This document describes the design and preliminary results of the CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment, which aims to study carbon dynamics and balances under simulated soil erosion conditions. The experiment involves removing topsoil from a moderately eroded plot and adding it to a depositional plot, while replacing the removed topsoil with clay-enriched subsoil material. Soil properties were measured before and after the manipulation to assess changes in bulk density, soil organic carbon content, and carbon stocks. Preliminary results show the manipulation was largely successful in establishing the targeted soil conditions.
Deep Dynamic Compaction and Rapid Impact Compaction Adopted to Treat Loose So...Hsuain
This document summarizes a case study of soil improvement works using deep dynamic compaction and rapid impact compaction techniques at a site near Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Two soil investigations identified loose granular soils up to 10m deep requiring compaction to meet bearing capacity, settlement, and liquefaction criteria for structures and roads. A strategy was developed to use dynamic compaction and rapid impact compaction independently and together to treat 180,000m2 within the required 6-month timeframe. Trial works showed the techniques could achieve the criteria and improve 104,000m2 and 76,000m2, respectively, allowing completion in under 5 months.
IRJET- A Review on Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Stru...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses several studies that have used software like SAP2000 to analyze the seismic response of structures on different soil types, considering both flexible base (soil-structure interaction) models and fixed base models. The review covers research using methods like the p-y curve approach and Winkler foundation modeling to represent the soil, and evaluates how soil properties, foundation type, and structural properties influence the seismic behavior of the soil-structure system.
This document presents a case study on estimating the modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value) for designing raft foundations of multi-story buildings constructed on sandy soil in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Site investigations including boreholes and plate load tests were conducted. Plate load tests were back analyzed using numerical modeling to validate the soil properties. Different sized foundations were then modeled to estimate k-values. The k-values decreased with increasing foundation size and sometimes differed from values estimated using Terzaghi's equation, highlighting that k-value depends on foundation properties and soil conditions.
Evaluating 2D numerical simulations of granular columns in level and gently s...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
The response of a layered liquefiable soil profile, with granular columns as a mitigation strategy, was evaluated via numerical and centrifuge modeling. Comparisons were made for a level site containing a single granular column and for a pair of gentle slopes, one of which was mitigated with a network of dense granular columns. The results reveal the abilities and limitations of two state-of-the-art soil constitutive models. All simulations were performed in 2-dimensions using: 1) the pressure-dependent, multi-yield-surface, plasticity-based soil constitutive model (PDMY02); and 2) the bounding surface, plasticity-based, Manzari-Dafalias (M-D) soil constitutive model, both implemented in OpenSees. Numerical model parameters were previously calibrated via element testing. Both constitutive models under-predicted PGA near the surface at different distances from the granular column, but they better predicted spectral accelerations at periods exceeding 0.5 s (particularly M-D). The M-D model generally predicted seismic settlements well, while PDMY02 notably underestimated soil's volumetric compressibility and strains. Both models accurately predicted the peak value and generation of excess pore pressures during shaking for the unmitigated slope, leading to a successful prediction of lateral deformations. However, lateral movement of the treated slope was poorly predicted by both models due to inaccuracies in predicting the dissipation rate in the presence of drains. Both models came close to predicting the performance of gently sloping, liquefiable sites when untreated. But further advances are required to better predict the rate of excess pore pressure dissipation and seismic performance when the slope is treated with granular columns.
This paper describes a comprehensive seismic microzonation investigation carried out for the North-West New Territories region of Hong Kong. Over 3000 boreholes and in-situ and laboratory tests were used to characterize soil properties and develop shear wave velocity profiles for the area. One-dimensional site response analyses were performed on 27 soil profiles to determine how the soils would respond to different levels of earthquake ground motions. The results were used to classify the sites into four groups based on their period and develop corresponding design response spectra. Microzonation maps showing variations in average shear wave velocity and natural period in the study area were generated to delineate differences in seismic hazards spatially.
1. Local soil conditions significantly impact the seismic response of soil-structure systems. Soils exhibit complex non-linear behavior under seismic loading ranging from cyclic mobility to liquefaction and large displacements.
2. Building codes incorporate soil effects on seismic demand through site classifications and amplification factors, but these do not account for liquefaction, topography, or soil-structure interaction.
3. Estimating soil displacements is important for performance-based design, with recent codes prescribing allowances for total and differential displacements on foundations.
Deep Dynamic Compaction and Rapid Impact Compaction Adopted to Treat Loose So...Hsuain
This document summarizes a case study of soil improvement works using deep dynamic compaction and rapid impact compaction techniques at a site near Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Two soil investigations identified loose granular soils up to 10m deep requiring compaction to meet bearing capacity, settlement, and liquefaction criteria for structures and roads. A strategy was developed to use dynamic compaction and rapid impact compaction independently and together to treat 180,000m2 within the required 6-month timeframe. Trial works showed the techniques could achieve the criteria and improve 104,000m2 and 76,000m2, respectively, allowing completion in under 5 months.
IRJET- A Review on Dynamic Analysis of RCC Building Considering Soil Stru...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses several studies that have used software like SAP2000 to analyze the seismic response of structures on different soil types, considering both flexible base (soil-structure interaction) models and fixed base models. The review covers research using methods like the p-y curve approach and Winkler foundation modeling to represent the soil, and evaluates how soil properties, foundation type, and structural properties influence the seismic behavior of the soil-structure system.
This document presents a case study on estimating the modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value) for designing raft foundations of multi-story buildings constructed on sandy soil in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Site investigations including boreholes and plate load tests were conducted. Plate load tests were back analyzed using numerical modeling to validate the soil properties. Different sized foundations were then modeled to estimate k-values. The k-values decreased with increasing foundation size and sometimes differed from values estimated using Terzaghi's equation, highlighting that k-value depends on foundation properties and soil conditions.
Evaluating 2D numerical simulations of granular columns in level and gently s...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
The response of a layered liquefiable soil profile, with granular columns as a mitigation strategy, was evaluated via numerical and centrifuge modeling. Comparisons were made for a level site containing a single granular column and for a pair of gentle slopes, one of which was mitigated with a network of dense granular columns. The results reveal the abilities and limitations of two state-of-the-art soil constitutive models. All simulations were performed in 2-dimensions using: 1) the pressure-dependent, multi-yield-surface, plasticity-based soil constitutive model (PDMY02); and 2) the bounding surface, plasticity-based, Manzari-Dafalias (M-D) soil constitutive model, both implemented in OpenSees. Numerical model parameters were previously calibrated via element testing. Both constitutive models under-predicted PGA near the surface at different distances from the granular column, but they better predicted spectral accelerations at periods exceeding 0.5 s (particularly M-D). The M-D model generally predicted seismic settlements well, while PDMY02 notably underestimated soil's volumetric compressibility and strains. Both models accurately predicted the peak value and generation of excess pore pressures during shaking for the unmitigated slope, leading to a successful prediction of lateral deformations. However, lateral movement of the treated slope was poorly predicted by both models due to inaccuracies in predicting the dissipation rate in the presence of drains. Both models came close to predicting the performance of gently sloping, liquefiable sites when untreated. But further advances are required to better predict the rate of excess pore pressure dissipation and seismic performance when the slope is treated with granular columns.
This paper describes a comprehensive seismic microzonation investigation carried out for the North-West New Territories region of Hong Kong. Over 3000 boreholes and in-situ and laboratory tests were used to characterize soil properties and develop shear wave velocity profiles for the area. One-dimensional site response analyses were performed on 27 soil profiles to determine how the soils would respond to different levels of earthquake ground motions. The results were used to classify the sites into four groups based on their period and develop corresponding design response spectra. Microzonation maps showing variations in average shear wave velocity and natural period in the study area were generated to delineate differences in seismic hazards spatially.
1. Local soil conditions significantly impact the seismic response of soil-structure systems. Soils exhibit complex non-linear behavior under seismic loading ranging from cyclic mobility to liquefaction and large displacements.
2. Building codes incorporate soil effects on seismic demand through site classifications and amplification factors, but these do not account for liquefaction, topography, or soil-structure interaction.
3. Estimating soil displacements is important for performance-based design, with recent codes prescribing allowances for total and differential displacements on foundations.
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic swelling behavior of clays. The study investigated how the expansive characteristics of clay soils change when subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Six expansive clay soils from northern Jordan were tested by subjecting compacted clay specimens to multiple cycles of fully swelling when submerged in water, followed by drying back to their initial water content. The results showed that the swelling potential and swell pressure of the clays decreased with each additional cycle, with the largest reduction after the first cycle. Both properties appeared to reach an equilibrium state after 4-5 cycles. Understanding how clays behave under cyclic moisture changes can help predict damage to structures from the expansion and contraction of foundations soils.
ABAQUS simulation for consolidation of saturated soft soil in two-dimensional...IJRES Journal
1) The document simulates the consolidation of saturated soft soil in a two-dimensional finite region under shear or normal loads using ABAQUS software.
2) The results show that the final soil settlement is unaffected by boundary permeability but depends on the load and soil properties. Different boundary conditions lead to variable consolidation processes.
3) Shear loads have a greater influence on horizontal displacement, while normal loads more strongly impact vertical displacement, with orders of magnitude differences between the two load types.
