specifically, it analyzes soil samples from natural forests in Ukraine using both the historic Gedroiz method (involving ammonium chloride extraction and titration/weighing) and modern flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after barium chloride extraction. Despite risks of error in the Gedroiz method, results showed high correlation between nutrient measurements across soil profiles by the different methods. This allows values from past studies using labor-intensive Gedroiz to be recalculated to results of modern FAAS, enabling use of older data to study long-term soil chemical changes
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Investigating the groundwater of Qorveh-Chaharduli plain in terms of drinking...Innspub Net
Groundwater resources contamination caused by environmental pollutions including both chemical fertilizers and industrial and domestic waste leachate is currently one of the most important environmental issues which has exposed the humans life to risk in some regions. The data of Qorveh plain located in Kurdistan were used in 10-year statistical periods (2002-2012). After selecting the best evaluated resources, considering the data accuracy and distribution, statistics reconstruction and control were conducted and after investigation of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that, the data were not normal and consequently, the data logarithm was calculated to be normalized, then, the best variogram model was fitted to spatial structure of the data (SO4, Cl, Na, TDS and TH) using GS+ software. To draw the water zonation map according to Schuler, overlap of the five layers in ArcGIS was used. For the year 2012, most of the eastern parts of the plain (south east and north east) and a small part of the west, totally by an area of 200.2 km2 have poor quality of water for drinking. Get more articles like this at: http://goo.gl/PVkZji
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
This document provides an overview of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies for sorption and accumulation of anionic and non-ionic surfactants. It discusses the limitations of using log P (octanol-water partition coefficient) in QSAR models for surfactants. Specifically, it analyzes QSAR studies of alcohol ethoxylates (AE), representing non-ionic surfactants, and linear alkyl benzene sulphates (LAS), representing anionic surfactants. The document evaluates alternatives that have been proposed to address the limitations of log P-based QSARs for predicting the environmental behavior of surfactants.
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
A comparative study of the physical and chemical properties of soils under di...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes and compares the physical and chemical properties of soils under three different vegetation types - swamp forest, secondary forest, and savanna - within the forest zone of Badagry, Nigeria. Significant differences were found between the soils, including higher sand and silt levels in the savanna and secondary forest soils compared to the swamp forest soils. The soils overall are sandy, slightly acidic, and low in nutrients. Maintaining crop yields will require judicious use of fertilizers due to the soils' poor chemical properties.
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Investigating the groundwater of Qorveh-Chaharduli plain in terms of drinking...Innspub Net
Groundwater resources contamination caused by environmental pollutions including both chemical fertilizers and industrial and domestic waste leachate is currently one of the most important environmental issues which has exposed the humans life to risk in some regions. The data of Qorveh plain located in Kurdistan were used in 10-year statistical periods (2002-2012). After selecting the best evaluated resources, considering the data accuracy and distribution, statistics reconstruction and control were conducted and after investigation of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that, the data were not normal and consequently, the data logarithm was calculated to be normalized, then, the best variogram model was fitted to spatial structure of the data (SO4, Cl, Na, TDS and TH) using GS+ software. To draw the water zonation map according to Schuler, overlap of the five layers in ArcGIS was used. For the year 2012, most of the eastern parts of the plain (south east and north east) and a small part of the west, totally by an area of 200.2 km2 have poor quality of water for drinking. Get more articles like this at: http://goo.gl/PVkZji
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
This document provides an overview of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies for sorption and accumulation of anionic and non-ionic surfactants. It discusses the limitations of using log P (octanol-water partition coefficient) in QSAR models for surfactants. Specifically, it analyzes QSAR studies of alcohol ethoxylates (AE), representing non-ionic surfactants, and linear alkyl benzene sulphates (LAS), representing anionic surfactants. The document evaluates alternatives that have been proposed to address the limitations of log P-based QSARs for predicting the environmental behavior of surfactants.
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
A comparative study of the physical and chemical properties of soils under di...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes and compares the physical and chemical properties of soils under three different vegetation types - swamp forest, secondary forest, and savanna - within the forest zone of Badagry, Nigeria. Significant differences were found between the soils, including higher sand and silt levels in the savanna and secondary forest soils compared to the swamp forest soils. The soils overall are sandy, slightly acidic, and low in nutrients. Maintaining crop yields will require judicious use of fertilizers due to the soils' poor chemical properties.
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
Arsenic removal from soil with high iron content using a natural surfactant a...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document summarizes a study on removing arsenic from contaminated soil using a natural surfactant extracted from soapnut fruit and phosphate solution. The study found that:
1) A mixture of the natural surfactant and phosphate solution was most effective at desorbing arsenic from the soil, achieving over 70% removal in the pH range of 4-5.
2) Sequential extraction revealed the mixed solution was effective at removing arsenic associated with amphoteric iron oxide forms in the soil.
3) Response surface methodology predicted the mixture could achieve up to 80% arsenic removal when using around 1.5% soapnut and 100mM phosphate at a soil to solution ratio of 1:30
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
According to the InvestCarbon model, Jackson County, Oregon lost over 2 million metric tons of stored and sequestered carbon between 2001 and 2011. The majority of carbon stock changes can be attributed to the loss of mixed and evergreen forest cover within the Rogue River National Forest, particularly between Prospect and Butte Falls due to logging without reforestation. The model results showed that over 20,000 hectares of land was converted to alternative uses resulting in reduced carbon storage, while only 6,350 hectares experienced increased carbon storage. Valuing the foregone carbon sequestration using a 3% discount rate and $50 per ton of carbon price, the study estimated the value of lost carbon sequestration opportunities
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
The SALTMED model is a tool for efficiently managing water, crops, and fertilizers in agriculture. It can be used to:
1. Predict the impacts of climate change and water quality on soils, vegetation, and food security.
2. Improve water use efficiency and increase crop yields with less water.
3. Guide users on suitable crop selection, irrigation systems, and strategies when using poor quality water.
The model simulates processes like evapotranspiration, plant water uptake, soil nitrogen dynamics, drainage, and crop yields. It has been applied and tested in multiple countries to optimize irrigation practices and minimize environmental impacts.
Barren land index to assessment land use land cover changes in himreen lake a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed land use and land cover changes in Himreen Lake and surrounding areas in eastern Iraq between 1976-1992 and 1992-2010 using remote sensing data and barren land index analysis. Landsat imagery from 1976, 1992, and 2010 was processed and barren land index was used to identify distributions of land cover classes for the study periods and changes between them. The results showed changes in bare soil, salt flat, mixed barren land, and exposed rock classes over time. Field observations were also conducted to validate the remote sensing analysis.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
This chapter analyzes the chemical composition of saturated paste extracts from soil samples, which reflects the soil solution. The soil solutions were highly acidic, with pH ranging from 4.36-4.91. Major cations were K+, Mg2+, and Al, while major anions were Cl-, F-, and SO42-. Electrical conductivity decreased with increasing forest stand age, indicating declining nutrient availability over time due to leaching. Aluminum concentrations ranged from 1.3-3.7 mg/L. The composition showed a cation excess that may be explained by dissolved organic carbon in the solutions.
