Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to
Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no
quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This
study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and
sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from
hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation
model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to
select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on
local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN
model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity
and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input
parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and
secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize
systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were
eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range
of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7
to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on
geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is
enriched with organic matter from upslope.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to
Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no
quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This
study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and
sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from
hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation
model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to
select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on
local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN
model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity
and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input
parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and
secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize
systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were
eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range
of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7
to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on
geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is
enriched with organic matter from upslope.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
Objectives:
- Develop an integrated agricultural and urban modeling system
- Characterize decadal and regional impacts associated with agriculture/urban expansion for selected regions in the continental US
- Examine socio-economic impacts associated with agri-urban development including urban farms/community gardens
- Educate next generation of interdisciplinary scientists
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
Objectives:
- Develop an integrated agricultural and urban modeling system
- Characterize decadal and regional impacts associated with agriculture/urban expansion for selected regions in the continental US
- Examine socio-economic impacts associated with agri-urban development including urban farms/community gardens
- Educate next generation of interdisciplinary scientists
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chennai,...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chenna...eSAT Journals
Abstract Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) through check dams is the intentional recharge of water in the aquifers. The objective of this paper is to present a review of research work carried out on the impact of check dams in improving the groundwater quantity, quality and livelihood of people. Further, investigation carried out on the effectiveness of a check dam across Arani River, located north-west of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India is also presented as a case study. The study reveals that proper maintenance of check dams will result in the sustainable replenishment of groundwater resources in a region. In general the MAR through check dam is found to be one of the efficient methods to improve the groundwater head and quality which in turn improve the livelihood of community as indicated by most of the studies. Case study carried out near Chennai is an evident that check dam has increased the groundwater level up to 1.5 m. Thus MAR by check dam can be considered as a best option for efficient and sustainable management of groundwater resources. Index Terms: Water resources management, Groundwater recharge, Groundwater Quality, Socioeconomic impact, Chennai, Recharge structure
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
124 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— The flow of river brought sediment particles
originate from soil erosion processes in catchment. When this
flow of water stored in reservoir, sediment settles in reservoir
which results in the reduction of storage capacity, cover fish
spawning grounds, clog drainage canals and passage and reduce
downstream water quality. Hence estimation of sediment
deposition becomes very important for river morphology,
conservation planning of water and soil, design of erosion
control structure and proper management and working of
reservoirs. Certain Conventional methods such as,
hydrographic surveys, inflow and outflow approaches, are used
for estimation of reservoir sedimentation. But these methods are
inconvenient, expensive and time consuming. So simple methods
should be develop, which is less time consuming and economical.
This study is an effort of assessment reservoir sedimentation and
loss of capacity of reservoir by geographic information system
(GIS). The study is based on detailed study and anatomization of
some papers written by various popular researchers in this field.
Index Terms— GIS, sediment delivery ratio Sediment yield,
Trap-efficiency.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is one of very important substance for every creature
present on earth, All animals and plants must need a water for
survive. Water is indeed component for socio-economical
development, growth, farming, industrialization and poverty
reduction (Bhavsar m 2015). The smallest sector for its fastest
growth rate, increase its demand of water will be on the peak
by 2035 (google2015). The next 30 years are daring to build
hydropower stations, the higher food production at lower rate
of water consumption, development of Industrial and
Agriculture sector and the economical waste water treatments
(Lin at. al. 2012, Mukherjee at. al. 2007, and Ranga Raju at.
al. 2002). Available resource of water should be use in
optimizing way as reservoir build on rivers are continuously
filling by sedimentation (Kothyari u c and Jain s k 1997). A
very large quantity of sediment is transported annually by
Indian rivers down to the reservoirs, lakes, bays, and oceans
(Jain at. al. 2010). Erosion of soil is mainly due to rainfall and
winds, which resulting in tremendous movement sediment
into water courses by flood and storm waters (Mishra A at.al.
2007, Pandey A at.al. 2008, and Jain at. al. 2010). Deposition
Deependra Dadoria, Department of Civil engineering, Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology Bhopal [M.P.]
H L Tiwari, Department of Civil engineering, Maulana Azad National
Institute of Technology Bhopal [M.P.]
of coarse sediments reduces the reservoir storage and channel
conveyance for water supply, irrigation and navigation and
causes extensive disturbance to streams (Seth at. al. 2003,
Singh at. al. 2007, and Bhavsar m 2015). Suspended
sediments cause turbidity, which affects the biotic life in
reservoir. Settlement of sediments to the bottom of water
bodies buries and kills the vegetation and changes the
ecosystem (Rao K.S. at. al.2002, Sharma at. al. 2006,
Bhattarai R & Dutta D 2007, Lin at. al. 2012). In order to
determine the useful life of a reservoir, it is essential to
periodically conduct the surveys and assess the sedimentation
rate in a reservoir (Ijam and tarawaneh 2012). Also, for
proper allocation and management of water from a reservoir,
knowledge about the sediment deposition pattern in various
zones of a reservoir is essential (Borland & miller 1958,
Narayana D & Babu R 1983, Mishra A and Froebrich J 2007).