This paper presents a comprehensive liquefaction potential assessment for the ground conditions in Hong Kong's North-west New Territories region. One-dimensional site response analyses were carried out to calculate cyclic shear stresses for 27 soil profiles from boreholes. Two input earthquake ground-motion levels corresponding to a 10% and 2% chance of exceedance in the next 50 years were examined. The results show the chance of liquefaction for the 10% motion is very low, but some soils may liquefy under the more extreme 2% motion. Published geological maps and over 3000 boreholes were used to develop liquefaction microzonation maps. A comparison was also made between the findings and liquefaction likelihood defined in China's Seismic Code.
Matthew Cahalan Georgia Water Resources Conference PresentationMatthew Cahalan
This is the poster I presented at the 2015 Georgia Water Resources Conference. It focuses on my M.S. thesis research that seeks to answer this fundamental question: "why do sinkholes form where they do?". This question was answered using an improved remote sensing sinkhole mapping procedure, integration of many datasets (i.e., hydrologic, anthropogenic, geologic, geomorphologic, and hydrogeologic), and spatial statistics (i.e., ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression). This poster / my presentation was voted as one of the top 3 posters at the conference.
The document presents the results of a study that used linear regression to correlate index properties and California bearing ratio (CBR) values of lateritic soil samples collected from eight borrow pits in Osogbo, Nigeria. Laboratory tests on the samples found good correlations between CBR and properties like grain size, liquid limit, plastic limit, and maximum dry density. Regression equations were developed to estimate CBR values from index properties for preliminary assessments, though actual CBR tests are still needed given the heterogeneous nature of lateritic soils. The CBR values ranged from 64-85% unsoaked and 26-33% soaked. Most samples met specifications for subgrade, sub-base, and base materials, except two had lower soaked CBR
10 simple mathematical approach for granular fill Ahmed Ebid
This document presents a proposed mathematical approach to simulate ground deformation and soil parameter improvement from dynamic compaction. The approach uses two equations: 1) calculates ground settlement from a single tamper drop based on soil properties and compaction energy. 2) Calculates updated soil parameters based on settlement from the previous drop, allowing simulation of the compaction process. The approach is applied to four case studies and shows close agreement with measured results. It provides a simple way to design and test dynamic compaction procedures and monitor quality by comparing measured and calculated settlements.
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
Early effect of no - tillage on land profitability, soil fertility and microb...Joanna Hicks
This study evaluated the early impacts of conservation agriculture (CA) compared to conventional agriculture (CV) on farmer income, soil fertility, and microbiota in Laos. Results after 3 seasons showed:
1) Similar production costs and yields but higher net income for CA due to byproduct sales.
2) Soil structure stability and carbon/nitrogen levels decreased under CV, with losses of 4Mg C/ha and 0.5Mg N/ha, but no losses under CA.
3) Bacterial/fungal biomass and diversity trended lower under CV compared to native pasture or CA.
The study concluded CV had negative early agro-environmental impacts while CA maintained soil health and
The document summarizes research on modeling and analyzing soil moisture patterns at the basin scale using ground-based field data and remote sensing results. Key findings include:
1) For wet conditions, soil moisture variance increases with spatial scale following a power law, while for dry conditions variance is spatially uniform and independent of scale.
2) Soil moisture variance and correlation length depend on basin wetness. Spatial correlation follows a power law decay up to 1 km and exhibits multiscaling at larger scales.
3) Modeling results using GEOtop agree with remote sensing results from ESTAR in characterizing soil moisture variability and correlation.
Study on Consolidation and Correlation with Index Properties Of Different Soi...IJERD Editor
The document discusses a study on correlating the coefficient of consolidation (cv) of different soils in Manipur Valley with their index properties. One-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted on five undisturbed soil samples collected from different locations. The cv was determined and found to correlate best with the liquid limit. Specifically:
1) Consolidation tests were conducted and cv values ranging from 1.02x10^-8 to 6.27x10^-9 m^2/sec were obtained.
2) cv was found to increase with effective vertical pressure up to 40kPa and then remain similar for higher pressures.
3) cv showed better correlation with the liquid limit than other index properties like plasticity index
CHARACTERIZATION OF GYPSEOUS SOIL STABILIZED WITH FLY ASH GEOPOLYMER ANALYZED...IAEME Publication
The primary target of this work is focused on the performance of gypseous soil and
the impacts of internal sulfate from gypsum. The simulation analysis optimizes to
reduce the collapsibility potential of gypseous soil stabilized with intrinsic sulfate
attack by utilizing hybrid optimization model. In order to assess the compressive
strength, collapsibility potential for the soaked and unsoaked specimen, coefficient of
Permeability, weight loss, and leachout based on flyash and alkali activated solution
with the assistance of Fuzzy logic (FL) and Radial Bias Function (RBF). The result
demonstrated that the proposed hybrid model (FL-RBF) gives the minimum error rate
when compared to individual algorithms.
Rangeland Health Soil Indicator - CarbonAlex Chessman
This study compared two field methods for estimating soil carbon and respiration as indicators of rangeland soil health: the potassium permanganate method for active soil carbon and the Solvita gel method for soil respiration. Soil samples were collected from various vegetation types across a national forest in Utah. Both methods showed moderate correlation with each other and responded similarly to differences in soil texture and stability. The soil carbon method was cheaper and easier but less sensitive, while the respiration method provided more information but was more expensive. Either method could be used to compare sites over time as indicators of soil biological activity and health.
Efecto de sulfato de calcio en propiedades geotécnicas de suelos arcillososJhulianaNieva1
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) on the geotechnical properties of two clayey soils (grey clay and red clay) stabilized with lime, natural pozzolana, and their combination. The study measured changes in Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength with the addition of calcium sulphate over various curing periods. The results showed that lime and the lime-pozzolana combination successfully reduced plasticity and increased strength for both soils. The addition of calcium sulphate to these mixtures further decreased plasticity and provided higher strength gains.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Soil C Stocks: from climate importance to field assessment by Ciniro Costa Jr, a CLIFF student with CCAFS Low Emission Development.
Geocomposite and its influence in environmentDr. sreeremya S
Stabilization methods utilizing mineral-based materials are routinely availed in the remediation of contaminated land. The selection of appropriate mineral amendments is always an open field for research on the quest for the effective mixing proportions at an affordable cost. Geo synthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) comprises of a thin layer of Na-bentonite clay supported by one or two layers of geo textiles.
In current years a significant increase of the geo-environmental applications for GCLs as contaminant barriers has been performed (Thiel et al., 1993). They have been widely availed in containment applications as part of composite liners for landfills and recently in attenuating metals from mining leachates (Wayne et al., 1998). Based on preliminary invittro research data and a pilot scale application, a new type of geocomposite was designed and trial produced as an innovative, commercial product under the term Geosynthetic Reactive Clay (GRC) for toxic metal retention in contaminated land.
Classification and Assessment of Soil Compaction Level in Amassoma, Bayelsa S...Premier Publishers
Soil compaction is essential in construction. The failure to displace air from between particles when constructing buildings, roads, parking lots, dams, walls, swimming pools, or utility trench inevitably leads to unwanted soil movement and water penetration into the earth beneath construction projects.Soil compaction is one of the most important aspects of any earthwork construction. Assessing the level of compaction of soil in Amassoma is to ascertain the compatibility or rate of compaction of the underlining earth materials (soils).Nine (9) samples were collected at regular intervals of 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m and 9m which were used for the analyses. The samples collected were subjected to different laboratory test to determine the index properties and the level of compaction of the soil. Sieve analysis result of the samples shows that the percentage of fines and sands are in the range of 21.57%-63.20% and 36.80% and78.73%, respectively.Atterberg result also shows that the soil liquid limit (LL) is in the range of 48.51%-54.90% plastic limit (PL) ranges from 29/13%-36.51% and 14.78%-25.18% for plastic index (PI). Another experiment shows that the value of maximum Dry Density (MD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) are 1.70g/cm3 and 18 40%. The analysis done for this work reveals that the soil in the area (Amassoma) can be classified as medium to high plastic soil (unified soil classification system) and that the soil in moderately compacted. Comparing the CBR test results with the Nigeria standard, the soils found in Amassoma can be used as sub-grade materials for construction.
Numerical Simulations on Triaxial Strength of Silty Sand in Drained Conditionsijceronline
The document presents the results of numerical simulations examining the drained response of silty sand under triaxial loading conditions using a hypoplastic constitutive model. The model is validated against experimental data from oedometric compression tests on loose and dense silty sand. Parametric studies are conducted to analyze the influence of void ratio/relative density and consolidation pressure on stress-strain behavior, stress paths, and volume change response. Results show that the drained response (contractive or dilative) depends on the combined effects of density and consolidation pressure, with looser soils at lower pressures exhibiting more dilation. Peak stresses are observed at lower densities and pressures.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic swelling behavior of clays. The study investigated how the expansive characteristics of clay soils change when subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Six expansive clay soils from northern Jordan were tested by subjecting compacted clay specimens to multiple cycles of fully swelling when submerged in water, followed by drying back to their initial water content. The results showed that the swelling potential and swell pressure of the clays decreased with each additional cycle, with the largest reduction after the first cycle. Both properties appeared to reach an equilibrium state after 4-5 cycles. Understanding how clays behave under cyclic moisture changes can help predict damage to structures from the expansion and contraction of foundations soils.
ABAQUS simulation for consolidation of saturated soft soil in two-dimensional...IJRES Journal
1) The document simulates the consolidation of saturated soft soil in a two-dimensional finite region under shear or normal loads using ABAQUS software.
2) The results show that the final soil settlement is unaffected by boundary permeability but depends on the load and soil properties. Different boundary conditions lead to variable consolidation processes.