Experimental and Modeling Column Study of Phosphorus Removal by Permeable Rea...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study evaluates the performance of permeable reactive materials for phosphorus removal from water by experimental and model development. A one dimensional solute transport model that describes adsorption process in porous media by mass transfer equation and surface area reduction was developed. Validity of the model was evaluated using several data sets from batch and column experiments. The marble dust, standard sand and volcanic ash were utilized as permeable reactive barriers and porous materials inside packed columns in this research. It was found that the calcium (Ca) content was the most important characteristic of the permeable reactive materials and a factor determining their phosphorus removal efficiency. A high Ca content material showed higher removal capacity of phosphorus. The results of this study demonstrated that the marble dust sorbent has a high efficiency to remove phosphorus from aqueous solution. Comparing the performances of three packed columns filled up with different combinations of the three investigated materials, the differences in permeability played an important role in the treatment residence time and its ensuing effect on the removal efficiencies of phosphorus from water. A combination of 70% marble dust and 30% volcanic ash (as porous packed layers in one column) made a reasonable compromise between high steady phosphorus removal efficiency (~80%) and longevity (over 180 days). A suggestion/recommendation in conclusion was proposed based on these results.
1) The document analyzes trace elements in groundwater samples from the Hingoli region of Maharashtra, India over a three year period.
2) Fifty-three groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for trace metals using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Concentrations of iron, manganese, cadmium, selenium, cobalt, mercury, and zinc were within permissible limits.
3) Chromium, nickel, and arsenic showed high concentrations in almost all groundwater samples, exceeding World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines for drinking water quality in some locations.
4) Overall, except for elevated levels of chromium, nickel, and arsenic in places, the groundwater quality in
Acceleration of Lead Phytostabilization by Maize (Zea mays) in Association wi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil where shooting practices are conducted is extremely contaminated with heavy metals, exclusively by Pb, due to the bullets and bullet fragments. These extreme concentrations of Pb, generate an unfavourable surroundings for agriculture and human health through phytoaccumulation. This study was conducted to assess the possibility of particular bio-amendment, phytostabilization on the reduction of bioavailable Pb in such contaminated soil. Biomass (BM) produced from Gliricidiasepium was used to see its ability to be used in soil remediation together with Maize (Zea mays) as phytostabilizer. A pot experiment was conducted with Maizeby adding BM at three different percentages, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Soil without amendments served as the control and arranged in a complete randomized design. By maize, translocation rate of heavy metals into crop were determined. After sixth week, grown maize were harvested and analyzed followed by digestion with con.HNO3. The most significant immobilization (p<0.05)>TF in maize. For the treatment 5% BM, PF and TF for Pb are 1.22 and 0.15 respectively. Thereby maize can be considered as a potential phytostabilizer. At the same time efficiency of phytostabilizing nature of maizecan increase together with the application of soil amendment – BM.
1) The document analyzes humic acids from Amazonian Dark Earth soils and a nearby natural soil using atomic force microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
2) Atomic force microscopy images showed the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil formed ring-shaped aggregates on the nanometer scale, indicating possible supramolecular structures. The humic acid from the natural soil showed globular particles with a uniform distribution.
3) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy results indicated the humic acid from the natural soil contained more aliphatic groups and polysaccharides, while the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil contained more aromatic carbon, explaining its more hydrophobic character.
Three sentences:
The document summarizes a study that examines how vehicular traffic impacts elemental cycling and microbial communities in roadside soils. Soil samples from locations near a highway and a nature preserve were analyzed to compare salt concentrations, carbon mineralization rates, and the microbial reduction and oxidation of antimony. Preliminary results found higher salt levels and slower mineralization rates in roadside soils compared to the nature preserve, and microcosms showed evidence of microbially-mediated antimony redox reactions occurring in both soil types.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
IRJET- Adsorption Kinetics of Heavy Metal in the catchment soils of Swarn...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the adsorption kinetics of heavy metals in catchment soils of the Swarna River Basin in Udupi District, Karnataka. Key findings from the study include:
1. Batch experiments and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to analyze concentrations of copper, cobalt, and nickel in soil samples from 29 locations across three seasons.
2. Basic parameter analysis found soil pH to be acidic, ranging from 2-4, likely due to leaching of calcium and magnesium ions by heavy rainfall.
3. Adsorption of heavy metals decreased from pre-monsoon to monsoon to post-monsoon seasons, as soil pores occupied by rainwater left fewer sites available for adsorption.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
Anthropogenic acidification effects in primeval forests in the transcarpathianRustan Gleb
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of acid deposition in primeval forests in western Ukraine. The study measured precipitation chemistry, soil chemistry, and soil water chemistry at two forest sites - a deciduous forest and a coniferous forest. It estimated historical deposition of sulfur and nitrogen at the sites from 1860 to 2008. The study found that current sulfur deposition is similar to estimated deposition from 1900-1950. Nitrogen deposition was lower at the coniferous forest site. Soil base cation concentrations were higher at the deciduous forest site due to differences in bedrock buffering capacity. The coniferous forest soils had a higher carbon pool but a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. High nitrogen leaching was measured in the
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
Arsenic removal from soil with high iron content using a natural surfactant a...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document summarizes a study on removing arsenic from contaminated soil using a natural surfactant extracted from soapnut fruit and phosphate solution. The study found that:
1) A mixture of the natural surfactant and phosphate solution was most effective at desorbing arsenic from the soil, achieving over 70% removal in the pH range of 4-5.
2) Sequential extraction revealed the mixed solution was effective at removing arsenic associated with amphoteric iron oxide forms in the soil.
3) Response surface methodology predicted the mixture could achieve up to 80% arsenic removal when using around 1.5% soapnut and 100mM phosphate at a soil to solution ratio of 1:30
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
According to the InvestCarbon model, Jackson County, Oregon lost over 2 million metric tons of stored and sequestered carbon between 2001 and 2011. The majority of carbon stock changes can be attributed to the loss of mixed and evergreen forest cover within the Rogue River National Forest, particularly between Prospect and Butte Falls due to logging without reforestation. The model results showed that over 20,000 hectares of land was converted to alternative uses resulting in reduced carbon storage, while only 6,350 hectares experienced increased carbon storage. Valuing the foregone carbon sequestration using a 3% discount rate and $50 per ton of carbon price, the study estimated the value of lost carbon sequestration opportunities
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
The SALTMED model is a tool for efficiently managing water, crops, and fertilizers in agriculture. It can be used to:
1. Predict the impacts of climate change and water quality on soils, vegetation, and food security.
2. Improve water use efficiency and increase crop yields with less water.
3. Guide users on suitable crop selection, irrigation systems, and strategies when using poor quality water.
The model simulates processes like evapotranspiration, plant water uptake, soil nitrogen dynamics, drainage, and crop yields. It has been applied and tested in multiple countries to optimize irrigation practices and minimize environmental impacts.
