Distillation is the most important separation technology in the chemical process industry. More than 90% of separations are based on distillation.
Hybrid systems offer an interesting alternative in some difficult separations for distillation with either large number of theoretical trays; large heat loads or both.
Hybrid processes in separation operations are characterized by the combination of two unit operations.
Each unit operation itself is considered to be a separation process, but the combination generates special advantages.
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of products like solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of products like solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and e...Sanjeev Singh
This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
Reactive distillation – combining chemical reaction and distillationhitekengineers
The Reactive Distillation column has been developed to enjoy a number of specific advantages over the conventional system of reaction cum distillation processes. The reactive distillation is well known for its improved performance, better control of heat, a specificity to the sample, increased conversion rate, effective utilization of heat, and avoidance of azeotropes in the column. The column works on the principle of the vapor-liquid interaction, mass transfer rates, and on the diffuse and chemical kinetics that meant to enhance the efficiency and accuracy in distillations or other separation techniques involved in the extraction of the desired sample.
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
SME Technical Paper, Resin Transfer Molding for the Aerospace Industry Conference, Mar 18, 1990.
A versatile Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process for producing high quality aerospace composite laminates has been developed and demonstrated in this study. High-fiber-volume. low-void-content components have been fabricated with a standard high temperature prepregging epoxy resin. Control of process conditions,including temperature, pressure and flow rate has been developed. In addition, geometry changes in the mold have been incorporated to enhance laminate quality. Analytical programs for off-line and real-time process modelling and control have been developed. This modelling is based on the resin thermokinetics and viscosity behavior; and the time. temperature, pressure and flow history of the resin throughout the RTM delivery system and preform. Accurate resin gelation predictions were made and correlated experimental measurements inside the tooling. Also. flow tracking sensors have been designed and incorporated into the tooling to monitor resin propagation throughout the mold in real time during the RTM procedure. A process modeling and control workstation has been developed which utilizes the above hardware and software for optimizing process parameters. Hence, this workstation provides process control for development articles prior to costly process scale up.Several demonstration and process study articles were made incorporating flat and curved geometries. Non-destructive and subsequent mechanical testing indicates that the parts are equal to hand layup, autoclave-cured composites utilizing the same fiber and resin systems. This, combined with the potential through of the RTM process should provide lower cost processing alternatives to current manufacturing techniques for advanced composite structures.
This presentation includes information related to the different technologies used for preparation of micro-capsules and also their evaluation parameters.
plastic waste recycling for road constructionMahaswari Jogia
Plastic is boon for humans. As it is cheap, easy to transport, etc.
In a Survey it was found that a plastic can be long lasting more than 4000 years. It was good to know that life of plastic is more than any other packaging material.
Plastics, are versatile packing materials and commonly used by man but they become problem to the environment.
India consumption of Plastics will grow 178 lakh tonne by 2018* and is set to be the third largest consumer of plastics in the world.
formulation of first order linear and nonlinear 2nd order differential equationMahaswari Jogia
• Equations which are composed of an unknown function and its derivatives are called differential equations.
• Differential equations play a fundamental role in engineering because many physical phenomena are best formulated mathematically in terms of their rate of change.
• When a function involves one dependent variable, the equation is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
• A partial differential equation (PDE) involves two or more independent variables.
Figure 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
FIRST ORDER LINEAR AND NON LINEAR EQUATION:
A first order equation includes a first derivative as its highest derivative.
- Linear 1st order ODE:
Where P and Q are functions of x.
TYPES OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1. Separable Variable
2. Homogeneous Equation
3. Exact Equation
4. Linear Equation
i. SEPARABLE VARIABLE:
The first-order differential equation:
Is called separable provided that f(x,y) can be written as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
Suppose we can write the above equation as
We then say we have “separated” the variables. By taking h(y) to the LHS, the equation becomes:
Integrating, we get the solution as:
Where c is an arbitrary constant.
EXAMPLE 1.
Consider the DE :
Separating the variables, we get
Integrating we get the solution as:
Turning from discrete to continuous distributions, in this section we discuss the normal distribution. This is the most important continuous distribution because in applications many random variables are normal random variables (that is, they have a normal distribution) or they are approximately normal or can be transformed into normal random variables in a relatively simple fashion. Furthermore, the normal distribution is a useful approximation of more complicated distributions, and it also occurs in the proofs of various statistical tests.