3) Shear loads have a greater influence on horizontal displacement, while normal loads more strongly impact vertical displacement, with orders of magnitude differences between the two load types.
This paper presents a comprehensive liquefaction potential assessment for the ground conditions in Hong Kong's North-west New Territories region. One-dimensional site response analyses were carried out to calculate cyclic shear stresses for 27 soil profiles from boreholes. Two input earthquake ground-motion levels corresponding to a 10% and 2% chance of exceedance in the next 50 years were examined. The results show the chance of liquefaction for the 10% motion is very low, but some soils may liquefy under the more extreme 2% motion. Published geological maps and over 3000 boreholes were used to develop liquefaction microzonation maps. A comparison was also made between the findings and liquefaction likelihood defined in China's Seismic Code.
Matthew Cahalan Georgia Water Resources Conference PresentationMatthew Cahalan
This is the poster I presented at the 2015 Georgia Water Resources Conference. It focuses on my M.S. thesis research that seeks to answer this fundamental question: "why do sinkholes form where they do?". This question was answered using an improved remote sensing sinkhole mapping procedure, integration of many datasets (i.e., hydrologic, anthropogenic, geologic, geomorphologic, and hydrogeologic), and spatial statistics (i.e., ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression). This poster / my presentation was voted as one of the top 3 posters at the conference.
The document presents the results of a study that used linear regression to correlate index properties and California bearing ratio (CBR) values of lateritic soil samples collected from eight borrow pits in Osogbo, Nigeria. Laboratory tests on the samples found good correlations between CBR and properties like grain size, liquid limit, plastic limit, and maximum dry density. Regression equations were developed to estimate CBR values from index properties for preliminary assessments, though actual CBR tests are still needed given the heterogeneous nature of lateritic soils. The CBR values ranged from 64-85% unsoaked and 26-33% soaked. Most samples met specifications for subgrade, sub-base, and base materials, except two had lower soaked CBR
10 simple mathematical approach for granular fill Ahmed Ebid
This document presents a proposed mathematical approach to simulate ground deformation and soil parameter improvement from dynamic compaction. The approach uses two equations: 1) calculates ground settlement from a single tamper drop based on soil properties and compaction energy. 2) Calculates updated soil parameters based on settlement from the previous drop, allowing simulation of the compaction process. The approach is applied to four case studies and shows close agreement with measured results. It provides a simple way to design and test dynamic compaction procedures and monitor quality by comparing measured and calculated settlements.
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
Early effect of no - tillage on land profitability, soil fertility and microb...Joanna Hicks
This study evaluated the early impacts of conservation agriculture (CA) compared to conventional agriculture (CV) on farmer income, soil fertility, and microbiota in Laos. Results after 3 seasons showed:
1) Similar production costs and yields but higher net income for CA due to byproduct sales.
2) Soil structure stability and carbon/nitrogen levels decreased under CV, with losses of 4Mg C/ha and 0.5Mg N/ha, but no losses under CA.
3) Bacterial/fungal biomass and diversity trended lower under CV compared to native pasture or CA.
The study concluded CV had negative early agro-environmental impacts while CA maintained soil health and
The document summarizes research on modeling and analyzing soil moisture patterns at the basin scale using ground-based field data and remote sensing results. Key findings include:
1) For wet conditions, soil moisture variance increases with spatial scale following a power law, while for dry conditions variance is spatially uniform and independent of scale.
2) Soil moisture variance and correlation length depend on basin wetness. Spatial correlation follows a power law decay up to 1 km and exhibits multiscaling at larger scales.
3) Modeling results using GEOtop agree with remote sensing results from ESTAR in characterizing soil moisture variability and correlation.
Study on Consolidation and Correlation with Index Properties Of Different Soi...IJERD Editor
The document discusses a study on correlating the coefficient of consolidation (cv) of different soils in Manipur Valley with their index properties. One-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted on five undisturbed soil samples collected from different locations. The cv was determined and found to correlate best with the liquid limit. Specifically:
1) Consolidation tests were conducted and cv values ranging from 1.02x10^-8 to 6.27x10^-9 m^2/sec were obtained.
2) cv was found to increase with effective vertical pressure up to 40kPa and then remain similar for higher pressures.
3) cv showed better correlation with the liquid limit than other index properties like plasticity index
CHARACTERIZATION OF GYPSEOUS SOIL STABILIZED WITH FLY ASH GEOPOLYMER ANALYZED...IAEME Publication
The primary target of this work is focused on the performance of gypseous soil and
the impacts of internal sulfate from gypsum. The simulation analysis optimizes to
reduce the collapsibility potential of gypseous soil stabilized with intrinsic sulfate
attack by utilizing hybrid optimization model. In order to assess the compressive
strength, collapsibility potential for the soaked and unsoaked specimen, coefficient of
Permeability, weight loss, and leachout based on flyash and alkali activated solution
with the assistance of Fuzzy logic (FL) and Radial Bias Function (RBF). The result
demonstrated that the proposed hybrid model (FL-RBF) gives the minimum error rate
when compared to individual algorithms.
Rangeland Health Soil Indicator - CarbonAlex Chessman
This study compared two field methods for estimating soil carbon and respiration as indicators of rangeland soil health: the potassium permanganate method for active soil carbon and the Solvita gel method for soil respiration. Soil samples were collected from various vegetation types across a national forest in Utah. Both methods showed moderate correlation with each other and responded similarly to differences in soil texture and stability. The soil carbon method was cheaper and easier but less sensitive, while the respiration method provided more information but was more expensive. Either method could be used to compare sites over time as indicators of soil biological activity and health.
Efecto de sulfato de calcio en propiedades geotécnicas de suelos arcillososJhulianaNieva1
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) on the geotechnical properties of two clayey soils (grey clay and red clay) stabilized with lime, natural pozzolana, and their combination. The study measured changes in Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength with the addition of calcium sulphate over various curing periods. The results showed that lime and the lime-pozzolana combination successfully reduced plasticity and increased strength for both soils. The addition of calcium sulphate to these mixtures further decreased plasticity and provided higher strength gains.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
This presentation is Soil C Stocks: from climate importance to field assessment by Ciniro Costa Jr, a CLIFF student with CCAFS Low Emission Development.
Geocomposite and its influence in environmentDr. sreeremya S
Stabilization methods utilizing mineral-based materials are routinely availed in the remediation of contaminated land. The selection of appropriate mineral amendments is always an open field for research on the quest for the effective mixing proportions at an affordable cost. Geo synthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) comprises of a thin layer of Na-bentonite clay supported by one or two layers of geo textiles.
In current years a significant increase of the geo-environmental applications for GCLs as contaminant barriers has been performed (Thiel et al., 1993). They have been widely availed in containment applications as part of composite liners for landfills and recently in attenuating metals from mining leachates (Wayne et al., 1998). Based on preliminary invittro research data and a pilot scale application, a new type of geocomposite was designed and trial produced as an innovative, commercial product under the term Geosynthetic Reactive Clay (GRC) for toxic metal retention in contaminated land.
Classification and Assessment of Soil Compaction Level in Amassoma, Bayelsa S...Premier Publishers
Soil compaction is essential in construction. The failure to displace air from between particles when constructing buildings, roads, parking lots, dams, walls, swimming pools, or utility trench inevitably leads to unwanted soil movement and water penetration into the earth beneath construction projects.Soil compaction is one of the most important aspects of any earthwork construction. Assessing the level of compaction of soil in Amassoma is to ascertain the compatibility or rate of compaction of the underlining earth materials (soils).Nine (9) samples were collected at regular intervals of 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m and 9m which were used for the analyses. The samples collected were subjected to different laboratory test to determine the index properties and the level of compaction of the soil. Sieve analysis result of the samples shows that the percentage of fines and sands are in the range of 21.57%-63.20% and 36.80% and78.73%, respectively.Atterberg result also shows that the soil liquid limit (LL) is in the range of 48.51%-54.90% plastic limit (PL) ranges from 29/13%-36.51% and 14.78%-25.18% for plastic index (PI). Another experiment shows that the value of maximum Dry Density (MD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) are 1.70g/cm3 and 18 40%. The analysis done for this work reveals that the soil in the area (Amassoma) can be classified as medium to high plastic soil (unified soil classification system) and that the soil in moderately compacted. Comparing the CBR test results with the Nigeria standard, the soils found in Amassoma can be used as sub-grade materials for construction.
Numerical Simulations on Triaxial Strength of Silty Sand in Drained Conditionsijceronline
The document presents the results of numerical simulations examining the drained response of silty sand under triaxial loading conditions using a hypoplastic constitutive model. The model is validated against experimental data from oedometric compression tests on loose and dense silty sand. Parametric studies are conducted to analyze the influence of void ratio/relative density and consolidation pressure on stress-strain behavior, stress paths, and volume change response. Results show that the drained response (contractive or dilative) depends on the combined effects of density and consolidation pressure, with looser soils at lower pressures exhibiting more dilation. Peak stresses are observed at lower densities and pressures.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
Abstract. This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering:
There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement.
Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial
variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module.
Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of
soil compaction on the entire site.
Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.