Barren land index to assessment land use land cover changes in himreen lake a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed land use and land cover changes in Himreen Lake and surrounding areas in eastern Iraq between 1976-1992 and 1992-2010 using remote sensing data and barren land index analysis. Landsat imagery from 1976, 1992, and 2010 was processed and barren land index was used to identify distributions of land cover classes for the study periods and changes between them. The results showed changes in bare soil, salt flat, mixed barren land, and exposed rock classes over time. Field observations were also conducted to validate the remote sensing analysis.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
This chapter analyzes the chemical composition of saturated paste extracts from soil samples, which reflects the soil solution. The soil solutions were highly acidic, with pH ranging from 4.36-4.91. Major cations were K+, Mg2+, and Al, while major anions were Cl-, F-, and SO42-. Electrical conductivity decreased with increasing forest stand age, indicating declining nutrient availability over time due to leaching. Aluminum concentrations ranged from 1.3-3.7 mg/L. The composition showed a cation excess that may be explained by dissolved organic carbon in the solutions.
Experimental and Modeling Column Study of Phosphorus Removal by Permeable Rea...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study evaluates the performance of permeable reactive materials for phosphorus removal from water by experimental and model development. A one dimensional solute transport model that describes adsorption process in porous media by mass transfer equation and surface area reduction was developed. Validity of the model was evaluated using several data sets from batch and column experiments. The marble dust, standard sand and volcanic ash were utilized as permeable reactive barriers and porous materials inside packed columns in this research. It was found that the calcium (Ca) content was the most important characteristic of the permeable reactive materials and a factor determining their phosphorus removal efficiency. A high Ca content material showed higher removal capacity of phosphorus. The results of this study demonstrated that the marble dust sorbent has a high efficiency to remove phosphorus from aqueous solution. Comparing the performances of three packed columns filled up with different combinations of the three investigated materials, the differences in permeability played an important role in the treatment residence time and its ensuing effect on the removal efficiencies of phosphorus from water. A combination of 70% marble dust and 30% volcanic ash (as porous packed layers in one column) made a reasonable compromise between high steady phosphorus removal efficiency (~80%) and longevity (over 180 days). A suggestion/recommendation in conclusion was proposed based on these results.
1) The document analyzes trace elements in groundwater samples from the Hingoli region of Maharashtra, India over a three year period.
2) Fifty-three groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for trace metals using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Concentrations of iron, manganese, cadmium, selenium, cobalt, mercury, and zinc were within permissible limits.
3) Chromium, nickel, and arsenic showed high concentrations in almost all groundwater samples, exceeding World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines for drinking water quality in some locations.
4) Overall, except for elevated levels of chromium, nickel, and arsenic in places, the groundwater quality in
Acceleration of Lead Phytostabilization by Maize (Zea mays) in Association wi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil where shooting practices are conducted is extremely contaminated with heavy metals, exclusively by Pb, due to the bullets and bullet fragments. These extreme concentrations of Pb, generate an unfavourable surroundings for agriculture and human health through phytoaccumulation. This study was conducted to assess the possibility of particular bio-amendment, phytostabilization on the reduction of bioavailable Pb in such contaminated soil. Biomass (BM) produced from Gliricidiasepium was used to see its ability to be used in soil remediation together with Maize (Zea mays) as phytostabilizer. A pot experiment was conducted with Maizeby adding BM at three different percentages, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Soil without amendments served as the control and arranged in a complete randomized design. By maize, translocation rate of heavy metals into crop were determined. After sixth week, grown maize were harvested and analyzed followed by digestion with con.HNO3. The most significant immobilization (p<0.05)>TF in maize. For the treatment 5% BM, PF and TF for Pb are 1.22 and 0.15 respectively. Thereby maize can be considered as a potential phytostabilizer. At the same time efficiency of phytostabilizing nature of maizecan increase together with the application of soil amendment – BM.
1) The document analyzes humic acids from Amazonian Dark Earth soils and a nearby natural soil using atomic force microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
2) Atomic force microscopy images showed the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil formed ring-shaped aggregates on the nanometer scale, indicating possible supramolecular structures. The humic acid from the natural soil showed globular particles with a uniform distribution.
3) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy results indicated the humic acid from the natural soil contained more aliphatic groups and polysaccharides, while the humic acid from the anthropogenic soil contained more aromatic carbon, explaining its more hydrophobic character.
Three sentences:
The document summarizes a study that examines how vehicular traffic impacts elemental cycling and microbial communities in roadside soils. Soil samples from locations near a highway and a nature preserve were analyzed to compare salt concentrations, carbon mineralization rates, and the microbial reduction and oxidation of antimony. Preliminary results found higher salt levels and slower mineralization rates in roadside soils compared to the nature preserve, and microcosms showed evidence of microbially-mediated antimony redox reactions occurring in both soil types.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
IRJET- Adsorption Kinetics of Heavy Metal in the catchment soils of Swarn...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the adsorption kinetics of heavy metals in catchment soils of the Swarna River Basin in Udupi District, Karnataka. Key findings from the study include:
1. Batch experiments and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to analyze concentrations of copper, cobalt, and nickel in soil samples from 29 locations across three seasons.
2. Basic parameter analysis found soil pH to be acidic, ranging from 2-4, likely due to leaching of calcium and magnesium ions by heavy rainfall.
3. Adsorption of heavy metals decreased from pre-monsoon to monsoon to post-monsoon seasons, as soil pores occupied by rainwater left fewer sites available for adsorption.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
Anthropogenic acidification effects in primeval forests in the transcarpathianRustan Gleb
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of acid deposition in primeval forests in western Ukraine. The study measured precipitation chemistry, soil chemistry, and soil water chemistry at two forest sites - a deciduous forest and a coniferous forest. It estimated historical deposition of sulfur and nitrogen at the sites from 1860 to 2008. The study found that current sulfur deposition is similar to estimated deposition from 1900-1950. Nitrogen deposition was lower at the coniferous forest site. Soil base cation concentrations were higher at the deciduous forest site due to differences in bedrock buffering capacity. The coniferous forest soils had a higher carbon pool but a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. High nitrogen leaching was measured in the
This document describes a study that compared three methods for preparing soil samples for portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis: in-situ (no preparation), in-field (analyzing through plastic bags), and ex-situ (laboratory preparation including drying, sieving, and homogenizing). The study found that ex-situ preparation significantly increased elemental concentrations and reduced variation compared to the other methods. Proportional distributions differed between methods but were consistent after homogenizing and sieving. The comparisons demonstrated that ex-situ analysis maximizes detection and ensures consistent samples for archaeological soil analysis using pXRF.
Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communitiesEdytaSierka
Chmura D., Sierka E., Orczewska A. (2007). Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communities. Botanika - Stecina 11, 17-21., 2007
In three neighbouring regions situated in southern Poland, differing in land use, soils, and type of forest vegetation, autecological studies on one of the most invasive alien species of the country, small balsam Impatients parviflora, were conducted. The habitat requirements of I. parviflora were estimated in 139 permanent plots, randomly distributed in various forest communities and varying in the abundance of the examined species. The forest stands were located either in nature reserves (Kraków-Częstochowa Uppland, Silesian Upland) or in old growth forests (Głubczyce Plateau). The physical and chemical properties of soiils (soil reaction, mineral and granulometric composition of substratum), litter depth, slope, and aspect were gathered and showed on ecodiagrams. The study shows that small balsam is a species with a wide ecological amplitude, what probably contributes to its invasiveness and enables success in colonizing and persisting in forest ground vegetation.
The document analyzes archived soil and herbage samples from the long-running Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted in the UK to determine the impacts of long-term phosphate fertilizer applications on arsenic concentrations. Samples receiving phosphate fertilizers annually from 1856 to 1947 showed arsenic levels in topsoil that almost doubled during this period and remained stable thereafter. Herbage samples from fertilized plots during 1888-1947 also contained significantly more arsenic. Mass balance calculations indicate the increase in soil arsenic can be explained by arsenic inputs from phosphate fertilizers used before 1948, which contained much higher arsenic levels than later fertilizers. The results demonstrate that phosphate fertilizers applied before 1948 caused substantial arsenic contamination of the soil at the
This document summarizes a study that used airborne gamma spectrometry (radiometrics) data to map soils over large areas in Central Queensland, Australia in a more cost-effective way than traditional soil surveys. In a trial area of 6,000 ha, the study achieved 55.6% accuracy in predicting lithology, 65% for soil order, and 29% for soil profile class using radiometrics data and conceptual models. The models were refined and applied to a larger 49,000 ha area, achieving 63% accuracy for lithology prediction and soil order. Radiometrics was found to be useful for identifying broad soil characteristics and lithological units over large areas.
Soil properties and dune heath reestablishmentRhys Turton
This document summarizes soil analysis results from four trial plots on the Sefton Coast, England that are being used to study re-establishing heather habitat. Soil samples were collected and tested for pH, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, exchangeable cations, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results show variation in properties between sites, with some having higher organic matter or exchangeable bases. However, there are no clear correlations between the soil analysis and the condition of the re-establishment techniques used at each site.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil attributes of Brazilian wet...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study of soils and characterization of its attributes are continually evolving, however, for the condition of wetlands, such information is still scarce and poorly distributed. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize spectrally the soils of a wetland area. On the study area were collected georeferenced soil samples and sent for chemical and physical analysis routine and then subjected to spectral evaluation. Were identified seven soil classes with hydromorphic characteristics in their spectral curves? The information contained in these curves then led the development of equations for soil attributes. Sand was the physical attribute of a better correlation with laboratory data and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC), the chemical attributes that showed better results.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Variability of some physicochemical properties on Lithosequence in Funtua, Northwestern, Nigeria were studied to determine the extent of variation in physical and chemical properties within and between soils developed on basement complexes, loess over basement complexes and loess parent materials. Variability was more pronounced in chemical than in physical properties. Particle density (CV = 0.23%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (CV = 2.23) were the least variable physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties with highest variability are Si/C ratio (CV =88.29%) and AP (CV = 149%). Less variability (CV ≤ 15%) irrespective of soils were recorded in particle density, bulk density and pH, and therefore required similar management for all the soils. Silt, AWHC, CEC, CEC clay and base saturation were consistently moderately variable (CV: >15 ≤ 35%). Silt/clay ratio, K, OC, TN, AP and AS were consistently highly variable CV > 35%). Large proportion of properties of the soils were highly variable in all the soils with 10 (42%) of physicochemical properties of soils on BC, 9 (38%) on LBC and 13 (54%) on LS. The highly variable status was attributed to difference in land use types, management and cultural practices occurring within the study area. Properties significantly influenced by Lithosequence include available water holding capacity, magnesium, potassium, CEC and TEA. They were significantly highest in soils on loess and contributed to variation in pattern of nutrient and exchangeable bases retention.
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Foraminiferal Approach to Palaeoenvironmental Interpretations: Case Study of ...Premier Publishers
Palaeoenvironmental analysis was carried out on eighty (80) ditch cutting samples of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene sediments from two wells (well C consist of 13 samples collected at 30metres interval from depth range of 2410 -2770m while well F consists of 67 samples collected at 20metres from depth range of 2000-3320m) in the Northern Depobelt of the Tertiary Niger Delta. This study was carried out using standard micropalaeontological sample procedures and analysis as well as interpretation of the foraminiferal biofacies assemblages taking into consideration the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative method involved comparison of the recovered foraminifera with extant forms while the quantitative method involved the use of tau index, palaeowater depth (Pwd), percent of calcerous to arenaceous benthic foraminifera ratios (%FOBC: %FOBA), Fisher diversity and foraminifera/ ostracoda ratio. The palaeoenvironmental analysis indicates that the sediments were deposited in a non-marine to outer neritic environmental setting with salinity conditions fluctuating between normal marine and slightly hypersaline.
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and ...Surendra Bam
The journal article is based upon the need of sustainable land use management of different land use types for improving their carbon sequestration and hence supporting to mitigate climate change impacts.
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
Prediction of Soil Total Nitrogen Content Using Spectraradiometer and GIS in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that used visible near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy and geographic information systems-kriging (GIS-Kriging) to predict total nitrogen content in soil samples from two locations in southern Iraq. Soil samples were collected and their total nitrogen content was measured using chemical analysis. The samples were then scanned using a spectroradiometer to obtain VNIR reflectance spectra. Partial least squares regression models showed strong correlations between reflectance in wavelength bands 500-600 nm and 800-1000 nm and total nitrogen content, with R2 values over 0.84 for calibration and validation sets. GIS-Kriging models performed poorly for prediction with Q2 values around 0.