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Reservoir is the very important and valuable hydraulic
structure for storage of water so that this resource can be used
for vast area of society and different aspects. And the capacity
of reservoir is continuously reducing due to entering of
eroded soil carried by water, wind, ice and movement of
particles due to gravity force. A huge quantity of sediment is
deposited annually by Indian rivers in lakes, reservoirs,
estuaries, bays and oceans. Loss of storage capacity due to
reservoir sedimentation affects both obtains ability of water
and operation schedules
Kothyari and Jain (1997) studied of Karso catchment in
Bihar, India give a method for estimation of sedimentation
yield from catchment area by using GIS method. In this
method they uses spatial Disaggregate of the catchment into
cells having monotonous soil erosion properties .The erosion
from surface of each discretized cells is routed to the
catchment outlet using the help of sediment delivery ratio,
which is defined as a ratio of sediment yield to total surface
erosion. The total sediment yield of catchment is a sum of
individual sediment given by each cells. The spatial
disintegration of catchment and essential properties of erosion
from each cell is computed by GIS technique by using the
Integrated Land and Water Information Systems (ILWIS)
package. In this study sediment yield estimation can be
grouped into two categories: (i) physically-based models; and
(ii) lumped models. In this paper auther use USLE method,
The USLE method was expressed by Williams & Berndt
(1972) as:
S' = R-KL-S-CP
Assessment of Sedimentation by GIS- A review
Deependra Dadoria, H L Tiwari
2. Assessment of Sedimentation by GIS- A review
125 www.erpublication.org
Its Concluded that satisfactory results were achieved when the
proposed method was used for the determination of sediment
yield for various storm events in above catchment. The
method based on calibration against a record of existing
conditions and hence it can be used for the estimation of
sediment yield in other such ungauged catchments which have
similar hydrometeorological and land use conditions.
Kumar and Kothyari (2000) in their study gives and
confirmed Geographical Information System (GIS) based
technique for the determination of sediment source areas and
the estimation of storm sediment yield from catchments. The
Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) GIS
package and Earth Resources Data Analysis System
(ERDAS) Imagine image processor has used for geographic
analyses and the digital analysis of satellite data for deriving
the land cover and characteristics of the catchments soil. The
total sediment yield of each homogeneous grid cells of
catchment during isolated storm events are found by
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by carefully
determining its various parameters and by the concept of
sediment delivery ratio (SDR)
Soil erosion potential maps of the Nagwa catchment
After providing values to the various parameters of the USLE
in different cells, their gross surface erosion is calculated and
satisfactory results were come out for storm sediment yields
on the Nagwa and Karso catchments by using the proposed
method.
Ranga raju at. al. (2002) has given research on a temporal
variation of sediment deposition during isolated storm events
by using data of Karso and Nagwa in Jharkhand with the help
of ILWIS GIS tool, which divide catchment into cells and
give variation of topographical characteristics and land use.
The Unit sediment graphs for the catchments were derived by
conversion of the sediment yield from the grid cells and
dispels through a linear storage reservoir.
Comparison between observed and computed temporal
variation of sediment yield: (a) Nagwa catchment for the 6
July 1989 event;
(b) Karso catchment for the 3 August 1991 event
The total sediment deposit yield for the storm duration is also
determined by the recommend method. Output values of the
storm sediment yields are found to compare well with their
corresponding observed values.
Jain at. al. (2003) studied of sediment yield in Satluj River
which has flow in western Himalayan region has proposed
two approaches for the assessment of sediment yield for three
years (1991-1993), first based on relationship between
suspended sediment load and discharge, for Satluj Basin up to
Suni and intermediate basin between Kasol and Suni, second
method which gives annual sediment yield, has been used for
a small intermediate basin only because of data availability
constraints, which is empirical relationship, both are GIS
based technique. It was concluded that for relationship
between sediment yield and discharge at Suni, Kasol and for
the intermediate basin, a reasonably good result was found
between estimated and observed data for these two years for
the basin at Suni, Kasol and for the intermediate basin. When
empirical relationship was used, results showed that sediment
yield was significantly underestimated because developed
equation was based on parameter of plain regions and the
study is carried out in mountainous region. So the equation
was revised using the basin parameter of mountain and after
that the estimated value of sediment yield is found to be close
to the observed value.
