Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The objective of the experiment was to know the effect of Dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable Aluminum in two different soil orders. The method was experimental using Factorial Randomized Block Design, which consists of two Factors. The First factor were soil orders consist two levels, i.e. T1= Ultisols Kentrong, dan T2 = Inseptisols Jatinangor, while the second were dolomite dosages, consist four levels, i.e. dO = 0 ton ha-1 , d1 = 1 ton ha-1 , d2 = 2 ton ha-1 , d3 = 3 ton ha-1 , d4 = 4 ton ha-1 .The result of the experiment showed that on Ultisols Kentrong, dolomite applications significantly increased the value of soil reaction (pH) after two weeks incubation. The treatment of 3 ton/ha showed pH 4.73 or 8 % higher that control. Otherwise, the applications of dolomite also decreased the exchangeable Aluminum. The treatment of 3 ton/ha showed value 7.01 of exchangeable aluminum or 21 % lower than control. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite applications increased the value of soil reaction (pH) after two weeks incubation and the treatment of 3 tonha-1 showed pH 5.83 or 11 % higher than control. Otherwise, the application of dolomite decreased the exchangeable aluminum although were not significantly different for that parameters in this soil order. Based on statistical analysis, it proved that liming unable applied effectively on whole soil types or orders due to its relation with the level of soil acidity.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The objective of the experiment was to know the effect of Dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable Aluminum in two different soil orders. The method was experimental using Factorial Randomized Block Design, which consists of two Factors. The First factor were soil orders consist two levels, i.e. T1= Ultisols Kentrong, dan T2 = Inseptisols Jatinangor, while the second were dolomite dosages, consist four levels, i.e. dO = 0 ton ha-1 , d1 = 1 ton ha-1 , d2 = 2 ton ha-1 , d3 = 3 ton ha-1 , d4 = 4 ton ha-1 .The result of the experiment showed that on Ultisols Kentrong, dolomite applications significantly increased the value of soil reaction (pH) after two weeks incubation. The treatment of 3 ton/ha showed pH 4.73 or 8 % higher that control. Otherwise, the applications of dolomite also decreased the exchangeable Aluminum. The treatment of 3 ton/ha showed value 7.01 of exchangeable aluminum or 21 % lower than control. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite applications increased the value of soil reaction (pH) after two weeks incubation and the treatment of 3 tonha-1 showed pH 5.83 or 11 % higher than control. Otherwise, the application of dolomite decreased the exchangeable aluminum although were not significantly different for that parameters in this soil order. Based on statistical analysis, it proved that liming unable applied effectively on whole soil types or orders due to its relation with the level of soil acidity.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Vegetation diversity on coal mine spoil heapshow important is the texture of ...EdytaSierka
Biologia, 2019
The relationship between the size of the particle fractions of the soil substrate and the diversity of the spontaneously developing vegetation was investigated on coal mine spoil heaps in Upper Silesia (Southern Poland). The analyses were based on 2567 research plots of developed spontaneous vegetation and their associated soil substrate samples collected from 112 coal mine spoil heaps. For each research plot the prevailing particle size fraction was determined (stones, gravel, sand, silt), the species composition and abundance was recorded and the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), Simpson (C) and Evenness (E) indices were used to determine species diversity. From a total of 119 research plots (in all particle size fraction categories), the values of 15 physicochemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, moisture, carbon content, total N, available P, Mg and exchange cations Ca, Mg, K, Na, fine particles (%), gravel (%), stone (%)) were obtained to asses their impact on the floristic composition of vegetation patches using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Additionally, functional traits of the dominant species of each vegetation patch (life forms, life strategies and socio-ecological groups), were selected to analyse their relation to substrate texture. It was shown that the highest species richness and the highest values for Shannon-Wiener diversity index, as well as Simpson and Evenness indices, were obtained in plots formed on stones. Moreover, the greatest variation in the participation of species representing different habitats, life forms, and life strategies was found on gravelly substrates. Contrary to our expectations, the vegetation diversity (in terms of both species and their functional traits) was not highest in habitats with a high composition of fine size particles.
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Soil Chemistry, Soil Fertility & Nutrient Management In DetailAgriLearner
SN Lecture Page No
1. Soil Chemistry 1-2
2. Soil pH and Buffer pH 3-6
3. Soil pH and Percent Base Saturation 7-9
4. Soil as a source of plant nutrients - Essential and beneficial elements, criteria of essentiality
10-15
5. Forms of nutrients in soil and their functions in plants 16-25
6. Mechanism of nutrient transport in plants 26-29
7. Nitrogen – Transformation, factors affecting nitrogen availability ,deficiency and toxicity symptoms
30-39
8. Phosphorus – Transformation, factors affecting Phosphorus availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
40-48
9. Potassium – Transformation, factors affecting Potassium availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
49-52
10. Secondary nutrients – Transformation, factors affecting nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
53-59
11. Micro nutrients – Transformation, factors affecting nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
60-76
12. Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity 77-83
13. Soil Fertility Evaluation 84-89
14. Predicting Yields using Nutrient Functions 90-95
15. Fertility Evaluation By Plant Analysis 96-102
16. Soil Testing and Correlation 103-105
17. Soil Testing 106-111
18. Fertility Survey and Mapping 112-114
19. Permanent Manorial Experiments 115-117
20. Fertilizers – Use and Legislation 118-124
21. Prospects of Fertilizer Use 125-128
22. Tolerance limit in Plant Nutrient for various fertilizers 129-134
23. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of acid soils 135-142
24. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of saline soils 143-146
25. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of sodic soils 147-153
26. Characteristics and Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils 154-156
27. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality 157-166
1.THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERLITE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR IMPROVING ON SOME WATER.pdfMaqsoodKhalid3
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERLITE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR IMPROVING ON SOME WATER.