This document evaluates the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to measure soil salinity. 122 soil samples were collected from salt-impacted soils in Louisiana and analyzed using standard laboratory methods and PXRF. Standard analyses included particle size analysis, organic matter content, and electrical conductivity (EC) using a saturated paste. PXRF was used to quantify elemental concentrations. Simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to correlate elemental concentrations measured by PXRF (particularly Cl) to EC values. Both models produced acceptable correlations (R2 values of 0.83 and 0.90) between EC and PXRF data, though multiple regression using additional parameters like sand, clay and organic matter content was recommended
This study evaluated the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to measure soil salinity. PXRF allows for rapid, in-situ measurements with minimal sample preparation. The study collected 122 soil samples from saline soils in coastal Louisiana and analyzed them using standard methods like electrical conductivity (EC) as well as PXRF. Simple and multiple linear regression models found good correlation (r2 of 0.83-0.90) between soil EC and elemental concentrations measured by PXRF, especially when including additional parameters like chloride, sulfur, potassium, calcium, sand, clay and organic matter. While both models performed well, multiple linear regression is recommended for predicting soil EC from PXRF data.
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosp...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
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We will explore Vertex AI - Model Garden powered experiences, we are going to learn more about the integration of these generative AI APIs. We are going to see in action what the Gemini family of generative models are for developers to build and deploy AI-driven applications. Vertex AI includes a suite of foundation models, these are referred to as the PaLM and Gemini family of generative ai models, and they come in different versions. We are going to cover how to use via API to: - execute prompts in text and chat - cover multimodal use cases with image prompts. - finetune and distill to improve knowledge domains - run function calls with foundation models to optimize them for specific tasks. At the end of the session, developers will understand how to innovate with generative AI and develop apps using the generative ai industry trends.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
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This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
1. Ekológia (Bratislava)
48
comparison of modern and traditional
methods of soilsorption complex
measurement: the basis of long-term studies
and modelling
Aleš Kučera1
*, JAROMÍR Šikl2
, FILIP Oulehle2
, PAVEL Šamonil3
, KAREL Ma-
rosz1
, RUSLAN Hleb1
, JAKUB Houška1
, JAKUB Hruška2
1
Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
e-mail: xkucera1@mendelu.cz
2
Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21
Praha 1, Czech Republic
3
Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening,
Lidická 25/27, 657 20 Brno, Czech Republic
* Author for correspondence
Abstract
Kučera A., Šikl J., Oulehle F., Šamonil P., Marosz K., Hleb R., Houška J., Hruška J.: Comparison of
modern and traditional methods of soil sorption complex measurement: The basis of long-term
studies and modelling. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 33, No. 1, p. 48–59, 2014.
This paper presents the correlations between two different analytical methods of assessing soil nu-
trient contents. Soil nutrient content measurements measured using the flame atomic absorption
spectrometry (FAAS) method, which uses barium chloride extraction, were compared with those
of the now-unused Gedroiz method, which uses ammonium chloride extraction (calcium by ti-
tration, magnesium, potassium and sodium by weighing). Natural forest soils from the Ukrainian
Carpathians at the localities of Javorník and Pop Ivan were used. Despite the risk of analysis errors
during the complicated analytical procedure, the results showed a high level of correlation be-
tween different nutrient content measurements across the whole soil profile. This allows concen-
tration values given in different studies to be linearly recalculated on results of modern method.
In this way, results can be used to study soil’s chemical changes over time from the soil samples
that were analysed in the past using labour-intensive and time-consuming methods with a higher
risk of analytic error.
Key words: Gedroiz, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, base cations, soil analysis, natural
forest, sorption complex.
Introduction
An invaluable type of ecological research is the study of long-term changes in natural ecosys-
tems, but only a few studies have been conducted in this field (Billet et al., 1990; Hallbäcken,
Tamm, 1986; Smethurst, 2000; Vieira et al., 2009). Long-term assessment requires decades
Vol. 33, No. 1, p. 48–59, 2014
doi:10.2478/eko-2014-0006
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2. 49
of measurements and may be confounded by simultaneous changes in other factors affecting
the ecosystem, such as climate or disturbance. Such studies cannot be fully replaced by either
gradient approaches or mathematical modelling. In gradient studies, inferring the temporal
sequence requires accepting the assumptions of space-for-time substitution, i.e. processes
that occur first in a temporal sequence also occur first along a gradient of the variable ex-
amined. Mathematical models developed from short-term changes of selected factors are by
definition incomplete. One key requirement for research into long-term (on decadal scale)
ecosystem development is the standardization of methodologies. In order to obtain relevant
results, it is necessary to accurately repeat original methods, or to develop models compar-
ing results from original methods (which are usually more time- and labour-intensive) with
modern techniques.
In the 1930s, in order to study the dynamics of natural forests, permanent research plots
were established in what is now the western Ukraine (Zlatník et al., 1938). Some of these
forest ecosystems are now among the last remnants of natural forests in Europe (http://whc.
unesco.org). With the aim of elucidating the relations of tree and herb layer vegetation with
soil characteristics, comprehensive analyses (for the time) were done of plant species compo-
sition, dendromass volume and soil characteristics. The original Zlatník et al. (1938) research
allows studying the long-term development of well-preserved natural forest ecosystems. In
the 1990s, the research on Zlatník’s plots was repeated in order to study changes in these nat-
ural forest ecosystems after about 60 years (Houška, 2007; Hrubý, 2001; Šebesta et al., 2011;
Vrška et al., 2009). However, comparing the changes in soil chemistry and predicting the
future developments are hardly possible without exact repetition of the used analytical meth-
ods. The ancient methods for analysing soil nutrients were different from those used cur-
rently, from the viewpoint of procedures and therefore the results. Only results of relatively
non-complicated methods such as soil acidity, soil sorption and individual cations bound to
the sorption complex have been compared along gradient of time till now (Chapman, Kelley,
1930; Brown et al., 1999; Klinka et al., 1980; Tamm, Hallbäcken, 1988; Vranová, 2005). Only a
few works, especially those published long ago, deal with the comparison of results from dif-
ferent methods or with nutrients amount assessing according to Gedroiz (Bouyoucos, 1926;
Brugess, Breazeale, 1926; Cooper, 1930; Ernest, Berg, 1954; Perkins et al., 1932; Wilde, 1954).