The document presents a study on soil erosion modelling in the Barakar River basin in Jharkhand, India using GIS and remote sensing. The study area experiences significant soil erosion due to heavy rainfall and sloping terrain. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used to estimate soil loss. Factors like rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, crop management, and conservation practices were analyzed using spatial data and mapped in GIS. The results showed average estimated soil erosion of 6.19 tons/ha/year, with areas of very high erosion up to 700 tons/ha/year found in regions with sandy soil and grasslands. The modelling approach
Methodology of Assessment Vulnerability of Soil Cover in SlovakiaIJRES Journal
The paper is focused on the present state of soil protection from unwanted influences degradation through a process of water erosion. Agricultural land and forest land are a major component of the environment and it is therefore important to find tools for their protection. The paper presents empirical model used to determine the intensity of water erosion. We also will be presented options GIS tools in identifying areas threats with water erosion.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the influence of chloride compounds on the swelling and strength properties of expansive subgrade soil. Three chloride compounds - ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, and aluminum chloride - were added to expansive soil from Andhra Pradesh, India in varying percentages. Laboratory tests found that all three compounds reduced the soil's differential free swell and swell pressure, with aluminum chloride providing the greatest reductions. Unconfined compressive strength increased with chemical addition and curing time, with aluminum chloride giving the highest strength values at 1% addition and 14 days of curing. Aluminum chloride was the most effective chloride compound in improving the engineering properties of the expansive soil.
Mapping spatial variability of soil physical properties for site-specific man...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the spatial variability of soil physical properties in an agricultural field in Ghana. Soil samples were collected from 80 points across the field in surface and subsurface layers. Descriptive statistics and geostatistical analyses were used to describe the variation and spatial distribution patterns of properties like particle size, moisture content, bulk density, and aggregate stability. The results showed variations in properties within and between layers due to factors like past land use and soil management. Spatial distribution maps created using kriging interpolation helped delineate management zones for site-specific soil management.
This document summarizes the application of a structure-index technique to evaluate soil structure degradation in clay soils in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. The technique involves treating soil aggregates with alcohol, water, and benzene to assess stability. Structure index values from 2-12 were observed across 14 soil profiles, with higher values indicating poorer structure. Structure degradation was found in bottom layers of half the profiles. Linear relationships were observed between structure index and electrical conductivity/sodium percentage, indicating early structure degradation with increasing salinity. The newly proposed index provides a simple way to rapidly assess soil structure changes across profiles and its relation to other soil properties.
This document discusses a study that used the LUCID intercomparison project to analyze the impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on the West African Monsoon. The study had three main objectives: 1) To highlight the biogeophysical impacts of LULCC on surface climate in West Africa, 2) To isolate the direct effects of LULCC on the monsoon from indirect effects, and 3) To increase understanding of land-atmosphere feedback mechanisms and the effects of land surface processes on monsoon variability. The LUCID simulations analyzed the impacts of past (1992-1870) and future (2100-1992) LULCC under an A2 socioeconomic scenario, with a focus
Estimation Of Soil Erosion In Andhale Watershed Using USLE And GISIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and GIS techniques to estimate soil erosion in the Andhale watershed region of India. The USLE model requires factor maps for rainfall erosivity, slope length and steepness, vegetation cover, soil erodibility, and erosion control. These factor maps were created using rainfall data, a digital elevation model, land use/land cover maps, and soil sample analysis. The factors were combined in the USLE model to produce a map of estimated average annual soil loss across the watershed, which ranged from 11.16 to 60.11 tons/ha/year. The study found areas of high erosion risk and concluded that maintaining vegetation cover
Spatial Distribution Of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in a Grid Samp...IJSRED
This document analyzes the spatial variability of organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil samples collected from Kubani, Nigeria. 210 soil samples were collected at 3 meter intervals and analyzed for organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Results showed standard deviations ranged from 0.44 to 2.36, indicating variability. Semi-variograms showed the range of spatial dependence was 14 meters for organic carbon and 45 meters for total nitrogen, meaning samples within those distances had similar contents. Kriged contour maps were produced that showed similar positions. The maps and spatial structures can help inform better future sampling and management decisions.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes a study on the effect of silica fume on the engineering properties of black cotton soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on mixtures of black cotton soil and silica fume ranging from 0-20% by weight. The results showed that with increasing silica fume content, the optimum moisture content increased while the maximum dry density decreased slightly. California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength, and differential free swell all improved significantly with silica fume content up to 20%, indicating silica fume addition enhances the engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. The study concluded silica fume has potential for modifying problematic characteristics of expansive soils.
The document discusses the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model for predicting soil erosion. The USLE model uses five factors - rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factor, cropping management factor, and support practice factor - to calculate the average annual soil loss. Values for each factor can be obtained from global datasets, equations, and lookup tables. The USLE provides an estimate of long-term average soil loss from sheet and rill erosion on agricultural land and can help identify effective soil conservation measures.
Seismic behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced municipal solid waste landfillsDr. Naveen BP
1) The document analyzes the seismic behavior of municipal solid waste landfills with and without geosynthetic reinforcement layers through one-dimensional dynamic response analysis.
2) It finds that the inclusion of geosynthetic reinforcements significantly reduces the amplification of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration values at the top of landfills built on rock and stiff soil, with less reduction observed for soft soil conditions.
3) The analysis is conducted using the SHAKE2000 computer program to model landfill profiles up to 30 meters tall under earthquake motions scaled from 0.1g to 0.4g recorded during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.
Subsurface injection of gaseous effluents of stationary internal combustion e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on injecting gaseous effluents from internal combustion engines into subsurface soils. The study tested injecting exhaust from a gasoline generator into sandy and clay soils at depths of 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm. Gas sensors measured CO and NO2 levels above ground at increasing distances from the injection point. Deeper injection and clay soil provided better filtration, with 60 cm depths achieving near-zero surface concentrations 100 cm away. Injection failed at 80 cm due to high soil compaction limiting gas dispersion without affecting backpressure. Clay soil showed 55% and 36% better NO2 and CO removal respectively than sandy soil. Subsurface injection is an effective natural method for filtering gaseous poll
Effect of Sodium Sulphate on the Index Properties and Compaction Behaviour of...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the effect of abundantly available fly ash, on the index properties namely liquid
and plastic limit and compaction characteristics of shedi soil. Shedi soil is a problematic soil that lies between
top low level laterite and bottom high level laterites in the western coastal area of Karnataka, India. The effect
of sodium salts on this shedi soil optimized with Neyveli Fly ash has also been studied. Considerable changes in
the index properties and compaction characteristics were observed which are explained based on series of
experimental results. Addition of Neyveli fly ash improved the workability of shedi soil considerably. The
addition of sodium sulphate to the optimum combination of shedi soil-Neyveli fly ash mixture increases the
shear strength of the mixture. The maximum dry density also found increased with the addition of sodium
sulphate.
Keywords - Compaction, Laterite, Maximum Dry Density, Neyveli Fly ash
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil attributes of Brazilian wet...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study of soils and characterization of its attributes are continually evolving, however, for the condition of wetlands, such information is still scarce and poorly distributed. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize spectrally the soils of a wetland area. On the study area were collected georeferenced soil samples and sent for chemical and physical analysis routine and then subjected to spectral evaluation. Were identified seven soil classes with hydromorphic characteristics in their spectral curves? The information contained in these curves then led the development of equations for soil attributes. Sand was the physical attribute of a better correlation with laboratory data and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC), the chemical attributes that showed better results.
Similar to The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patterns (20)
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patterns
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 40
The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental
design and SOC patterns
Detlef Deumlich1
, Helmut Rogasik2
, Wilfried Hierold3
, Ingrid Onasch4
, Lidia Völker5
,
Michael Sommer6
1-6
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Müncheberg (ZALF) , Institute of Soil Landscape Research,
Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
6
University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Abstract— The CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment – experimental design and SOC patterns
Soil erosion by water or tillage is an essential landscape-shaping factor with feedbacks to the carbon cycle. To study C
dynamics and C balances as a function of soil erosion we set up a manipulation experiment at field scale, called
“CarboZALF-D”. A defined amount of topsoil material was removed from an eroded Luvisol towards a Colluvic Regosol
and reactive, clay-enriched subsoil material was blended into the topsoil of the eroded Luvisol. By doing so we induced
transient states for C cycling, net fluxes of CO2 and the C balance. The overall aim of our experiment is to get reliable
findings to answer the question: Does soil erosion causes a CO2 source or sink in arable landscapes? In this paper the
concept, implementation, and preliminary results of the manipulation experiment are described.
Keywords— bulk density, carbon stock, manipulation experiment, simulated erosion, SOC pattern.
I. INTRODUCTION
Soil erosion is an essential factor for shaping landscapes [1], [2], e.g., for the Uckermark region in the Northern German
lowland [3]. Until now, its influence has primarily been examined for differing slope positions or the soil’s function [4], [5].
An erosion-attributed decrease in topsoil depth and nutrient content leads to yield reduction in erosion positions, whereas the
aggradation area shows partly positive effects. Erosion is a process with complex factors and can be difficult to predict. It
occurs at all scales of the landscape, from the soil aggregate to the landscape scale [6], [7], [8]. In order to examine its
influence on the C budget, defined conditions are necessary. One way to achieve those are controlled manipulation
experiments at plot or field scale. A number of manipulation experiments had been set up at plot scale in the past. Defined
alteration or adjustment of soil properties are a profound tool for experiments [9], [10], [11]. Practical applications in
agricultural sciences, in addition to laboratory experiments, demonstrate impact in the field, e.g. fertilization levels for
organic mineral fertilizers and their effect on yield and soil functions, initiation of soil compaction for a clarification of soil
reloosening processes [12], influence of CO2 management on yield [13], influence of soil cover on soil loss and runoff [5],
and influence of different erosion rates on yield [14], [15]. Field scale manipulation experiments, like relief [16] and summit
amelioration [17], aimed to improve site conditions and plant production. Generally, changes in soil properties by soil
erosion were examined by means of a comparison before and after a soil erosion event, e.g., using rainfall simulators or
laboratory experiments. However, these studies have not been directly related to CO2 emissions. Körschens et al. [18]
pointed out that changes in soil organic matter (SOM) are very slowly and can only be detected and verified after decades by
using a mass balance approach.