The adsorption on molecular sieves is therefore dependent on the following physical molecular properties:
- Size and Shape; molecules or ions larger than the pore opening of the zeolite can not be adsorbed, smaller molecules or ions can.
-Molecular Polarity; due the charge on outer and inner zeolitic surface particle, molecules with large polarity or polarisability can be adsorbed preferentially under identical conditions
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Vegetation diversity on coal mine spoil heapshow important is the texture of ...EdytaSierka
Biologia, 2019
The relationship between the size of the particle fractions of the soil substrate and the diversity of the spontaneously developing vegetation was investigated on coal mine spoil heaps in Upper Silesia (Southern Poland). The analyses were based on 2567 research plots of developed spontaneous vegetation and their associated soil substrate samples collected from 112 coal mine spoil heaps. For each research plot the prevailing particle size fraction was determined (stones, gravel, sand, silt), the species composition and abundance was recorded and the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), Simpson (C) and Evenness (E) indices were used to determine species diversity. From a total of 119 research plots (in all particle size fraction categories), the values of 15 physicochemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, moisture, carbon content, total N, available P, Mg and exchange cations Ca, Mg, K, Na, fine particles (%), gravel (%), stone (%)) were obtained to asses their impact on the floristic composition of vegetation patches using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Additionally, functional traits of the dominant species of each vegetation patch (life forms, life strategies and socio-ecological groups), were selected to analyse their relation to substrate texture. It was shown that the highest species richness and the highest values for Shannon-Wiener diversity index, as well as Simpson and Evenness indices, were obtained in plots formed on stones. Moreover, the greatest variation in the participation of species representing different habitats, life forms, and life strategies was found on gravelly substrates. Contrary to our expectations, the vegetation diversity (in terms of both species and their functional traits) was not highest in habitats with a high composition of fine size particles.
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Soil Chemistry, Soil Fertility & Nutrient Management In DetailAgriLearner
SN Lecture Page No
1. Soil Chemistry 1-2
2. Soil pH and Buffer pH 3-6
3. Soil pH and Percent Base Saturation 7-9
4. Soil as a source of plant nutrients - Essential and beneficial elements, criteria of essentiality
10-15
5. Forms of nutrients in soil and their functions in plants 16-25
6. Mechanism of nutrient transport in plants 26-29
7. Nitrogen – Transformation, factors affecting nitrogen availability ,deficiency and toxicity symptoms
30-39
8. Phosphorus – Transformation, factors affecting Phosphorus availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
40-48
9. Potassium – Transformation, factors affecting Potassium availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
49-52
10. Secondary nutrients – Transformation, factors affecting nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
53-59
11. Micro nutrients – Transformation, factors affecting nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity symptoms
60-76
12. Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity 77-83
13. Soil Fertility Evaluation 84-89
14. Predicting Yields using Nutrient Functions 90-95
15. Fertility Evaluation By Plant Analysis 96-102
16. Soil Testing and Correlation 103-105
17. Soil Testing 106-111
18. Fertility Survey and Mapping 112-114
19. Permanent Manorial Experiments 115-117
20. Fertilizers – Use and Legislation 118-124
21. Prospects of Fertilizer Use 125-128
22. Tolerance limit in Plant Nutrient for various fertilizers 129-134
23. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of acid soils 135-142
24. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of saline soils 143-146
25. Genesis, Characteristics, and Reclamation of sodic soils 147-153
26. Characteristics and Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils 154-156
27. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality 157-166
1.THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERLITE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR IMPROVING ON SOME WATER.pdfMaqsoodKhalid3
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERLITE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR IMPROVING ON SOME WATER.
The adsorption on molecular sieves is therefore dependent on the following physical molecular properties:
- Size and Shape; molecules or ions larger than the pore opening of the zeolite can not be adsorbed, smaller molecules or ions can.
-Molecular Polarity; due the charge on outer and inner zeolitic surface particle, molecules with large polarity or polarisability can be adsorbed preferentially under identical conditions
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 a. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 28: 821-832. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S., Renella G. 2017. Biosolids application to agricultural land: a contribution to global phosphorus recycle, Pedosphere 27(1): 1–16, doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60106-0, ISSN 1002-0160/CN 32-1315/P
Biosolids application to agricultural land: a contribution to global phosphor...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S., Renella G. 2017. Biosolids application to agricultural land: a contribution to global phosphorus recycle, Pedosphere 27(1): 1–16, doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60106-0, ISSN 1002-0160/CN 32-1315/P
Soil carbon sequestration resulting from biosolids application, Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S., Renella G. 2014. Soil carbon sequestration resulting from biosolids application, Applied and Environmental Soil Science (ISSN: 1687-7667), Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 821768, 9 pages. doi:10.1155/2014/821768.
Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., C. Alberti. 2012. Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12 (1), 143-152
Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils,Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., Corrêa R.S. 2012. Downward movement of potentially toxic elements in biosolids amended soils, Special issue: Biosolids Soil Application: Agronomic and Environmental Implications, Applied and Environmental Soil Science (ISSN: 1687-7667), Volume 2012, Article ID 145724, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/145724.
Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remedia...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Puelles M. 2010. Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remediation in Argentina, International Journal of Environmental Engineering (IJEE), Sp. Issue on Vermiculture Technology, Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 239 –254. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037269. ISSN (Online): 1756-8471, ISSN (Print): 1756-8463.
Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended wit...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Zubillaga M, Cusato M. 2009. Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended with biosolid and ash-spiked biosolids. International Journal of Phytoremediation (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106), 11:1–13, (Print ISSN: 1522-6514; Online ISSN: 1549-7879).
Estimation of leaf area in pecan cultivars (Carya illinoinensis), Silvana Torri
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Torri S, Descalzi C, Frusso E. 2009. Estimation of leaf area in pecan cultivars (Carya illinoinensis), Cien. Inv. Agr. 36:53-58, ISSN 0718-1620. Editorial: Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Remediación de suelos contaminados con elementos traza mediante el uso de bio...Silvana Torri
Torri S, Zubillaga M, Lavado RS. 2006. Remediación de suelos contaminados con elementos traza mediante el uso de biosólidos compostados y enmienda calcárea. II) efecto sobre las fracciones de menor biodisponibilidad de Zn. Revista Facultad de Agronomía, UBA. Editorial Facultad de Agronomía (EFA) UBA. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 26: 93-97. ISSN: 0325-9250.
Distribución y disponibilidad de elementos potencialmente tóxicos en suelos r...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2002. Distribución y disponibilidad de elementos potencialmente tóxicos en suelos representativos de la provincia de Buenos Aires enmendados con biosólidos. Ciencia del Suelo. 20 (2): 98-109. ISSN 0326-3169.
Micronutrientes. En: Fertilidad de suelos y fertilización de cultivosSilvana Torri
Torri S, Urricariet A.S, Lavado R. 2015. Micronutrientes. En: Fertilidad de suelos y fertilización de cultivos. García F y Echeverría H. Ediciones INTA, Balcarce, ISBN 978-987-521-565-8, 357-377. 908 p.
Micronutrientes. En: Fertilidad de suelos y fertilización de cultivos.Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Urricariet A.S, Lavado R. 2015. Micronutrientes. En: Fertilidad de suelos y fertilización de cultivos. García F y Echeverría H. Ediciones INTA, Balcarce, ISBN 978-987-521-565-8, 357-377. 908 p.
Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological...Silvana Torri
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Torri S, Cabrera M, Torres- Duggan. 2013. Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological improvement. En: Biotechnologic Techniques of Stress in Plants, Editor: M. Miransari, Stadium Press LLC USA, ISBN : 1-62699-031-X, 101-118.
Zinc availability to forage crops in soils of the pampas region, Argentina.Silvana Torri
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Torri S, Perez-Carrera A, Fernández-Cirelli A. 2012. Zinc availability to forage crops in soils of the pampas region, Argentina. In: Trace Elements: Environmental Sources, Geochemistry and Human Health. Editores: D. A. De Leon y P.R. Aragon, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Micronutrient availability in crop soils of the Pampas region, Argentina.Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Urricariet A.S, Lavado R. 2011. Micronutrient availability in crop soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Soil Nutrients. Editor: M.Miransari, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-61324-785-3. pp.277-296, 336 p.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
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Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation.
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1460 S. Torri, R. Lavado / Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1459–1465
interface, but on the soil chemical processes that occur as a result of
root activity as well. Moreover, the soil environment immediately
adjacent to the roots can be strongly influenced by root exudates so
that chemical processes of dissolution, chelation, and precipitation
outside the root also occur. Besides, graminaceous plant species
secrete phytosiderophores which can form stable complexes with
Cu, Fe or Zn [19]. The underlying changes in the rhizosphere may
also arise from other processes for which roots are not directly
responsible, like the activity of microorganisms that are stimu-
lated in the vicinity of the roots as a consequence of the release
of rhizodeposits [20].
Plants have been employed in recent years as a means of stabilis-
ing PTE in sludge amended soils by reducing metal mobility through
rhizosphere-induced adsorption and precipitation processes [21].
Lolium perenne L. is considered a suitable species for this purpose,
producing high dry matter yields and accumulating moderate to
high levels of PTE in its biomass from readily extractable and sol-
uble forms [22], fitting the definition of a facultative metallophyte
[23]. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between
Lolium perenne L. uptake of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils amended
with sewage sludge or sewage sludge enriched with its own inciner-
ated ash and soil availability assessed by a soil sequential extraction
method.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Soils and sludge
A pot experiment was conducted using three representative
Mollisols (U.S. Soil Taxonomy) of the Pampas Region, Argentina. The
soils are classified as Typic Hapludol, Typic Natraquol and Typic
Argiudol, sampled near C. Casares, Pila and S.A. de Areco towns,
respectively. Composite soil samples (10 sub samples, 0–15 cm
depth) were collected from fields with no previous history of fer-
tilization or contamination, and were thoroughly homogenized, air
dried and passed through a stainless steel sieve with 2-mm open-
ings. Water holding capacity (WHC) was determined in the three
soils according to the method proposed by Mizuno et al. [24].