Mishra et al (2005) in their research proposed new model for
estimation of the rainstorm-generated sediment yield from
(98 storm events) obtained from 12 watersheds of different
land uses by combining soil conservation service curve
number (SCN-CN) method with the universal soil loss
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
126 www.erpublication.org
equation (USLE). Three hypotheses are made for coupling,
(1) runoff coefficient is equal to the degree of saturation, (2)
the potential maximum retention can be expressed in terms of
the USLE parameters, and (3) the sediment delivery ratio is
equal to the runoff coefficient. They concluded that the
estimation of direct runoff and sediment yield by using
rainfall data and watershed characteristics will be enabled
because of the hypothesis C=Sr=DR and the sediment yield
and runoff, respectively, with efficiencies of 91.78 and
91.75% are found.
Bhattarai & Dutta (2006) has done study to determine soil
erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed in Mun River
basin, Thailand by using GIS technique. The spatial
disaggregation of catchment area into uniform cells is done to
get the sedimentation by using USLE along with
determination of sediment delivery ratio and various
parameters. The effect of DEM resolution on sediment yield
is analyzed using two different resolutions of DEM.
Results shows computed and observed values are observed to
have some discrepancy for both annual and monthly sediment
yield because the assumptions made during the analysis (soil
erodibility value (K) and cover management factor (C)) and
Better accuracy of estimates of sediment yield are achieved
using 30 m DEM than 90 m because of the effect of DEM
resolution on different USLE parameters (L, S factors and
Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR)).
According to Mishra at. al. (2007) in their study, a GIS based
model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to
determine sediment transport from the 17 km2 Banha
watershed located in northeast India. This has property of
mixed land use and on on-stream sediment control structures
called checkdam. By simply comparing observed data and
measured data, a calibration (1996) and validation
(1997-2001) of surface runoff and sediment yield is
performed with SWAT model on both a daily and monthly
basis. Calibration and validation of the SWAT model is
performed with and without check dams to test its ability in
visualizing the impacts of sediment control structures in the
watershed. The model shows that loss of sediment from the
watershed could be decreased more than 64% by acquiring
check dams as a barrier for sediment.
Singh, et al. (2007) in their research, runoff and sediment
yield of a small multivegetated watershed in a sub-humid
subtropical region in India is estimated by the Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and are compared with
measured data. Following values of the correlation coefficient
between rainfall and runoff is 0.86, that between runoff and
sediment yield is 0.56, and that between rainfall and sediment
yield is taken as 0.55. The average estimates of sediment yield
from different sub-watersheds will used to design the
checkdam construction as an effectual measure to control
sediment transport to downstream site. They concluded that
the sub watersheds, which has high forest cover (SWS1 and
SWS2) shows significantly less runoff and sediment yield
(310.36 mm and 0.84 t/ha), but in sub-watershed with more
area under cultivation produced higher runoff (393.5 mm) and
higher sediment yield (11.65 t/ha).
Pandey et al. (2007) in their research paper shows the WEPP
(Water Erosion Prediction Project) watershed model, which is
using for calibration and validation for a small hilly watershed
(Karso) of India. The model for calibration use data from the
1996 monsoon season and later its performance will evaluated
by estimating the daily runoff and sediment yield using the
monsoon season data of different years. Various parameters
like Coefficient of determination (R2) (0.86–0.91),
Nash–Sutcliffe simulation model efficiency (0.85–0.95), and
percent deviation values (7.90–15.15) is used for indicating
accurate simulation of runoff from the watershed. However
the higher values of (R2) between 0.81 to 0.95,
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency ranging from 0.78 to 0.92, and
percent deviation from 4.43 to 19.30 indicated satisfactory
simulation of sediment yield. They concluded that the
variation in each of the parameters by ±50% in a run exhibited
the sediment yield to vary from 1.24% to 17.90% and 1.25%
to 11.15%. Previously the WEPP model are not predicting
erodibility parameters satisfactorily in both surface runoff and
sediment yield simulations in pre-calibration because of the
empiricism involved in model equations. But now the
calibrated model results could be of use in erosion based
watershed.
Chitade and Tiwari (2008) has carried out study and presents
the technique for assessment of sediment yield at Kolar
catchment area of Nagpur district Maharashtra state India
using Geocoded Remote Sensing satellite image IRS-LISS-III
for geometric correction, land-use land cover map of the area
and geographical information system for preparing drainage
map, contour map and slope map. The meteorological data
such as average annual rainfall and mean annual temperature
will be use for calculating amount of sediment yield in the
reservoir. The value of sediment yield per Km2. is found to be
241.37 M3 per Km2 per Year which is higher than the value
of 238.16 M3 per Km2 per Year which is used for designing
of the reservoir.
DRAINAGE MAP
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Tyagi at. al. (2010) has studied an area of Suni to Kasol, an
intermediate watershed of Satluj river, located in Western
Himalayan region for estimation of runoff and sediment yield
by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (AVSWAT)
having an interface with Arc View GIS software
(AVSWAT2000/X).Calibration of model has been done for
the years 1993 & 1994 and validated with the observed runoff
and sediment yield for the years 1995, 1996 and 1997.