On the other hand, a comprehensive comparison of different methods assessing exchange-
able base cations content in soil has not yet been done. However, the comparison of different
methods can lead to precision of long-term studies and furthermore to the verification of
nutrients amount models, frequently focused on soil pollution, soil acidification or nutri-
ent losses (Belyazid et al., 2006; Małek et al., 2005; Oulehle et al., 2010, 2012). This study
focuses on the quantification of soil base cations, with the aim of examining the relationships
between current standard methods and those commonly used until the middle of the 20th
century. Research in the 1930s by Zlatník et al. (1938) used a nutrient measurement method
according to Gedroiz (Gedroiz, 1926; Maláč, 1933; Novák, Klika, 1934), which analysed cal-
cium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in an extract of ammonium chloride. Base cation
content was measured by barium chloride (Gillman, Sumpter, 1986; Sumner, Miller, 1996)
using FAAS or flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) (Haswell, 1991; Hoenig, 1996;
Reynolds, 1996; Thompson, Banerjee, 1991; Zbíral, 2002). This method was chosen in terms
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3. 50
of the high precision within routine use. The historic method is based on the extraction of
bases by ammonium chloride followed by end-point titration for measuring calcium and
mass-based measurement of magnesium, potassium and sodium. We hope that our results
will be generally useful for comparing results of historic forest soil analyses with modern
results.
Material and methods
Description of localities and soil sampling
The research site Javorník lies close to the Slovakian–Ukrainian border at an altitude of 850 m above sea level (a.s.l.)
(22°31'E; 48°55'N). The natural forest is composed mainly of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with occasional
Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). The bedrock is composed of thin-layer clay-sand flysch from mainly
oligocennic Magura sandstone, characterized by marked heterogeneity in the contents of quartz or the character
of cement. The research site is located on a north-east slope of about 26% inclination. Predominant soils are Haplic
Cambisols with dysmull humus form (Baize, Girard, 1992; Jabiol et al. 1994; IUSS, 2006).
The research site Pop Ivan is located on the Ukrainian–Romanian border at an altitude of 1480 m a.s.l. (24°31'E;
47°57'N). The natural forest is composed predominantly of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karsten). The geologic
basement is made up mostly of upper Proterozoic to lower Paleozoic crystalline rocks (shale, gneiss, phyllite), with
admixtures of Paleogen flysch and Jurassic crystalline limestone. The research site is located on a southern slope
with average inclination of 30%. Predominant soils are Cambisols (Hyperdystric, Skeletic) and Entic Podzols (Skel-
etic) with dysmoder humus form.
Soils were sampled in 2009 in a total of 12 soil profiles (8 at Javorník, 4 at Pop Ivan). Soil samples were taken
from the organic horizons (L+F, H) and further from the depths 0–10; 10–20; 20–40 and 40–80 cm in the mineral
soil. Historic analyses of nutrient content using the methods of Gedroiz were done at all four profiles at Pop Ivan,
and at four profiles at Javorník (a representative four profiles were selected based on the smallest absolute divergence
from the overall average of the eight profiles sampled), for horizons H and for all four depths. For the analysis, 40
samples were used in total.
Laboratory analyses
Laboratory work consisted of measuring nutrient content using two different extraction methods: all soil samples
(40 in total) were extracted with both ammonium chloride and barium chloride. Cations were then measured in
three ways: (1) by titration and weighing for ammonium chloride extracts (marked in Results as ‘Gedroiz (original
method)’); (2) by FAAS for ammonium chloride extracts (marked in Results as ‘Gedroiz (AAS)’); and (3) by FAAS
for barium chloride extracts (marked in Results as ‘BaCl2
(AAS)’). Samples were assessed as fine soil (<2 mm for
mineral horizons, <5 mm for organic horizons).
The chapter is subdivided into items for each method of extraction (ammonium chloride or barium chloride)
and each analytical method (Gedroiz or AAS).
Extraction solutions
(1) Ammonium chloride (NH4
Cl) eluent, 1M (53.49 g NH4
Cl/l); (19) barium chloride (BaCl2
) eluent, 0.1M BaCl2
.
Chemical, reagents and special materials
(2) Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), 37%; ρ = 1.19 g.cm−3
; (3) concentrated nitric acid (HNO3
), 65%, 14.4 M,
ρ = 1.14 g.cm−3
; (4) demineralized water (DIW); (5) ammonia (NH3
) (H2
O/NH3
ratio of 1:1); (6) methyl red (0.1 g
free acid dissolved in 100 ml ethanol (w = 0.06) or 0.1 g sodium salt in 100 ml distilled water; (7) ammonium acetate
(C2
H7
NO2
) solid; (8) ammonium oxalate ((NH4
)2
C2
O4
(saturated solution: 44 g/l); (9) ammonia (NH3
), concen-
trated 25%; (10) dilute sulphuric acid (H2
SO4
), 24%, ρ = 0.46 g.cm−3
; (11) concentrated sulphuric acid (H2
SO4
), 96%,
ρ = 1.84 g.cm−3
; (12) potassium permanganate (KMnO4
) titration solution, 0.02M: 3.16 g dissolved in 1 l DIW; (13)
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concentrated ammonium hydroxide (NH4
OH); (14) hydroxyquinoline (C9
H7
NO), 2% alcohol solution (2 g of solid
dissolved in 100 ml alcohol (prepared fresh)); (15) ammonium carbonate ((NH4
)2
CO3
) with an addition of NH3
(about 5 ml of NH3
added to a solution of 50 g (NH4
)2
CO3
/500 ml DIW); (16) concentrated perchloric acid (HClO4
)
(70%); (17) ethanol 96%; (18) ammonia water: about 10 ml concentrated NH3
in 0.5 l DIW; medium density filter
paper (e.g. Filtrak 389, Macherey Nagel MN 640 m, Sch & Sch S.S 589/2); dense filter paper (e.g. Filtrak 391, Mach-
erey Nagel MN 640 dc, Sch & Sch S/S 589/3); fritted glass filter or G3 frit (for filtering small crystals).
Extractions
Extraction by NH4
Cl
To 25 g of the fine-earth fraction (<2mm, Zbíral (2002), add 100 ml of ammonium chloride (1) solution (soil/
reagent, 1:4 w/v). After 15 minutes on a horizontal shaker, let it slightly settle and then filter the suspension to a
volumetric flask with minimal volume 1000 ml. Repeat extraction, shaking and filtering two more times, adding
to the same flask. After the last shaking the entire sample volume should be quantitatively poured on the filter and
washed with extraction solution until there is no more reaction to calcium (cca 1–2 ml eluate precipitated with hot
ammonium oxalate (8)). To the filtrate, add 10 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid (2) and let evaporate till dry. Add
2 ml concentrated nitric acid (3) and let evaporate till dry, then repeat (oxidation – removing excess ammonium
chloride). Add a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid (2) and let evaporate, then repeat (removing silicon
dioxide by dehydration). Add 10 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid (2) and then add 50 ml hot water. Silicic acid is
removed by filtering and washing with hot water into a 250 ml volumetric flask. After reaching room temperature,
fill to the mark and use the mixed solution for measuring calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium.