Non-digested sewage sludge was obtained from Aldo Bonzi
wastewater treatment plant located at the SW outskirts of Buenos
Aires City. The sludge (SS) was dried at 60 ◦C before grinding and
sieving (<2 mm) and then split into two portions. A portion was
incinerated at 500 ◦C. The ash obtained was thoroughly mixed with
a portion of the sieved sewage sludge, resulting in a new mixed
waste which contained 30% DM as ash (AS).
2.2. Greenhouse experiment
Plastic pots were filled with 2.5 kg (air-dry equivalent) of soil.
The rate of application of SS and AS to each soil was an equiva-
lent field application rate of 150 dry t/ha (6:100, w/w, SS or AS: soil
ratio). Both amendments were thoroughly mixed with the soils (day
1). Unamended soils were used as control. The pots were arranged
in completely randomized blocks and housed in a greenhouse shel-
tered from rain or direct sunlight. Pots were left undisturbed and
allowed to settle down over 60 days. During that period, the mois-
ture content of the pots was kept at 80% of water holding capacity by
daily replenishing with distilled water to a constant weight. In all, 18
treatments: 3 soil materials × (2 amendments + control) × (plant,
no plant) were each replicated four times.
After the stabilization period of 60 days, four pots per treatment
were sampled, air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve for soil
analysis. 2.00 g seeds with average germination rate over 95% were
sown in the rest of the pots. Soil moisture was maintained in all
pots at 80% of WHC by daily adding distilled water and weighing.
The pots were moved around at regular intervals to compensate for
light differences. L. perenne was harvested 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks
after sowing, by cutting just above the soil surface. Aerial biomass
was oven dried at 65 ◦C for 48 h to reach constant dry weight.
2.3. Plant analysis
Plant aerial tissue was weighed for biomass determination, and
further processed for chemical analysis by grinding in a stainless
steel mill to pass a 0.5-mm sieve. Samples were stored in paper bags,
and placed in an oven at 65 ◦C until constant mass was achieved to
remove moisture added during grinding and handling of the sam-
ples. As the above-ground parts of the plants are more relevant
to grazing animals, root studies of the plants were excluded in this
study. Aerial tissue of the first and third harvest (0.5 g) was digested
using a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 [25]. The extracts were analyzed
for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by AAS. Detection limits for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn
were 0.02, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. Total concen-
trations of metals were also analyzed in certified plant standards
(spinach leaves, NIST 1570a) as a quality control procedure.
2.4. Soil fractionation
The sequential extraction scheme proposed by McGrath and
Cegarra [26] was used to partition Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in con-
trol and sludge treated soils into several fractions. The fractions
were defined as (1) EXCH: water-soluble and exchangeable fraction,
extracted by 0.1 M CaCl2; (2) organic matter (OM) bound fraction,
extracted by 0.5 M NaOH; (3) inorganic fraction (INOR), extracted
by 0.05 M Na2EDTA; and (4) residual fraction (RES), digested by
conc. HNO3 + conc. HCl + conc. HF [27]. Concentrations of Cd, Cu,
Pb and Zn were measured in each filtrate using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS). Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the
whole soil sample were determined by acid digestion [27]. Blanks
were used for background concentrations. For quality control pur-
poses, certified soil standards (Montana soil, NIST 2711; National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD) were sub-
jected to the same treatment and included in the over-all analytical
process.
2.5. Statistical analysis
All results reported are the mean of four replicates. The statistical
analysis was done with the Statistics 7.0 (2000) package, processing
the data for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for a completely random-
ized design. One-way ANOVA was carried out to compare the means
of different treatments; where significant F values were obtained,
differences between individual means were tested using Tukey’s
test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. The relation-
ship between PTE content in plant and soil fractions was evaluated
by simple and stepwise regression analysis.
3. Results
3.1. PTE concentration in soil fractions
Physicochemical properties for soils and sludge are summarized
in Tables 1 and 2. Total soil concentration and distribution of Cd, Cu,
Pb and Zn among soil fractions in controls and in SS or AS amended
soils at day 60 is shown in Table 3.
3.2. Dry matter yield
The germination of L. perenne in amended soils was delayed for
15 days. After that, L. perenne grew uniform in all sludge treatments
along the growing period, showing no visible symptoms of metal
4. Author's personal copy
S. Torri, R. Lavado / Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1459–1465 1461
Table 1
Main physical and chemical characteristics of the three untreated soils (A horizon,
0–15 cm) used for pot experiment.