Model’s performance was evaluated using statistical and
graphical methods to estimate the capability of the model in
simulating the run-off and sediment yield from the study area.
It was founded that the coefficient of determination (R2) for
the daily and monthly runoff is obtained as 0.53 and 0.90
respectively for the calibration period and 0.33 and 0.62
respectively for the validation period. The R2 value in
estimating the daily and monthly sediment yield during
calibration is computed as 0.33 and 0.38 respectively. The R2
for daily and monthly sediment yield values for 1995 to 1997
is found to be 0.26 and 0.47. Now the values of R2 can be
considered reasonably satisfactory for estimating runoff and
sediment yield for the watersheds.
Vemu and Pinnamaneni (2012) carried study to estimate
sediment yield at the outlet of river Indravati catchment by
using USLE. Both spatial distribution and magnitude of
potential soil erosion in the catchment will be determined by
using GIS and remote sensing. For study purpose Indravati
basin will divided into 424 sub-watersheds and prioritization
of all 424 sub-watersheds will be carried out according to soil
loss intensity for soil conservation purpose. it founded that
average erosion rate predicted is 18.00 tons/ha/year and
sediment yield at the out let of the catchment was 22.31
Million tons per year and 19.71 % of the area is undergoing
high erosion rates which will be a major contributor to the
sediment yield (78.04 %) in the catchment. Generated soil
loss map will be able to indicate high erosion risk area which
will be helpful to soil conservationist and decision makers.
Finally it was concluded that the actual sediment yield at the
outlet is likely to be less than the estimated.
Ijam and tarawaneh (2013) presented soil and water
assessment tool (SWAT) in association with GIS to simulate
the hydrology, soil erosion and sedimentation of wala dam
catchment (2000 Km2) in Jordan. The
calibration(1972-1979) and verification(1990-1998) of a
result is carried out in their work by using flow rate and
sediment yield data observed in wala catchment and the
results obtained by this is satisfactory and acceptable. The
predicted result of average sediment yield is found to be
143780 ton/year and 123100 ton/year is for predication
periods. It was founded that the northern and western part of
wala catchment receive maximum amount of rainfall, hence
generated large amount of runoff volume to stream, are more
susceptible for soil erosion and give large amount of
sedimentation yield to wala catchment. Hence the study
suggested that the present model with its corresponding set of
parameter is able to estimate water flow and sediment yield.
So it can be used for future planning and management.
Lin and Chou(2014) has presented determination of
sedimentation by using GIS coupled with the universal soil
loss equation (USLE) or agricultural non-point source
pollution model (AGNPS). Soil erosion is a very complex and
heterogeneous hydrological process. This method had widely
used to calculate erosion at any point in a landscape that
experiences net erosion. In this method DEM play a important
role by provide input for spatially distributed models and can
provide primary spatial information on elevation, slope and
watershed aspect in the modeling process. It was conclude
that the average annual sediment yield is found to about 2.35
× 106 t measured at a sampling station with a watershed area
of 645.21 km2. A 2.6mm average annual deposition depth can
be derived from the 1.4 t/m3 bulk density calculation.
Sarita Gajbhiye (2015) carried out study in Kanhaiya nala
watershed situated in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh by
using remote sensing and GIS. The total watershed area was
19.53 km2
. GIS was used for generating Soil map, Land Use
and slope. The used curve number method is taken as a
distributed model, by it we can get information dealing with a
large number of sub-catchments in the basin. Therefore we
used remote sensing and GIS techniques. Landsat (ETM)
satellite images were used to get land cover information by
ERDAS 9.1 software. The important layers like soil map,
elevation map, rainfall map and land cover map are created in
Arc GIS 9.3. Finally they concluded the capacity loss of
9.65.76% in 35 years.
III. . CONCLUSION
Various regions of India and also outside the country are
considered in this review of assessment of sedimentation.
Along with different types of terrains like semi-arid region,
sloping region, flat and hard rock are studied. To study about
the sedimentation of the reservoir many research papers,
articles, reports and books have been studied as motioned
above, it is found that modern GIS technique is good for
estimation of reservoir sedimentation as compared to
conventional method which seems to be more tedious and
time consuming because of the long procedure and
complicated equipment requirement. This methods give
results in short period of time, hence continues records can be
obtained. The various software tools of GIS used for
assessment of sedimentation are ILWIS, Accumplus,
SWAT, AGNPS, WEPP, USLE, RUSLE, Arc GIS,
EASI/PACE are used. Determination of sedimentation by
GIS technique is easy, economical, time saver and faster. So it
is the best way of doing short time study with lack of data,
manpower and hard manual work.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
128 www.erpublication.org
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