Extraction by barium chloride
Barium chloride of 50 ml (19) was added to10 g of fine-filtered soil (as above) (soil/reagent, 1:5, w/v), shaken for
2 hours and filtered through dense filter paper. The container with soil suspension was rinsed with another 50 ml
BaCl2
and quantitatively transferred to the filter paper (a total of 100 ml eluent).
Analytical methods
Nutrient content measured according to Gedroiz
General description of the method: From the eluate, calcium is determined as calcium oxalate by titration with potas-
sium permanganate (12), magnesium is determined by weighing as the Mg(C9
H6
ON)2*
2H2
O precipitate; potassium
is determined by weighing as potassium chloride; and sodium is determined by weighing as sodium chloride. This
method of measuring soil nutrient content was recommended for non-carbonate soils.
Measuring of calcium: In a 250 ml volumetric flask, add 100 ml of extract and evaporate to about 50 ml, and
with ammonia (5), using methyl red indicator (6), precipitate sesquioxides (aluminium, iron, manganese). After
hydroxides become cloudy, filter through medium filter paper to a new 250 ml flask and wash well with hot water to
a volume of 150 ml. Reduce the volume of the filtrate by evaporation to 50 ml. To the hot solution, add about 0.5 g
of ammonium acetate (7) to prevent co-precipitation of magnesium with calcium, and 5 ml of ammonia (9). In the
hot solution, precipitate calcium with the saturated ammonium oxalate solution (8) until completely precipitated
(about 20 ml) by forming calcium oxalate. Filter the solution with precipitate through dense filter paper to a 250 ml
flask (to be used for magnesium determination). Wash with hot water. Tear up the filter with precipitate and wash
with hot water into the original 250 ml flask where it was precipitated. The filter is then dissolved and washed with
dilute sulphuric acid (10). Wash with hot water. To the solution with dissolved calcium oxalate, acidify with 5 ml
concentrated sulphuric acid (11). Titrate with potassium permanganate (12) to pink.
Calculation:
1 ml 0.02M KMnO4
= 2.0040 mg Ca (1)
Measuring of magnesium: Evaporate the filtrate that was filtered from the precipitated calcium oxalate to about 50
ml. Add about 2 g of ammonium acetate (7) and 5 ml of ammonium hydroxide (13) (an excess of ammonium salt
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5. 52
is necessary to prevent extraction of magnesium hydroxide). Warm the solution to about 60°C and precipitate with
drop-by-drop addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline solution (14). A slight excess of reagent should be added (recognized
by the solution yellowing). During precipitation, the temperature increases almost to boiling. Let the precipitate set-
tle and filter through a weighed fritted glass filter. Wash with hot ammonia water (18). Dry the filter for 2 hours at
105°C, and weigh the dehydrated Mg(C9
H6
ON)2*
2H2
O.
Calculation:
Mg= mg Mg(C9
H6
ON)2
.2H2
O × 0.0698 (2)
Measuring of sodium and potassium: To 100 ml extract, add five drops of hydrogen peroxide (oxidation of, e.g., iron
before precipitating with ammonia) and heat to boiling. Evaporate to about 50 ml. Precipitate with ammonia (5)
with indication by methyl red (6) and let settle. Filter through the medium density filter to a 250 ml volumetric flask
and wash with warm water. Evaporate the filtrate to about 50 ml, heat to boiling and precipitate with hot ammonium
oxalate (8) (about 10–20 ml). After the precipitate has settled and while still hot, precipitate with about 5 ml of warm
solution of ammonium carbonate (15). This precipitates calcium, magnesium and barium. After settling (about 1
hour), filter through medium density paper and acidify with 10 ml hydrochloric acid (2). Transfer the solution to
a pre-weighed platinum bowl and evaporate till dry on a hot plate followed by over a flame to remove ammonium
salts. After cooling in a desiccator, the bowl is weighed to get the weight of chlorides (KCl + NaCl).
Dissolve the chlorides in the bowl with 10 ml hot water and then add 2 ml hydrochloric acid (2) and 1 ml of
perchloric acid (16). Evaporate on the hot plate until white steam appears. Again add 1 ml of perchloric acid (16) and
again warm until white steam (about 2 min.). Let the platinum bowl cool, then add 10 ml ethanol (17). If large crys-
tals form, break them up with a rod. Filter through a pre-weighed fritted filter with a funnel, wash with alcohol. Dry
the filter at 130°C for about 2 hours, then weigh (weight of potassium perchlorate). Wash with hot water (to dissolve
the potassium perchlorate) and again dry at 130°C. The difference gives the weight of pure potassium perchlorate.
Calculation:
mg KClO4
× 0.5381 = mg KCl (3)
mg KClO4
× 0.2822 = mg K (4)
mg (KCl + NaCl) – mg KCl = mg NaCl (5)
mg NaCl × 0.3934 = mg Na (6)
Resulting values of element concentration are recalculated to values per 1 kg dry weight by multiplying by 100.
Nutrient content assessing using AAS and additive analysis
Amounts of calcium and magnesium were measured using FAAS, potassium and sodium by FAES in an acetylene-
air flame. Interference was eliminated by concurrent dilution and adding excess lanthanum. Signal evaluation was
done by a calibration curve (Zbíral, 2002).
The methods for measuring contents of the fine-earth fraction, pH, and soil chemistry (Al3+
, oxidative carbon
(Cox
) and total nitrogen (Nt
)) are described in Oulehle et al. (2010).
Data processing
For individual statistical analysis (for data from four soil profiles at Javorník and four profiles from Pop Ivan) of nutrient
content values obtained by the three different methods, we performed tests of normality, correlations between nutrient
concentrations from the three methods and calculated linear correlation models and correlation curves with confidence
intervals at a significance of 0.05. For correlation analyses, the null hypothesis H0
was that there should be no linear
relationship between methods at a significance level of α = 0.05. Calculations were done in the software Statistica Cz 9.0.
Results and discussion
Soils at Javorník had a markedly higher trophic level in all evaluated layers, as reflected in
values of CEC (cation exchange capacity) and individual base cations, as well as in the C/N
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6. 53
ratio (Table 1), which was lower at Javorník due to the higher nitrogen content. Soil acidity
was higher at Pop Ivan. Element contents in individual soil horizons were locality-specific,
and the results of correlations are expected to be applicable for a wide concentration range
(Table 2).
Table 1. General soil properties in organic horizons and referential depths. part 1: fine soil content, soil reaction
active and potential, nutrients concentrations measured in BaCl2extracts usingAAS); part 2: TEA – total exchan-
geable acidity, CEC – cation exchange capacity, BS – base saturation, C – oxidative carbon, N – total nitrogen, C/N
– CN ratio
For data from all eight soil profiles, the Shapiro–Wilk (S-W) test did not confirm the null
hypothesis (H0
) of a normal distribution (at α = 0.05) (Table 2). The deviation from normality
was also clear from the significantly positive skew and leptokurtic distribution. The data set
was also characterized by high variability resulting from the use of samples from the entire
soil profile.