Typic
Hapludoll
Typic
Natraquoll
Typic
Argiudoll
Clay (%) 19.2 27.6 30.3
Silt (%) 23.2 43 53.6
Sand (%) 57.6 29.4 16.1
pH 5.12 6.21 5.72
Organic carbon (g kg−1
) 28.6 35.31 24.5
Electrical conductivity (dS m−1
) 0.61 1.18 0.7
Cation exchange capacity
(cmol(c) kg−1
)
20.3 22.3 24.5
Exchangeable cations
Ca2+
(cmolc kg−1
) 10.2 9.1 12.6
Mg2+
(cmolc kg−1
) 2 5.4 4.3
Na+
(cmolc kg−1
) 0.3 2.1 0.2
K+
(cmolc kg−1
) 2.8 1.6 2.1
toxicity or nutrient imbalances. Partial and total dry matter yields
of L perenne grown in each treatment in the three soils are shown in
Table 4. No significant differences (p < 0.05) in terms of aboveground
biomass yields were observed between SS treatment, AS treatment
and control in the first and second harvest. After that, plants grown
in the amended soils exhibited a clear better growth compared to
controls. Irrespective of soil amendment, dry matter yield at the end
of the experimental period was, in certain cases, more than 300%
as compared to control.
Table 2
Selected properties of sewage sludge (SS) and 70:30 DMW mixture of sewage sludge
and sewage sludge ash (AS).
SS SSA
pH 5.82 6.17
Moisture content (%) 5 4.5
Total organic carbon (mg g−1
) 251 176
Total N (mg g−1
) 19.3 22.5
Total P (mg g−1
) 0.052 0.086
Electrical conductivity (dS m−1
) 0.90 0.89
Cation exchange capacity (cmolc kg−1
) 11.95 nd
Ca (mg g−1
) 22.5 nd
Mg (mg g−1
) 5.6 nd
K (mg g−1
) 10.7 nd
Total Cd (mg kg−1
) 10.08 13.08
Total Cu (mg kg−1
) 750.8 894.7
Total Pb (mg kg−1
) 334.2 365.9
Total Zn (mg kg−1
) 2500 3200
nd = not determined.
3.3. PTE concentration in aerial plant tissues of L. perenne
Potentially toxic elements concentration of the studied met-
als in the first and third harvest of L. perenne followed the order
Zn Cu Cd, Pb in all treatments. Cadmium and lead concentra-
tions were below detection limits in aerial part of L. perenne.
In the first harvest, Cu concentration in aerial biomass did not
seem to depend on soil treatment, for no significant differences
were observed between control and SS or AS treatments for the
Table 3
Sequential extraction of cadmium, copper lead and zinc (mg kg−1
) from pristine soils (C) and soils amended with sewage sludge (SS) and 70:30 DMW mixture of sewage
sludge and sewage sludge ash (AS) (150 t ha−1
), before cultivation (day 60).
Typic Hapludoll Typic Natraquoll Typic Argiudoll
C (mg kg−1
) SS (mg kg−1
) AS (mg kg−1
) C (mg kg−1
) SS (mg kg−1
) AS (mg kg−1
) C (mg kg−1
) SS (mg kg−1
) AS (mg kg−1
)
EXCH-Cd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
OM-Cd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
INOR-Cd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
RES-Cd nd 0.37 0.39 nd 0.40 0.43 nd 0.39 0.45
EXCH-Cu nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
OM-Cu 3.85 c 18.02 ab 17.68 ab 3.46 c 16.57 b 24.94 a 7.01 c 18.19 ab 23.61 ab
INOR-Cu 2.73 e 11.95 c 13.86 bc 3.35 e 16.04 ab 14.80 abc 6.56 d 16.35 ab 17.65 a
RES-Cu 15.43 bc 22.63 ab 32.26 a 4.19 d 11.64 c 13.71 c 2.43 d 12.41 c 16.89 bc
EXCH-Pb nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
OM-Pb nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
INOR-Pb 5.83 c 26.61 ab 23.62 ab 7.24 c 29.31 a 20.40 b 8.26 c 25.25 ab 23.49 ab
RES-Pb 12.16 cd 19.93 b 33.18 a 1.76 f 8.22 de 27.40 a 4.75 e 16.28 bc 28.31 a
EXCH-Zn 1.61 c 28.71 a 24.58 a 1.07 c 12.35 b 10.83 b 1.00 c 22.43 a 21.59 a
OM-Zn 2.62 c 9.61 ab 9.61 ab 1.75 c 13.10 ab 24.07 a 1.97 c 8.14 b 13.29 ab
INOR-Zn 3.90 c 71.83 b 93.18 ab 4.14 c 135.63 a 123.01 a 6.22 c 86.83 ab 103.51 ab
RES-Zn 46.87 bc 101.11 a 124.51 a 40.04 c 45.55 bc 85.96 ab 49.81 bc 97.86 ab 117.49 a
Soil fractions: water-soluble and exchangeable (EXCH), bound to organic matter (OM), inorganic precipitate (INOR) and residual (RES). Different letters in the same row are
significantly different at the 0.05 probability level (n = 4).
Table 4
Partial and total mean values and standard deviation of aerial dry weight (in g) of L. perenne grown in control and sludge-treated pots over four harvests (n = 3, ±S.E.).