In non-redoximorphic soils SOM is related to textural parameters, like clay and fine silt under steady state conditions [19],
[20], [21], [22], [23]. However, if textural properties in topsoils are changed by erosion feedbacks to the C cycling, hence
SOM, will occur as texture also affects related chemical, physical and biological properties. This has been tested in long-term
studies [24], experiments on the influence of topsoil reduction [25], [26], bentonite fertilization [21] and deep ploughing of
soils (30 to 60 cm) bringing subsoil material into the Ap horizon [9].
However, there is no manipulation experiment at field scale, which includes both, erosional and depositional soils
representing different landscape scale process domains in terms of C dynamics and C balances. Therefore we established the
CarboZALF-D manipulation experiment. The concept, implementation, and preliminary results of which are described
below.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 41
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Environmental setting and experimental design
The CarboZALF-D site (53°22’47” N, 13°47’06” E) is located in the Uckermark region of NE Germany (Fig. 1). The
subcontinental climate is characterized by a mean annual rainfall of 483 mm and an average air temperature of 8.7°C (1992–
2011, ZALF research station Dedelow). The experimental site ranges from 50m to 60 m a.s.l. The site represents a typical
soil landscape of hummocky ground moraines in NE Germany with Albic Cutanic Luvisols at non-eroded sites, Calcic
Cutanic Luvisols at moderate slopes, Calcaric Regosols at steep slopes and convex knolls, and Endogleyic Colluvic Regosols
(Eutric) over peat in the hollow [27].
FIGURE 1. EXPERIMENTAL SITE CARBOZALF-D IN THE UCKERMARK, NE GERMANY, WITH MANIPULATION
PLOTS.
Digital soil maps at a scale of 1:5,000 to 1:25,000, terrain analysis on basis of digital elevation models (DEM 1 to DEM25)
as well as geophysics were used as input data for a GIS analysis to delineate experimental plots of minimized soil and terrain
heterogeneity. Intensive soil sampling (approx. 200 cores and 14 soil pits) and subsequent lab analysis constitutes the basis
for a spatial modelling of Soil organic carbon (SOC = SOM/1.724)) and erosion patterns [28], [29].
Two plots of the experimental area were chosen for the manipulation experiment according to relief and soils: plot 11 (slope
of 5 – 7 %) and plot 10 (slope of 2 – 5 %). Plot 11was chosen as representative for moderately eroded areas with Calcic
Luvisols (Cutanic) (LV-cc-ct, [27]; in German: and “erodierte, pseudovergleyte (Acker )Parabraunerde” (e.s.vLL, [30]),
respectively. Plot 10 represents depositional areas with Endogleyic Colluvic Regosols (RG-gln.co, [26]); in German: and
“Gley-Kolluvisol” (vGG-YK, [29]), respectively. Selected soil parameters of the described soil profiles of both plots are
shown in Table 1. They were used to calculate the targeted soil conditions after manipulation. Bulk density (BD) and SOC
contents were determined after the manipulation in 5m x 5 m grids to estimate the quality of the manipulation (April to May
2011). At each point the upper and lower Ap-horizon was sampled separately by 100 cm3
cores (7-12 cm and 17-22 cm
depth) as well as composite samples from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth.
For geostatistical investigations isotropic semivariograms were created for bulk density, SOC and SOC stock distribution, by
means of GS+ Gamma Design software, Plainwell, MI, Version 10
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 42
TABLE 1
SOIL PROPERTIES FOR THE AP-HORIZON OF REFERENCE PROFILES (MANIPULATED AND NEIGHBOURING
NON-MANIPULATED PLOTS, SEE FIG. 1 FOR LOCATIONS)
Profile (plot) 12n 12s 11n 11s 10n 10s 9n 9s
non manipulated manipulated non manipulated
Soil-Subtype(KA5)1
e.s.vLL vGG-YK
WRB (2014)
Calcic Luvisols (Cutanic) (LV-cc-ct) Endogleyic Colluvic Regosols (RG-
gln.co)
Ap-horizon
Depth [cm] 0-30 0-25 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30
Skeleton [%] 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.7
Bulk density [Mg m-3
] 1.48 1.43 1.66 1.43 1.59 1.44 1.74 1.58
Sand (%; 2-0.063 mm, KA5) 61 61 59 60 60 60 59 59
Silt (%; 0.063- 0.002 mm,
KA5)
27 29 28 27 28 30 31 31
Clay (%; <0.002 mm, KA5) 12 10 13 13 13 13 10 10
Clay (cl)+fine silt (fsi) [%]
KA5 14.8 13.5 16.3 17.8 16.2 17.7 14.9 14.4
Soil textural class (KA5)2
Sl3 Sl3 Sl4 Sl4 Sl4 Sl4 Sl3 Sl3
Nitrogen total [g kg-1
] 0.99 0.85 0.84 0.81 1.07 0.94 1.05 0.88
SOC initial [g kg-1
] 8.3 8.8 8.2 8.5 10.8 10.1 9.6 8.5
SOC-target [g kg-1
]3
8.9 8.4 9.5 10.1 8.7 8.5 8.9 8.8
Solum-depth [cm] 60 58 70 40 >200 >200 >200 >200
SK-category (Table 3) 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1
erodierte, pseudovergleyte (Acker-)Parabraunerde (e.s.vLL), vGG-YK – Gley-Kolluvisol;
2
Sl3 – medium loamy sand, Sl4 heavy loamy sand (acc. KA5, [30]);
3
SOC-target [%] = (cl+fsi)*0.04 + 0.3 (acc. Eq. 5)
Additionally large soil cores (height = 250 mm; diameter = 200 mm) were taken and scanned by X-ray computed
tomography at the Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Toshiba Aquilion Scanner with scanning energy level of
135 kV and 300 mAs). Slice thickness was 0.5 mm and pixel size 0.5 * 0.5 mm².
2.2 Pre-calculations for the manipulation experiment
Based on the literature (see introduction) the following soil properties were used for an a-priori calculation of the intended
manipulation effect: texture, SOC, bulk density (BD) and soil skeleton content (> 2mm). We aimed to substitute 25% of the
respective Ap horizon in plots 10 and 11. By doing so we simulate a severe erosion event and clearly induced new system
state of transient character. The calculation of the transported soil volume was performed using data from Table 2.
TABLE 2
CALCULATION OF BT SOIL MASS FOR MANIPULATION
Mass fine soil [kg m-
²] = thickness *100*((100- % skeleton)/100)*BD (1)
Ap-mass with 25 cm tillage depth = fine soil [kg m-
²] * 25cm depth of Ap (2)
Reference
Profile
Horizon Depth Skeleton
BD
avg.
Fine soil
(Solum)
Ap-mass
(0.25 m tillage
depth)
Ap- Bt-
share
new
mass
cm Weight % Mg m-3
kg m-2
kg m-2
% kg m-2
11 n Ap 0-30 3 1.66 484 390 0.8 312
(Bt) 0.2 78
11 s Ap 0-30 3 1.4 433 338 0.8 270
(Bt) 0.2 67
Average of manipulated mass 73
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 43
New soil mass = Ap-mass with 25 cm tillage depth * 0.2 (planned share of 20%) (3)
The average Ap soil mass, which was replaced by soil material from a Bt, was 73 kg m-
². The area of plot 11 with 1,200 m2
required removal of 90 Mg Ap soil material.
The soil depth (man_Ap) to be removed was calculated:
man_Ap = new soil mass/(BD * ((100- % skeleton)/100)) (4)
As a result five to six cm of topsoil were removed from the erosion site (plot 11), transported to the hollow and admixed into
the Ap of plot 10. The soil mass removed from plot 11 was replaced 1:1 with clay-enriched subsoil material (Bt). In
consequence, Ap properties were altered extensively.
2.3 Manipulation procedure
The manipulation took place on October 6, 2010 under optimal weather and soil conditions (Fig. 2). Driving on the field with
machinery was done similar to on-land ploughing pulled by a tractor. Thus, during the lifting of the soil, additional
compaction of the soil was minimized. For the application of the manipulation, a digger “CAT M316 C” with dozer blade
rented from a local business was used and operated by an experienced machine operator. The truck for soil transport (3-axis-
dumper MAN 27372) was weighed for every load, after capturing the tare weight. The dump truck had an estimated volume
of ca. 8.5 m3
(Width = 2.1 m, Height = 0.9 m, Length = 4.5 m). Plot 11 of 1,200 m2
in size was manipulated first. The topsoil
of this area was moved to the plot 10.
FIGURE 2. MANIPULATION PROCEDURE (OCTOBER 2010): (A) REMOVAL OF 6 CM AP AT PLOT 11, (B)
ADDITION OF THE AP MATERIAL FROM PLOT 11 TO PLOT 10, (C) EXCAVATION OF BT (NEARBY PLOT 1), (D)
SOIL SURFACE OF PLOT 11 AFTER HOMOGENIZATION.