We used non-parametric correlation analysis by calculating the Spearman coefficient
(critical value is 0.304 for 40 values). Figures 1–3 and Table 3 show the relationships between
concentrations of individual cations measured using the three different methods: (1) titra-
Explanations: Mean value ± SD, * Fine soil = <5mm for L+F and H; <2mm for mineral soil, Methods described in
Oulehle et al., 2010. STOTEN
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8. 55
tion and weighing for ammonium chloride extracts (marked as ‘Gedroiz (original method)’);
(2) FAAS analysis of ammonium chloride extracts (marked as ‘Gedroiz (AAS)’); (3) FAAS
analysis of barium chloride extracts (marked as ‘BaCl2
(AAS)’). The closest correlations were
for bivalent nutrients (calcium and magnesium), while monovalent cations (potassium and
sodium) were less correlated. For the correlation between ‘Gedroiz (original method)’ and
‘Gedroiz (AAS)’, the null hypothesis was not rejected for sodium (Fig. 3d). The low correla-
tion for monovalent cations can be explained by their overall low proportion in the sorp-
tion complex, where potential errors during analytical measurements as well as limits of
availability of cations resulting from cations complementarity, Gapon constant, soil acidity,
mineral composition and so on (Brady, Weil, 2002; Novák, Klika, 1934; White, 2006) are
more noticeable.
Fig. 1. Correlations of individual nutrient concentrations between BaCl2
(AAS) (X-axis) and Gedroiz
(AAS) (Y-axis) (dotted lines indicate regression limits at 0.95 confidence levels).
As expected, the most significant correlation was between values determined using the
same final measurement technique (AAS). Furthermore, from Table 3 and Figs 1 and 2, it
is clear that most of the potential error arises from the steps following extraction, i.e. when
measuring cation concentrations (with the exception of magnesium, nutrient content values
from barium chloride are more correlated with those from the original method than from
values from ammonium chloride extracts using AAS). When converting nutrient concentra-
tions analysed, according to Gedroiz (1926), the most optimal would be to measure cation
concentration in barium chloride extracts and AAS, and then convert to ‘Gedroiz (original
method)’ using the equations in Table 4.
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9. 56
Fig. 2. Correlations of individual nutrient concentrations between BaCl2
(AAS) (X-axis) and Gedroiz
(original method) (Y-axis) (dotted lines indicate regression limits at 0.95 confidence levels).
Fig. 3. Correlations of individual nutrient concentrations between Gedroiz (AAS) (X-axis) and
Gedroiz (original method) (Y-axis) (dotted lines indicate regression limits at 0.95 confidence levels).
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Nutrient Gedroiz (AAS) vs. BaCl2
(AAS)
Gedroiz (original method) vs. BaCl2
(AAS)
Gedroiz (original method) vs. Gedroiz
(AAS)
Ca 0.996 0.987 0.977
Mg 0.996 0.907 0.916
K 0.995 0.65 0.611
Na 0.821 0.399 0.273
Table 3. Spearman correlation coefficients of individual nutrient concentrations (italics indicates those where the
null hypothesis was rejected).
If alkali metal carbonates and soluble salts in the sample analysed are present, this must be
taken into account (and was pointed out in the original paper of Gedroiz (1926)). In case soils do
not contain alkali metal carbonates or soluble salts, during the extraction calcium tests are usually
negative (noted in the section ‘Analytical methods’). Even in these cases, soil is rinsed to the filter
paper using up to 500 ml of filtrate. It is also recommended to use a large amount of extract for
measuring, especially in the case of potassium and sodium, up to 10 times higher concentration
of eluate (Breazeale, 1926), which are present in low amounts in non-salty soils. However, the re-
sults can then be markedly skewed by trace amounts of potassium and sodium in the ammonium
chloridereagent,whichisespeciallyproblematicwhenusinghighconcentrations(largeamounts)
of extraction reagent. It is thus necessary to determine the amount of alkali in the eluent (1).
Even though there are up to three times higher calcium concentrations at Javorník, it is not in
carbonate form (as determined using hydrochloric acid according to Zbíral (2002)).
In the past, Gedroiz’s method was used for the analysis of soil sorption complex in many fields
of soil science, as well as in plant physiology or mineralogy as illustrated by several citations (Ahi,
Powers, 1938; Cooper, 1930; Ernest, Berg, 1954; Gedroiz, 1923, 1929, 1931; Selman, 1925; Silva,
1934). There are very probably many works soliciting a repetition of investigation, which can be
done using modern analytical method and recalculation to equivalent ‘old data’ or conversely.
Conclusion
Results of soil analyses from the first half of the 20th century obtained using the method of Ge-
droiz (1926) are useful for studies of long-term changes in soil chemistry. The original method is
repeatable, and comparable to results using modern methods (barium chloride extracts + AAS;
ammonium chloride extracts + AAS). Our results can facilitate the data recalculation obtained
Nutrient Gedroiz (AAS) (y) vs. Gedroiz (original method) (y) vs. Gedroiz (original method) (y) vs.
BaCl2 (AAS) (x) BaCl2 (AAS) (x) Gedroiz (AAS) (x)
Ca y = 4.1714 + 0.7565*x y = 38.4685 + 0.9427*x y = 33.8888 + 1.2448*x
Mg y = 1.8032 + 1.0889*x y = 14.2888 + 0.687*x y = 12.9995 + 0.6331*x
K y = 7.3559 + 0.9823*x y = 12.7715 + 0.8927*x y = 6.7679 + 0.9018*x
Na y = 5.6796 + 0.8677*x y = 20.9655 + 1.7261*x y = 16.086 + 1.5765*x
Table 4. Equations from linear models for converting nutrient concentration values that obtained by different me-
thods.
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11. 58
formerly using Gedroiz analysis, and hence for the comparison of soil nutrients amounts in the
past and in the present. The linear models of concentration relationships from different methods
can be used to compare data sets and recalculate results. In this way, the disadvantages of using
historic methods are mostly their difficulty and risk of analytical errors, which can be overcome.
These results can be used to re-calculate values from soils with comparable chemistry to those
tested here. Unknown factors may arise in analyses of other soils with markedly different chemis-
try that could influence the tight correlation seen here between different methods.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Czech Science Foundation (project No. 526/07/1187), by the research plan of the Czech
Geological Survey (MZP 0002579801) and by the research plan of The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and
Ornamental Gardening (project No. MSM 6293359101).
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