Normal Distribution, also called Gaussian Distribution, is one of the widely used continuous distributions existing which is used to model a number of scenarios such as marks of students, heights of people, salaries of working people etc.
Each binomial distribution is defined by n, the number of trials and p, the probability of success in any one trial.
Each Poisson distribution is defined by its mean.
In the same way, each Normal distribution is identified by two defining characteristics or parameters: its mean and standard deviation.
The Normal distribution has three distinguishing features:
• It is unimodal, in other words there is a single peak.
• It is symmetrical, one side is the mirror image of the other.
• It is asymptotic, that is, it tails off very gradually on each side but the line representing the distribution never quite meets the horizontal axis
INTRODUCTION:
CATALYSIS :
Catalysis is an action by catalyst which takes part in a chemical reaction process and can alter the rate of reactions, and yet itself will return to its original form without being consumed or destroyed at the end of the reaction.
A substance which changes the speed of a reaction without being used itself is called a catalyst.
If а catalyst increases (accelerates) the speed of а reaction, it is called а positive catalyst and the phenomenon is called positive catalysis. On the other hand, if а catalyst decreases (retards) the speed of а reaction, it is called а negative catalyst and the phenomenon is called negative catalysis.
Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety
of purposes, such as:
- For manufacturing goods.
- For heating.
- For cooling.
- As carrier of raw material.
- As carrier of waste matter.
- As a solvent.
● The resulting water is then classified as a wastewater.
If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment system before a variety of biological, chemical, and physical treatment processes.
It is the process of adjusting the pH of water through the addition of an acid or a base, depending on the target pH and process requirements. Some processes such as boiler operations and drinking water standards need neutral water at a pH of 7.
The chemical industry is more diverse than virtually any other process industry. The process and manufacturing facilities are challenged to maintain in a highly competitive culture while facing continual scrutiny from the public and government to improve the safety of processes involving hazardous materials.
The major hazards encountered in the operation of the plant in the chemical industries are toxic and corrosive chemicals release, fires, explosions, falls and faulty mechanized equipments.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
introduction of condensation, what is it types etc. horizontal condenser, vertical condenser, process aplications, all examples related to the process,
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. DONE BY: MAHASWARI JOGIA
HYBRID PROCESS-PERVAPORATION
AND DISTILLATION.
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
2. CONTENTS
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
INTRODUCTION
DRAWBACKS OF DISTILLATION
PERVAPORATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERVAPORATION
MEMBRANE MATERIALS FOR PERVAPORATION
THEORY OF PERVAPORATION
HOW TO CONTROL PORE SIZE
HYBRID PROCESS AND APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
•Distillation is the most important separation technology in the chemical process ind
ustry. More than 90% of separations are based on distillation.
•Hybrid systems offer an interesting alternative in some difficult separations for disti
llation with either large number of theoretical trays; large heat loads or both.
•Hybrid processes in separation operations are characterized by the combination of t
wo unit operations.
•Each unit operation itself is considered to be a separation process, but the combinat
ion generates special advantages.
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
4. •Distillation is a conventional liquid mixture separation technology based on their boiling p
oints.
Disadvantages of distillation
Difficult to separate liquids mixtures which the components have similar boiling point (azeo
tropes).
Advance in technology
Pervaporation can be used for breaking azeotropes.
Pervaporation-distillation hybrid system leads to a clean technology and offer potential savi
ngs in energy because of reduced thermal and pressure requirements.
DRAWBACKS OF THE EXISTING
METHOD: (DISTILLATION)
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
5. PERVAPORATION
•Pervaporation is the separation of liquid mixtures by partial vaporization
through a membrane.
•Pervaporation involves the separation of two or more components across a
membrane by differing rates of diffusion through a thin polymer and an eva
porative phase change.
•Pervaporation is a separation technology allowing dehydration of azeotrop
e forming solvents which cannot be easily dried using distillation.
•Pervaporation membranes are non-porous
•Molecules with higher affinity will be adsorbed and diffused through the m
embrane while the lower affinity will be retained back.
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERVAPORATION
•Three-step process: solution-diffusion-evaporation.
•Operate at low pressure and ambient temperature.
•No additional chemicals required for separation.
•Process is simple and easy to automate which reduces personnel costs.