2.4 Pedotransfer functions for SOC target
Körschens [19] developed a soil fertility indicator for soil organic matter. First he derived an achievable SOC content from
long-term field experiments, further on referred to as the “SOC target”, which is equivalent to the concept of “carbon
saturation potential” [22], [31]. This SOC content reflects steady state conditions for Ap horizons of diluvium sites within the
Northeastern German lowland and depends on the clay (cl) and fine silt (fsi) content (< 0.0063 mm, German Soil
Classification System, [29]) (Eq. 5):
SOC-target [%] = (cl+fsi)*0.04 + 0.3 (5)
If the actual SOC is below that value, amelioration through organic fertilization was claimed. If actual SOC contents are
below calculated value according to Eq. 6 a very low soil fertility has to be stated.
C-„inert“[%] = (cl+fsi)*0.04 (6)
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 44
Both regression equations (Eq. 5 and Eq. 6) were the basis for defining three soil fertility categories (SK0, SK1, SK2; Table
3). This led to recommendations for ameliorations with organic fertilization (large quantities of manure) or changes in land
use [32]. SK0 is equivalent the carbon saturation potential, soils belonging in classes SK1 or SK2 have a potential to
sequester C, which can be quantified as the difference between SOC at SK0 and the actual SOC content.
TABLE 3
CATEGORIES OF SOIL FERTILITY REDUCTION (SK).
SOC-ini* ≥ [cl+fsi] * 0.04 + 0.3 SOC-ini > [cl+fsi] * 0.04 SOC-ini ≤ [cl+fsi]*0.04
SK0 SK1 SK2
optimal SOC-content suboptimal SOC-content insufficient SOC-content
III. RESULTS
The bulk density of the upper 5 cm of plot 11 before the onset of the manipulation slightly deviated from this measured the
year preceding the manipulation. The measured density 1.57 Mg m-³ was typical of the post-harvest period. Under this
assumption a theoretical volume of 60 m³ (1,200 m² * 0.05 m layer thickness) or 90 Mg of Ap had to be moved, respectively.
However, weighing of the transported material yielded only ca. 79 Mg (six truck loads). This soil mass was replaced by clay-
enriched subsoil material (Bt) from the plateau area.
The intended change of soil properties was achieved as can be seen by calculated texture, SOC content, the changes in SOC
from the grid sampling as well as other properties of the Ap horizon. (Fig. 3, Table 4).
FIGURE 3. SOC CONTENT OF UPPER (0-0.15 M) AND LOWER AP-LAYER (0.15-0.30 M) IN THE 5M GRID.
TABLE 4
TEXTURE CLASS AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (INITIAL/QUOTA) CALCULATED FOR MANIPULATED PLOTS.
Property
Plot/horizon
s fsi si cl
Textural
class
SOC
initial
SOC
target
C-inert SK
% % % % % % %
Ap from P11 60 5 27 13 Sl4 0.76 0.99 0.69 1
Bt from Top 54 4 27 19 Ls4 0.21 1.22 0.92 -
Ap10n 61 4 28 11 Sl3 1.08 0.90 0.60 0
Ap10s 60 4 30 10 Sl3 1.01 0.86 0.56 0
avg. Plot10 61 4 29 10 Sl3 1.04 0.87 0.57 0
Ap11n 59 4 28 13 Sl4 0.82 0.96 0.66 1
Ap11s 60 5 27 13 Sl4 0.85 1.02 0.72 1
avg. Plot11 60 4 27 13 Sl4 0.84 0.99 0.69 1
Plot after manipulation
Ap10_new-calculated 61 4 28 11 Sl3
0.98
-5% 1 0.90 0.60 0
Ap10_new-measured
0.87
-15% 2 1
Ap11_new-calculated 58 4 28 14 Sl4
0.71
-15% 1 1.02 0.72 2
Ap11_new
measured
0.67
-20% 2 2
1
calculate using two reference profiles
2
average of raster based measurements
Abbreviations: S-sand, fsi-fine silt, si-silt, cl-clay, C-carbon, SK- Categories of soil fertility cf. Table 3; Ap-arable horizon,
Bt-clayey subsoil
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 45
Comparing initial conditions and the new status after manipulation a SOC decrease of 15% in plot 10 and 20% in plot 11 was
achieved. The SOC change at plot 10 led to a switch from categories SK0 to SK1 (degradation) and at plot 11 from SK1 to
SK2 (insufficient) (SK in Table 4). The manipulation barely changed the texture of either plots, whereas the SOC decreased
considerably (Table 4). Due to the manipulation plot 11 shows a theoretical C sequestration potential of 1,400 g C m-2
(CO2-
C sink of 14 Mg C ha-1
), which should lead to CO2 net influxes into the soil-plant system. At plot 10 a C sequestration
potential of 670 g C m-2
(CO2-C sink of 6.7 Mg C ha-1
) can be calculated, if we assume a SOC change to the level before
manipulation. The CO2-C sink is reduced to 140 g C m-2
(1.4 Mg C ha-1
), if the topsoil reaches SK0.
3.1 Changes of physical and chemical topsoil properties due to the manipulation
No differentiation of topsoil properties between upper and lower topsoil could be detected after manipulation, neither for plot
11, nor for plot 10 (Fig. 4). This indicates a thorough mixing of the applied soil material with the Ap horizons. Soil textures
of Ap horizons are very similar in all 4 plots (9, 10, 11, and 12). Even the supply of clay-enriched subsoil material at plot 11
did not lead to a considerable change of the particle size composition (Table 4, Table 5). Textural classes of Sl3 to Sl4 [30]
are still prevalent.
FIGURE 4. MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BULK DENSITIES, SOC-CONTENTS AND C STOCKS OF NON-
AND MANIPULATED SITES AT CARBOZALF-D (DATA FROM 5M RASTER).
TABLE 5
CLASSIFICATION OF SOC-VALUES IN SOC-TARGET CATEGORIES PRIOR TO THE MANIPULATION (2009) AND
AFTER MANIPULATION (2011) FOR MANIPULATED AND NON-MANIPULATED PLOTS IN [%].
Categories of soil fertility (c.f. Table 3)
Plot [cl+fsi] [cl+fsi] * 0.04 + 0.3 [cl+fsi] * 0.04 ≤ [cl+fsi] * 0.04
11 16.3 … 17.8 0.95 … 1.01 >0.66 … >0.72 <0.72 … <0.66
11 (exam. 2009) 0.82 … 0.85
11 (exam. 2011) 0.665
12 13.5 … 14.8 0.85 … 0.9 >0.56 … >0.61 <0.61 … < 0.56
12 (exam. 2009) 0.85 … 0.88
12 (exam. 2011) 0.83 … 0.82
10 13.6 … 14.2 0.84 … 0.87 >0.55 … >0.58 <0.58 … < 0.55
10 (exam. 2009) 1.01 … 1.08
10 (exam. 2011) 0.87
9 14.4 … 14.9 0.88 … 0.89 >0.58 … >0.59 <0.59 … < 0.58
9 (exam. 2009) 0.96 0.85
9 (exam. 2011) 1.03
In italic – non-manipulated plots; exam.- examined;
cl+fsi- content of clay and fine silt
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 46
No substantial difference in average bulk densities of Ap horizons from neighbouring plots could be detected (Fig.4). This
can be explained by very similar particle size composition and identical farming practice.
The SOC content in the upper Ap (mean, standard deviation) showed an uniform distribution in the non-manipulated plots (9,
12) and the manipulated plots (10, 11) (Fig. 3, 4). This indicates a complete incorporation of the Bt mass in plot 11 and of Ap
mass from plot 11 to plot 10. The incorporation of clay-enriched subsoil material into the Ap at plot 11 led to a dilution of
SOC in the topsoil (Table 5). The content and stock of organic carbon were reduced from 0.84% to 0.67% or from 4.0 kg m-2
to 3.2 kg m-2
, respectively. The admixture of topsoil material from plot 11 to plot 10 also led to a SOC dilution in the Ap at
plot 10 (Table 4). The content and stock of organic carbon were reduced from 1.04% to 0.87%, or from 5 kg m-2
to 4.2 kg m-
2
, respectively.
The geostatistical analysis showed no spatial dependence of bulk density, SOC content, and SOC stock in plots 10 and 11
(manipulated) and plot 12 (not manipulated) (Fig. 5). This was intended by our plot arrangement according to a spatial top-
down procedure [33]. One exception is plot 9 (not manipulated) with a range of nearly 20 m, which is caused by the
geometry of a hollow, hence a gradual sloping towards the lowermost position.
FIGURE 5. SEMIVARIOGRAMS OF SOC FROM PLOTS 9-12.
One a priori concern was about the accessibility of the admixed Bt (in Ap, plot 11) to plant roots, i.e. the ultimate carbon
source. Although distinct domains of Bt can be identified in undisturbed cores (Fig. 6, left) the porosity of these is higher
compared to the surrounding matrix of (former) Ap (Fig. 6, right). From this observation we conclude the assumption of
accessible mineral surfaces to fresh plant C input to be valid.
FIGURE 6. INCORPORATED BT-MATERIAL IN THE AP OF PLOT 11 BY PHOTOGRAPHY (LEFT, BT IN RED-
BROWN) AND X-RAY IMAGING (CT, RIGHT: BT IN DARKER GRAY)
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 47
IV. DISCUSSION
The manipulation experiment in “erosion / aggradation” is a basis for subsequent examinations. The intended changes could
be achieved (cf. before). The Ap material (plot 10) and Bt material (plot 11) added to the manipulation plots were applied to
the surface in balanced quality and was incorporated into the topsoil. Now conditions were provided for the onset of long-
term processes in generating new macrostructures through physical, chemical and biological processes [21].