Aerial dry weight (in g) of L. perenne/pot Total DM yield
1◦
Harvest 2◦
Harvest 3◦
Harvest 4◦
Harvest
Hapludoll—C 2.43 ± 0.055 ab 2.66 ± 0.116 ab 3.01 ± 0.138 bc 1.73 ± 0.103 b 9.83 BC
Hapludoll—SS 2.45 ± 0.078 ab 3.01 ± 0.108 a 5.49 ± 0.149 a 4.38 ± 0.301 a 15.32 A
Hapludoll—AS 2,82 ± 0.105 ab 2.99 ± 0.067 a 5.82 ± 0.103 a 3.14 ± 0.072 ab 14.78 A
Natraquoll—C 1.97 ± 0.094 b 1.76 ± 0.133 b 1.11 ± 0.138 c 0.84 ± 0.068 c 5.68 C
Natraquoll—SS 2.22 ± 0.137 ab 2.45 ± 0.136 ab 4.99 ± 0.229 ab 4.65 ± 0.257 a 14.32 A
Natraquoll—AS 2.32 ± 0.128 ab 2.35 ± 0.095 ab 4.31 ± 0.308 ab 4.17 ± 0.446 a 13.15 AB
Argiudoll—C 2.51 ± 0.163 ab 1.96 ± 0.162 b 1.58 ± 0.161 c 0.78 ± 0.024 c 6.82 C
Argiudoll—SS 3.07 ± 0.070 a 3.28 ± 0.020 a 5.28 ± 0.354 a 4.50 ± 0.264 a 16.13 A
Argiudoll—AS 2.87 ± 0.134 ab 2.96 ± 0.054 a 4.74 ± 0.220 ab 3.33 ± 0.239 ab 13.90 AB
Soils: Typic Hapludoll, Argiudoll and Natraquoll. Treatments: C = control, SS = sewage sludge amended soils, AS = soils amended with the 70:30 DMW mixture of sewage sludge
and sewage sludge ash. Groups in a column detected as different at the 0.05 probability level (Tukey test) were marked with different letters (a, b, c, etc. for partial harvest;
A, B, C, etc. for total yield).
5. Author's personal copy
1462 S. Torri, R. Lavado / Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1459–1465
Fig. 1. Accumulation of Cu (mg kg−1
dw) in shoot of Lolium perenne L. grown in una-
mended and 150 dry t/ha SS or AS—amended soils (Mean ± SE) in the 1◦
harvest (A)
and in the 3◦
harvest (B). Error bars show the standard deviations. Bars with different
letters in each group show significant difference at p < 0.05 (Tukey).
same soil (Fig. 1A). In the third harvest, Cu concentration in aerial
tissue was significantly higher in amended soils compared to con-
trols, irrespective of soil type or amendment (Fig. 1B). No significant
differences (p < 0.05) were observed among soils for the same treat-
ment.
The addition of SS or AS amendments significantly increased
Zn concentration in the aerial part of L. perenne compared to con-
trols. In the first harvest, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in
aerial biomass concentration of Zn between SS or AS treatments
were observed for the same soil. The highest Zn concentration
was detected in the aerial part of L.perenne grown on the Hap-
ludol SS-amended soil (378.9 mg Zn kg−1 DMW), a significantly
higher concentration compared to the SS-amended Argiudol soil
(177.6 mg Zn kg−1 DMW). In the AS treatments, no significant dif-
ferences (p < 0.05) among soils were observed (Fig. 2A). In the third
harvest, plants sown in the three amended soils did not show any
significant difference in terms of Zn concentration in aerial tissue,
regardless soil or sludge amendment (Fig. 2B).
4. Discussion
Although the soils presented differences in particle size distribu-
tion, clay had the same origin and mineralogical composition [28].
Soils in the Pampas region are moderately acid, low in available
P, and have high organic carbon content (29–46 g kg−1). The region
shows no signs of contamination with PTE, with concentrations and
dispersion values of PTE similar to other non-contaminated soils of
the world [29].
The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in SS and AS did not exceed ceil-
ing concentrations for land application recommended by Argentine
regulation [30].
The growth of L. perenne in the amended soils was initially con-
ditioned by the phytotoxic potential of SS or AS [31]. These results
are in opposition with a previous phytotoxic assay on seed ger-
mination, in which no germination delay was observed among
sludge treatments for this species [32]. This difference in results
was probably due to the methodology used. In the phytotoxic assay,
aqueous extracts of the sludge amended soils were prepared imme-
diately after sludge application (day 0). In this assay, seeds were
Fig. 2. Accumulation of Zn (mg kg−1
dw) in shoot of Lolium perenne L. grown in una-
mended and 150 dry t/ha SS or AS—amended soils (Mean ± SE) in the 1◦
harvest (A)
and in the 3◦
harvest (B). Error bars show the standard deviations. Bars with different
letters in each group show significant difference at p < 0.05 (Tukey).
sown 60 days after sludge application. The delay in seed germina-
tion observed herein for both amendments may be the result of a
combination of several factors. These factors include an increase
in Zn availability over incubation time [33], the intense mineral-
ization of the labile organic matter pool of the sludge [34], which
may have originated ammonia, low molecular weight organic acids
and/or salts, all of which have been shown to have inhibitory
effects [35–37]. Other studies have also reported that this toxic
effect is normally of an ephemeral nature, disappearing within
14–21 days [38]. Both sludge amendments resulted in an increase
in plant aerial biomass during the experimental period compared
with plants grown in unamended soils. Several factors may have
contributed to improve growth in both sludge amended soils, espe-
cially the increased supply of N and P, in agreement with [39]
and [40], together with an increasing limitation on nutrient sup-
ply in control soils with time. In addition, an improvement in the
amended soils’ physical and biological properties cannot be ruled
out. Although AS had a significantly higher total PTE content than
SS (Table 2), no significant differences in terms of total or par-
tial dry matter yield were observed between both treatments for
each soil.