•Increased product quality
•relatively low permeate fluxes and the usually low condensation temperatures
•Separation of azeotropes
•dehydrate a wide variety of chemicals
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
8. MEMBRANE MATERIALS FOR
PERVAPORATION:
To develop the membranes three main aspects need to be consider
ed:
(i) membrane productivity.
(ii) membrane selectivity.
(iii) membrane stability.
1) MEMBRANE PRODUCTIVITY:
- measure of the quantity of a component that permeates through a
specific area of membrane surface in a given unit of time.
- It is characterized by permeation flux J. this depends on the intrinsic per
meability and thickness of membrane 25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
9. 2) MEMBRANE SELECTIVITY:
- For a mixture composed of components A and B the selectivity of the mem
brane depends on separation factor(α).
- X and Y are the molar fraction of permeable A.
-α is independent of concentration.
- α = 1 then no separation occurs
- α = ∞ then membrane becomes perfectly “semi permeable”
3) MEMBRANE STABILITY:
-Ability of a membrane to maintain both the permeability and selectivity un
der specific system conditions for period of time.
-Affected by chemical, mechanical, thermal properties of membrane25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
10. THEORY OF PERVAPORATION:
Mainly there are stages through which permeation occurs:
1. Diffusion of the component through the liquid boundary layer to the membrane surface
2. Sorption/diffusion into the membrane
3. Transport through the membrane
4. Diffusion through the vapor phase boundary layer into the bulk of the permeance.
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
11. HOW TO CONTROL PORE SIZE?
Methods used to create membrane pores are:
Sintering
Stretching
Casting
Leaching
Nucleation track
Variables that affect pore size:
-Membrane materials
-Different solvents used and casting solution
-Temperature of casting solution
25/5/2017
CHEMICAL ENGG DEPT,DSCE
12. HYBRID DISTILLATION-PERVAPORATION
PROCESS:
•To maximize the productivity of the separation process a membrane based h
ybrid system is developed.
•Membrane technologies have recently emerged as an additional category of s
eparation processes to the well-established mass transport processes.
•Separation of azeotropic solutions.
•Dehydration of aqueous-organic solutions using hydrophilic/organophilic me
mbrane.
•Lowers cost like capital, production costs, and reduce energy requirements
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17. CONCLUSION
•A large number of membrane separation processes are currently being practised in various
sectors of industries.
•Membrane processes often suffer shortcomings when used individually.
•To overcome such limitations, membrane-based hybrid processes have been developed to
maximize the productivity.
•A hybrid process tries to exploit the advantages of both the processes, while minimizing the
negative aspects.
•Pervaporation is an emerging membrane separation process. More recently, the hybrid pro
cesses integrating pervaporation with other variable liquid separating technologies are gaini
ng momentum.
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18. REFERENCES
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•Hybrid Process (Pervaporation-Distillation): A Review Syed Akhlaq Ahmad, Sohail Rasool Lone, International Journal of Scientific & E
ngineering Research Volume 3, Issue 5, May-2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518
•HYBRID PROCESS BY SIEMENS, Engineering & Consulting,team-ec.industry@siemens.com
•Optimal synthesis of batch separation processes,Taj Barakat and Eva Sørensen University College London, iCPSE Consortium Meeting,
Atlanta, 30-31 March 2006
•Review on Pervaporation: Theory, Membrane Performance,and Application to Intensification of Esterification Reaction, Ghoshna Jyoti,
Amit Keshav, and J. Anandkumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India,HINDAWI
JOURNALS.
•Hybrid Process of Reactive Distillation and Pervaporation for the Production of Tert-amyl Ethyl Ether Amornchai Arpornwichanop1,*,
Ukrit Sahapatsombud2, Yaneeporn Patcharavorachot1 and Suttichai Assabumrungrat2, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16(1)
100—103 (2008)
•Design of Hybrid Distillation-Vapor Membrane Separation Systems.Jose A. Caballero*; Ignacio E. Grossmann **; Majid Keyvani+; Elle
n S. Lenz+* Department of Chemical Engineering University of Alicante. Ap Correos 99, 03080 Alicante,Spain.** Department of Chemica
l Engineering, Carnergie Mellon University.. 5000 Forbes Av. 15213Pittsburgh, PA, USA++ Lyondell Chemical Company, 3801 West Ches
ter Pike. Newton Square, PA 19073.