Possible CO2 emissions during erosion processes have been depicted in the reference literature. Hu and Kuhn [34] mention a
possible selective transport of C in aggregates of a silty loam textured soil, based on laboratory rain simulations. This was not
observed under natural conditions at sandy and loamy sites. Sorting leads to decomposition on a single particle level in the
slopes of the Uckermark region. Existing aggregates break apart from drop impact or its cumulative effect during
precipitation [35], [36], [37]. The released particles cause an increase of the thin crust layer’s density, ensuing dehydration of
the previously sealed soil surface [5], [38]. Studies by [6] indicate that the decomposition of aggregates leads to higher rates
of mineralization for SOC in loam and clay, as opposed to sandy soils. He stated that there is a higher share of fine pores that
provide protection within the aggregates. Hence, during the erosion process, individual mineralization phases could occur
until protection is renewed through the onset of incrustation or burying [39]. Additionally, the current erosion conditions
(aggregates in dry, pre-moistened, or moist states) and the precipitation erosivity are important factors alongside the climatic
conditions [39], [40], [41]. Thus, smaller erosion events have a minor effect on C transport [8].
The predominant and visible changes caused by transport of soil during soil tillage and soil erosion are those soil conditions
that are reflected by plant growth and yield. At the same time, the existing soil heterogeneity increases. Both erosion
processes have to be considered. After soil erosion caused by heavy rain, by means of extensive erosion (sheet erosion, rill
erosion, gully erosion), in addition to transport by tillage, the farmer tried to achieve an even seedbed via cultivation.
Thereby, erosion-caused loss is replaced by the incorporation of reactive subsoil material into the remaining Ap (constant
tillage depth). This generally leads to a dilution of the nutrient content in the Ap-horizon and an altered texture. The speed of
these alterations under realistic conditions depends on the current precipitation, soil cover, and tillage conditions.
Herzog [9], [42] described the “Müncheberger Dauerversuch” (Müncheberg long-term field trial), which was established in
1962. It features manipulated profile layering for testing the influence of topsoil deepening on plot sizes of 13.5 m². This was
done in order to compare normal topsoil to subsoil within the profile and mixed variants, in the context of their influence on
yield. Doubling the standard tillage layer (26 cm) by filling with the same soil material to a thickness of 52 cm achieved
distinctly increased yield. Whereas tillage of a soil consisting exclusively of subsoil material resulted in distinct yield loss.
The C and N concentrations in the subsoil tripled within 14 years to ca. 2/3 of the concentrations in the compared topsoil.
This supports the hypothesis that C absorption or storage capacity exists in erosion positions and can be measured from an
established experiment. Reuter [21], [43], [44] reports a positive effect on yield and SOC concentration on a “Leptic Podzol”
within 20 years under organic fertilization and application of clay-substrate.
TABLE 6
SOC-REGENERATION POSSIBILITIES [47]
Possibility SOC regeneration kg . m-2
C
Dung 0.056
Compost 0.046
Plant residuals/straw 0.08
Digestate 0.05
No till* 0.02 - 0.04
Arable land grassland* 0.03 – 1
Extensification* 0.05
Grain legumes, seeds 0.016 - 0.024
Agricultural grass 0.06 - 0.08
*- described by Fuhrer (2004) in [47]
Table 6 shows how small the annual SOC reproduction potential is. Only through the influence of organic material is the
decrease of a deficit between 16 and 80 g m-
² possible in erosional plots that are under ongoing agricultural land use. In order
to realize this potential, changes in the land use, extensive management, or soil-melioration actions (partial topsoil
deepening, mechanized partial mixing of top- and subsoil by rigid or driven tools, blending-in of clay to increase C
absorption potential) have to be performed. The results of the manipulation in this research show how fast a decrease in SOC
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 48
concentration can be achieved. The SOC stock in the soil can be adapted to a higher level by means of an optimal organic
and mineral fertilizer within the crop rotation. If further efforts are undertaken, even more SOC storage can be achieved.
Nevertheless, this newly stored SOC has a faster decomposition rate when the regular amount of organic fertilizer is
increased and in this case we can have potentially negative effects on the ecosystem, e.g. NO3
-
-eluviation [18], [21].
An increased SOC status leads to altogether improved soil fertility. For example, the cation exchange capacity, as one of the
essential properties determining the ecological soil condition, is improved [21], [36], [45]. The cation exchange capacity is
one of the most important properties for complex assessments of ecological soil characteristics, as it determines the nutrient
dynamics [21], [46].
The manipulation conducted at our research site provided altered soil conditions, which were required for the simulation of
soil transportation caused by erosion or tillage. The initial measurements should contribute to clarify the importance of soil
erosion as a source or sink of CO2 in the climate discussion. Continued monitoring of these research plots will provide
additional information about the C dynamics in this type of system.
V. CONCLUSION
Soil and tillage erosion are essential landscape-shaping factors. In the CarboZALF-D experiment the result of those processes
was realized more quickly through direct manipulation of the soil. This manipulation specifically changes the soil condition
along with physical-chemical properties. The manipulation achieved defined new soil conditions far from steady state. The
process initiated by soil tillage/soil erosion - which acts locally in natural systems – has been controlled for these research
plots. Thus, at plot scale nearly the same areal conditions exist for the planned studies to answer the question posed at the
beginning: Is erosion acting as a CO2 source or sink?
Both manipulated plots have the ability to return to the initial state of carbon content (= sequestration potential). A reduction
of the period and an acceleration of those processes can possibly be achieved through a change in management
(extensification, humus supply…). Actions in the system through the tillage erosion with constant rates and unforeseeable
sudden changes by water erosion are to be considered.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the associate editors, and also Z.-K. Ash, B.A. Miller for their
check of English and comments on this paper and Mr. Fritsch from Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin
for X-ray CT-investigations.
FUNDING
This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) and the Ministry for Science,
Research and Culture of the State of Brandenburg (MWFK).
REFERENCES
[1] H.-R. Bork, H. Bork, and C. Dalchow; “Landschaftsentwicklung in Mitteleuropa - Wirkungen des Menschen auf Landschaften,“
[Landscape development in Mid-Europe – Landscape as affected by humans], Perthes Geographie Kolleg., 1998, German.
[2] D. R.Montgomery, „Dreck - Warum unsere Zivilisation den Boden unter den Füßen verliert,“ [Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations].
München: Oekom Verlag, 2010, German.
[3] R. Schmidt, „Genese und anthropogene Entwicklung der Bodendecke am Beispiel einer typischen Bodencatena des Norddeutschen
Tieflands“, [Genesis and development of anthropogenic soil cover on example of a typical North German lowland soil catena],
Petermann Geogr Mitt. 135:29-37, 1991, German.
[4] R. Schmidt, H. Morgenstern, C. Pfitzner, and M. Succow, „Gesetzmäßigkeiten der arealen Verteilung und der Variabilität von
Bodenparametern als Grundlage der optimalen Probenahme für BFK und für den standörtlich differenzierten Einsatz von Maßnahmen
zur Reproduktion der Bodenfruchtbarkeit,“ [Laws of areal distribution and the variability of soil parameters as the basis for the
optimal sampling for soil fertility categories (BFK) and to site specific differentiated application of measures for reproduction of soil
fertility]. F/E-Bericht, FZB, Ber. Eberswalde, 1986, German.
[5] Mo.Frielinghaus, „Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen für die Bewertung der Wassererosion auf Jungmoränenstandorten und Vorschläge
für die Einordnung des Bodenschutzes,“ [habilitation], [Scientific basics for the assessment of water erosion on young moraine sites].
AdL, Berlin, 1988, German.
[6] J. Hassink, “Effects of soil texture and structure on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in grassland soil,” Biol. Fert. Soils, 14: 1992,
pp. 126-134.
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 49
[7] R. Schmidt, D. Deumlich, and H.I. Reuter, „Vom Punkt zur Fläche und in die Landschaft: räumliche Verallgemeinerung als
Gegenstand der Bodenlandschaftsforschung,“ [From the point in the landscape – spatial generalization]. Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden.
50(3), 2004, pp.. 241-257, German.
[8] H. van Hemelryck, P. Fiener, K. van Oost, G. Govers, and R. Merckx, “The effect of soil redistribution on soil organic carbon: an
experimental study,” Biogeosciences. 7: 2010, pp. 3971-3986, doi:10.5194/bg-7-3971-2010.
[9] R. Herzog, „Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Profilschichtung und differenzierter Düngung auf die langfristige Ertragsentwicklung und
einige Eigenschaften eines anlehmigen Sandbodens,“ [Influence of different soil layering and different fertilization on longterm yield
development of sandy soils]. Dauerfeldversuche, AdL Berlin., 1990, pp. 261 – 273. German.
[10] F.J. Larney, B.M. Olson, H.H. Janzen, and C.W, Lindwall, “Early Impact of Topsoil Removal and Soil Amendments on Crop
Productivity,” LRC contribution no. 3879955. Agron. J. 92(5): 2000, pp. 948-956. doi:10.2134/agronj2000.925948x.
[11] M.M. Bakker, G. Govers, and M.D.A. Rounsevell, “The crop productivity-erosion relationship: an analysis based on experimental
work,” CATENA, 57(1), 2004, pp. 55-76.