The application of either SS or AS amendments had no effect
on Cd concentration in the above ground tissue of L. perenne com-
pared to control. Conversely, other authors found that application
of sewage sludge to soil clearly resulted in elevated Cd concentra-
tions in pasture plant species [41] and [42]. In our case, Cd was only
extracted from the residual fraction (Table 3), considered inactive
in terms of chemical processes.
Lead concentration in aerial biomass was below detection lim-
its in all treatments, in agreement with soil sequential extraction.
Moreover, Jones et al. [43] concluded that roots of actively grow-
ing L. perenne provided a barrier which restricted the movement
of lead to the above-ground parts of plants. Possibly, the low Pb
availability in the amended soils combined with a physiological
restriction of translocation to shoots resulted in Pb concentrations
below analytical detection limits in aerial biomass.
Copper and Zn concentration in shoots was below the range of
critical concentration in plants described by Kabata-Pendias and
6. Author's personal copy
S. Torri, R. Lavado / Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1459–1465 1463
Table 5
Significant correlations between Cu and Zn contents in plant samples of L. Perenne and Cu or Zn contents in soil fractions or soil properties before cultivation.
Adjusted r2
F statistic P > F
Cu 3◦
cut 3.14 + 0.37 OM-Cu 0.7565 81.78 0.0000
2.34 + 0.54 INOR-Cu 0.8021 106.36 0.0000
2.31 + 0.15 OM-Cu + 0.35 INOR-Cu 0.8252 129.977 0.0000
Zn 1◦
cut 64.84 + 7.19 EXCH-Zn 0.45 24.38 0.0000
-212.16 + 7.68 EXCH-Zn + 13.70 CEC 0.62 45.3 0.0000
3◦
cut 50.08 + 4.01 EXCH-Zn 0.48 24.52 0.0000
50.41 + 5.71 OM-Zn 0.51 27.57 0.0000
34.01 + 1.03 INOR-Zn 0.70 62.94 0.0000
19.97 + 1.77 EXCH-Zn + 2.35 OM-Zn + 0.55 INOR-Zn 0.82 113.07 0.0000
Pendias [44]. Moreover, the concentration of these elements in
aerial tissue was found to be under the threshold values specified
by the National Research Council [45] suggesting that consumption
of L. perenne grown on sludge amended soils would pose no risk to
grazing animals. This issue is crucial in order to avoid the threat of
transfer of metals to the food chain. Physiological mechanisms that
regulate the internal translocation of PTE have been postulated for
this species [46].
In the first harvest, the concentration of Cu in aerial biomass
was within the range of 6.6–26.1 mg kg−1. Although it is generally
accepted that, at least in the short term the exchangeable fraction of
a metal is the most mobile and consequently the most bioavailable
phase present in soils [47,48], this fraction was below the detection
threshold of AAS. It might be expected that Cu would show a great
increase in the labile fraction over time due to organic carbon min-
eralization [34]. However, the largest proportion of Cu was initially
found in the residual fraction in the three amended soil samples
[49]. On the other hand, Cu concentration in the first harvest was
significantly higher in the coarse textured soil compared to the fine
textured soil. Several studies indicated that crops grown on sandy,
low organic matter status soils are likely to have a greater uptake of
certain PTE compared with crops grown on soils with higher clay
and organic matter contents [50,51]. Other studies on Cu adsorp-
tion by individual soil components have indicated relatively strong
bonding and high capacity of silicate minerals to adsorb Cu, whereas
the amounts of Cu that can be readily desorbed is very small [52].
In our study, the higher concentration of clay in the Argiudol soil
might have supplied more Cu-binding sites, reducing Cu availabil-
ity. Furthermore, AS treatment did not increase Cu concentration in
aerial biomass compared to SS treatment in the three soils, in good
agreement with soil fractionation study (Table 3).
In the third harvest, mean Cu concentration in aerial biomass
of all treatments was lower compared to the first harvest. In all
cases, there was a positive correlation between Cu concentration
in aerial biomass and OM-Cu and INOR-Cu obtained in the soil
sequential extraction, alone or combined together through a step-
wise regression (Table 5). It is usually considered that soil fractions
are, ideally, indicative of the potential bioavailability of PTE, with
phytoavailability decreasing in the order of the sequential extrac-
tion step. However, our findings indicate that plant available Cu in
sludge amended soils came from organic and inorganic fractions,
frequently considered of low availability [53]. Soil micro organ-
isms are known to affect PTE availability, enhancing organic matter
mineralization or through the release of chelating agents and phos-
phate solubilization [54–56]. Alternatively, the complexity of the
soil–plant relationship may induce changes in the properties of the
soil rhizosphere through changes in pH [57] or variations in redox
potential [19,58], and consequentially induce changes in metal spe-
ciation [59]. Although we did not measure rhizosphere’s pH, we
observed an increase up to 0.2 units in the Hapludol sown with L.
perenne compared with soil without plant (data not shown). How-
ever, metals are mobile under acidic conditions [57]. In this way, it
appears that pH is unlikely to be the reason for copper mobilization
from the inorganic fraction. We conclude that the positive corre-
lation established between Cu concentration in L. perenne aerial
biomass and INOR-Cu herein obtained by sequential extraction sug-
gests that root-activity has induced INOR-Cu dissolution in sludge
amended soils.