[12] M. Dannowski, „Die Auswirkungen konventioneller Landbewirtschaftung auf die nachhaltige Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens in einem
Agrarlandschaftselement des Nordost-Deutschen Tieflandes,“ [Consequences of conventional land management on the soil fertility in
a agricultural landscape in the Northeast-German Lowlands]. Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden. 39, 1995, pp. .237-259, German.
[13] B.A. Kimball 1995. FACE-ing the Future. Agricultural Research. USDA, April, 4 – 7.
[14] C.M. Monreal, R.P. Zentner, and J.A. Robertson, “The influence of management on soil loss and yield of wheat in Chernozemic and
Luvisolic soils,” Can. J. Soil Science. 75(4), 1995, pp. 567-574.
[15] Ch. den Biggelaar, R. Lal, K. Wiebe, and V. Breneman, „Impact of Soil Erosion on Crop Yields in North America,” Adv. in
Agronomy. 72, 2001, pp. 1-52.
[16] R. Stalbov, “Система мероприятий по защите почв и повышению продуктивности эродированных земель. Рациональное
использование земель и засчита почв от эрозии,“ [Measurment system for protection and improvement of eroded soils]. Riga,
Zinantne. 1974, pp. 13 – 15. Russian.
[17] Mo. Frielinghaus, and U. Ratzke, “Flurmelioration,” [Soil amelioration]. Agra-Markkleeberg: Landwirtschaftsausstellung der DDR,
1982, German.
[18] M. Körschens, E. Albert, M. Baumecker, F. Ellmer, M. Grunert, S. Hoffmann, T. Kismanyoky, J. Kubat, E. Kunzova, M. Marx, et al.,
„Humus und Klimaänderung - Ergebnisse aus 15 langjährigen Dauerfeldversuchen,“ [Humus and climate change – results of 15 years
field experiments]. Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden. 2014, DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2014.892204. German.
[19] M. Körschens, „Die Abhängigkeit der organischen Bodensubstanz von Standortsfaktoren und acker - und pflanzenbaulichen
Maßnahmen, ihre Beziehungen zu Bodeneigenschaften und Ertrag sowie Ableitung von ersten Bodenfruchtbarkeitskennziffern für
den Gehalt des Bodens an organischer Substanz,“ [habilitation]. [Dependency of SOM from site conditions and agricultural
management – derives of important soil fertility categories], AdL DDR, Bad Lauchstädt. 1980, German.
[20] H. Morgenstern, „Zu Ursachen der Variabilität von Bodenparametern auf landwirtschaftlich genutzten Schlägen der D-Standorte,“
[Reasons for the variability of soil parameters of agricultural used soils]. Materialien zur Bodenprozeßforschung 1986/2. FZB
Müncheberg, AdL. 1986. German.
[21] G. Reuter. “Improvement of sandy soils by clay-substrate application,” Appl.Clay Sci. 9, 1994, pp. 107 - 120. German.
[22] J. Hassink, “The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles,”. Plant and Soil. 191,
1997, pp. 77–87.
[23] J.B. Gruver, “Impact of Management and Texture on Soil Organic Matter Fractions,” [dissertation], Soil science, Raleigh, North
Carolina, 2008
[24] P. Kundler, „Erhöhung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit,“ [Increase of soil fertility]. Dt. Landw.-verl., Berlin, 1989, German.
[25] C.R. Gätke, „Untersuchungen über die bodenkundlichen Grundlagen meliorativen Pflügens unter den Standortbedingungen
Norddeutschlands,“ [Investigations of soil scientific basic of amelioration ploughing in NE-Germany]. Thaer-Arch., Akademie-Verl.,
Berlin, 8. Bd., 1964, pp. 537 – 550. German.
[26] R. Herzog, and A. Kunze, „Einfluß unterschiedlicher Krumenmächtigkeit auf die Erträge und einige Eigenschaften eines anlehmigen
Sandbodens,“ [Influence of different topsoil thickness on yields and some properties of a sandy soil]. Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden. Berlin.
20(11), 1976, pp. 779 – 789. German.
[27] IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, World Soil Resources Rep, No 106, FAO, Rome, 2014.
[28] E. Aldana Jague, M. Sommer, N.P.A. Sabyc, J.-T. Cornelisd, B. van Wesemael, and K.Van Oost, “High resolution characterization of
the soil organic carbon depth profile in a soil landscape affected by erosion,” Soil Till. Res. 2016, pp. 185-193,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.05.014
[29] B.A. Miller, S. Koszinski, W. Hierold, H. Rogasik, B. Schröder, K. van Oost, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer, “Towards mapping soil
carbon landscapes: Issues of sampling scale and transferability,” Soil Tillage Res. 2016, pp. 294-208,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.07.004
[30] AG Boden, „Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung,“ [Soil science mapping manual]. 5th edn., Schweizerbarth, Stuttgart, 2005, German.
[31] M. Wiesmeier, R. Hübner, P. Spörlein, U. Geuß, E. Hangen, A. Reischl, B. Schilling, M. von Lützow, and I. Kögel-Knabner, “Carbon
sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany derived from stable soil organic carbon saturation,” Glob Chang Biol.; 20(2):
2014, pp. 653-65. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12384
11. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 50
[32] D. Deumlich, „Beitrag zur Charakterisierung der Erosionsdisposition von Ackerböden auf Jungmoränenstandorten (StG 2 und 3),“
[dissertation], [Characterisation of the erosion disposition of arable soils in young moraine sites], AdL DDR. 1984, .German.
[33] M. Sommer, J. Augustin, and M. Kleber, “Feedbacks of soil erosion on SOC patterns and carbon dynamics in agricultural landscapes
– The CarboZALF experiment,” Soil Till. Res., 2016, pp. 182-184
[34] Y. Hu, and N.J. Kuhn, “Aggregates reduce transport distance of soil organic carbon: are our balances correct?,” Biogeosciences. 11,
2014, pp. 6209–6219, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6209-2014.
[35] Y. Le Bissonais, “Analyse des mécanismes de désaggrégation et de la mobilisation des particules de terr sous l’action des pluies,”
[dissertation], [Analysis of mechanisms and detachment of soil particles by rain], Université d’Orléans. 1988, French.
[36] F. Scheffer, and P. Schachtschabel, „Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde,“ [Soil science], Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. – Heidelberg. 2010,
German.
[37] J. Vermang, A.M. Da Silva, C.-H. Huang, D. Gabriëls, W. Cornelis, and D. Norton, “Surface Roughness Effects on Runoff and Soil
Erosion Rates Under Simulated Rainfall,” In International Soil Conservation Organization, 16th Congress, 2010, Proceedings.
[38] Ch. Roth, and K. Helming, “Dynamics of surface sealing, runoff formation and interrill soil loss as related to rainfall intensity,
microrelief and slope,” Z Pflanz Bodenkunde. 155 (3), 1992, pp. 209-216.
[39] Z. Wang, K. van Oost, A. Lang, T. Quine, W. Clymans, R. Merckx, B. Notebaert, and G. Govers, “The fate of buried organic carbon
in colluvial soils: a long-term perspective,” Biogeosciences. 11(3), 2014, pp. 873-883.
[40] K. Auerswald, “Bodeneigenschaften und Bodenerosion. Wirkungswege bei unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsmaßstäben,” [habilitation],
[Soil properties and soil erosion at different scales]. Gebr. Bornträger. Berlin-Stuttgart, 8, 1993, 208 p. German.
[41] Z. Qin, Y. Huang, and Q. Zhuang, “Soil organic carbon sequestration potential of cropland in China,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles.
27, 2013, pp. 711–722, doi:10.1002/gbc.20068.
[42] R. Herzog, „Einfluss unterschiedlicher Krumenmächtigkeit bei differenzierter Düngung auf die Erträge und einige Eigenschaften
eines anlehmigen Sandbodens,“ [Influence of different topsoil thickness and different fertilization on yields and some properties of a
sandy soil], In: P. Kundler (Ed.), „Dauerfeldversuche der DDR,“ AdL DDR. 1984, pp.197 – 205. German.
[43] G. Reuter, „Dauerversuch Hu1 in Rostock,“ [Longterm experiment HU1 at Rostock]. In: P. Kundler, (Ed.). Dauerfeldversuche der
DDR. AdL DDR. 1984, pp. 207 – 215, German.
[44] G. Reuter, „35 Jahre Rostocker Dauerversuche. Entwicklung der Humusgehalte und der chemischen Bodeneigenschaften,“ [35 years
of Rostock field experiment – development of SOC-contents and chemical properties], Arch. Acker Pflanze Boden. 35, 1991, pp. 357
– 374, German.
[45] J. Thiere, W. Reiher, and H. Morgenstern, „Analyse des Zusammenhangs von Austauschkapazität (T-Wert), Körnung, organischer
Bodensubstanz und Bodenreaktion für verbreitete Substrat- und Horizontgruppen,“ [Analysis of the relationship between CEC-
capacity (T-value), textural composition, SOM and reactivity of soil horizon groups], Arch. Acker Pflanze Boden. 30(4), 1986, pp.
211 – 218. German.
[46] D. Deumlich D, J. Thiere, and M. Altermann, “Characterization of cation exchange capacity (CEC) for agricultural land-use areas,”
Arch. Acker Pfl. Boden. 61(6), 2015, pp. 767-784. German.
[47] J. Rogasik, M. Körschens, H. Rogasik, and E. Schnug, „C-Sequestrierungspotentiale agrarisch genutzter Böden in Deutschland,“ [C-
sequestration potential of agrarian soils in Germany], UBA, Berlin, 2007, German.