Zn was the PTE absorbed by L. perenne in the largest propor-
tion from all three amended soils, showing the greatest degree
of mobility as observed by Fuentes et al. [60] and Pueyo et al.
[61]. In the first harvest, Zn concentration in aerial biomass was
significantly higher in the coarse textured soil compared to the
fine textured soil. Egiarte et al. [62] stated that sludge-borne Zn
compounds are relatively highly soluble and that exchange reac-
tions are the main way of retention for Zn in soils. The coarse
textured soil (Hapludol) would most likely provide a low total
surface area and therefore few sorption sites, which could pro-
mote Zn mobility compared to the fine textured soil [63]. Plant
Zn concentration in the first harvest significantly correlated with
EXCH-Zn measured in soils at day 60. The coefficient of deter-
mination (r2) was calculated to be 0.49. This indicates that the
model explained 49% of the variability in the data. When CEC was
included in a stepwise regression, the model explained 64% of
the variability in the data (Table 5). No correlation was observed
between plant Zn concentration and soil pH of the three soils
before cultivation, in spite that EXCH-Zn in sludge amended soils
was largely dependent on soil pH [33]. Moreover, the Natraquol
exhibited the highest pH before cultivation and its Zn contents in
aerial biomass was in-between those of the Hapludol and the Argiu-
dol soils, both with lower pH. The results obtained here indicate
that, like Cu, Zn availability in the first harvest of sludge amended
soils was higher in the coarse compared to the fine textured
soil, in good agreement with the results reported by Canet et al.
[64].
In the third harvest, a significant decrease of Zn in aerial
biomass concentration compared to the first harvest was observed
in the amended soils, irrespective the soil considered (Fig. 2B). The
decrease in Zn concentration was probably originated by an initial
depletion of available sludge-borne Zn. Nevertheless, Zn concen-
tration in the above ground tissue of the amended soils was still
significantly higher than controls, indicating a high Zn availability.
It has been postulated that at very high application rates, the sludge
matrix would begin to exert its influence on PTE binding [65]. In
this way, sludge properties would predominate in PTE chemistry
in the short amount of time, although these properties would have
a smaller influence over longer periods of time, the control of the
soil characteristics becoming stronger [66]. This hypothesis is par-
tially supported by the results herein obtained for Zn. After a first
depletion of sludge-available Zn, the uptake of this element might
be determined by its binding to the sludge matter. These results
may also indicate that there is a continuous equilibrium process
happening in soil, causing the shift of sludge-borne Zn from one
chemical species to another.
7. Author's personal copy
1464 S. Torri, R. Lavado / Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1459–1465
Linear correlation of data indicated that Zn uptake by L.
Perenne in the third harvest was positively and linearly related to
EXCH-Zn, OM-Zn and INOR-Zn in sludge-soil mixtures. When a
step-wise multiple regression analysis was performed, the corre-
lation was largely improved (Table 5). Analysis of the regression
model revealed that INOR-Zn was the most significant param-
eter (p ≤ 0.0037) followed by EXCH-Zn (p ≤ 0.0111) and OM-Zn
(p ≤ 0.0210), with an r2 value of 0.82, indicating that 82% of the vari-
ability was explained by the model. Accordingly, a large proportion
of Zn could be absorbed by L. perenne from the inorganic fraction
in sludge amended soils, indicating that this fraction is a potential
reservoir for plant-available Zn. EDTA solution in this fractionation
study was assumed to extract principally carbonate-bound frac-
tions of Zn by forming strong soluble complexes, and Zn included
in Fe amorphous oxides [67]. Exchangeable Zn fractions were also
easily absorbed by L. perenne, in agreement with other studies [68].
The significant correlation herein observed between Zn concen-
tration in aereal tissue and organic Zn suggest that Zn existed in
labile organic fractions in sludge amended soils, which were easily
released by soil microorganisms and adsorbed by plants. This find-
ing is in agreement with that obtained by He et al. [69] in maize
plants. On the other hand, Hseu [70] found positive correlations
between EXCH-Zn and INOR-Zn and plant uptake. Therefore, our
results suggest that, after a first initial depletion of sludge-borne
available Zn by L. perenne, a dynamic equilibrium among Zn frac-
tions of different availability was established.
5. Conclusions
The results of the present study show that L. perenne induced
changes in Cu and Zn bioavailability in sludge amended soils. Ini-
tially, Cu and Zn concentration in aerial tissue was higher in the
coarse than in the fine textured soils. Conversely, soil chemical spe-
ciation did not exhibit significant differences between soils in Cu or
Zn availability. In the third harvest, there was a positive correlation
between Cu and Zn concentration in aerial biomass and soil frac-
tions usually considered of low availability. Based on these results,
L. perenne increased Cu and Zn availability through the mobiliza-
tion of these metals from less available to more available fractions.
In this way, the amounts of Cu and Zn in water-soluble or exchange-
able fractions do not relate directly to the proportion taken up by
L. perenne. Therefore, soil speciation does not seem appropriate for
estimating plant bioavailability of some trace elements in sludge
amended soils.
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