2. Hybrid Power System Examples:
“Communications”
Carol Spring Mtn., AZ Mt. Home AFB, ID
Test Ban Treaty Monitoring,
Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica
3. Hybrid Power Systems
• Hybrid power systems use local renewable
resource to provide power.
• Village hybrid power systems can range in size
from small household systems (100 Wh/day) to
ones supplying a whole area (10’s MWh/day).
• They combine many technologies to provide
reliable power that is tailored to the local
resources and community.
• Potential components include: PV, wind, micro-
hydro, river-run hydro, biomass, batteries and
conventional generators.
4. Agricultural Water Pumping
• Livestock watering at the Bledsoe Ranch Colorado,
USA
• PV, Mechanical
wind and diesel
backup solves
problems with
seasonal
variations in
resource
NEOS Corporation
5. Home Power Systems
• Systems do not have a dispatchable backup
generator like most hybrids
• Very simple architecture:
– Turbine, PV, Disconnects, Batteries
– DC Loads or AC power through an inverter
• Primarily PV dominated for small loads, wind
has potential at larger loads.
• In many instances a combination of PV and
wind make most sense
• Can vary in size, power output
7. Energy Flow for all Renewable Hybrid
Power sources and sinks,
0.2
Wind
0.15
Load
kW
0.1
0.05
Solar
0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
1
3
5
7
9
Hour of the day
Battery SOC, %
100
50
0
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
1
3
5
7
9
Hour of day
8. Single Home Systems/mini-grids
• Chipepte, Mexico
– Windseeker 503
– 1000Ah, 12V, “No
maintenance” Battery Bank
– < 100W DC Loads
• Pez Maya, Mexico
– 2 AIR Marine 403 turbines
– 1000Ah, 12V, “No
maintenance” Battery Bank
– 1100W inverter
– power to a small mini-grid Pez Maya
for homes and cottages
9. Village Scale Power Systems
• Larger, village scale power systems can
further be distinguished into two sizes.
– Micro-grids
– Mini-grids
• All have the same feature that they are
centrally located and used by the whole
community or area through a common
distribution system
10. Micro-grid System Architecture
Wind Turbine
Guyed Lattice Tower
Turbine Disconnect
PV Charge PV Array
Controller
Turbine Controller
DC Source Center
Generator
(optional)
Battery Bank DC Loads AC Loads Inverter (bi-directional optional)
11. Micro-Grid Power Systems
• Small systems with demands up to
~100kWh/day load (15 kW peak load)
• Components of wind, PV, batteries and
conventional generators
• Provide AC and potentially DC power
• Use of batteries to store renewable energy for
use at night or low renewable times
• Generator used as backup power supply
• Mature market
12. Energy Flow for Small Hybrid
30.0
Diesel
25.0
20.0
Power, kW
15.0
Load
10.0
5.0
Wind
0.0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of day
Battery SOC, %
100%
50%
0%
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
1
3
5
7
9
Hour of day
13. Sunwize Power System
• Whisper 3000 wind turbine
• 1.8 kW PV (Siemens)
• 5.8 kW diesel generator
• 25.6kWh battery bank
• 2-SW4048 4kW inverters
14. Santa Cruz Island, California, USA
• Remote Telecommunications station
• Power System
– PV array
– Two wind
turbines
– No Backup
generator
• Vary costly
access/site visits
• Remote operation
and monitoring of Northern Power Systems
system
15. Mini-Grid Power Systems
• Larger systems with demands up to
~700kWh/day load (100 kW peak load)
• Same components used as in Micro-Grids,
just more of them and larger
• Use of batteries to store renewable energy for
use at times of light loading
• Generator used to supply large loads
• Mature market though fewer examples
• Provide AC power
16. Parallel System - Smaller Diesel
20
18
Both
16
Wind Diesel
diesel and
14
inverter
Power, kW
12
10
8
needed to
Load
6 cover the
4
2 maximum
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 load.
Hour of day
Both units
Battery SOC, %
100% run
50%
0%
together.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day
17. Switched System - Larger Diesel
30
Both
25
Diesel diesel and
20
inverter
Power, kW
Wind
15
sized to
10
5
Load cover the
0
complete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
load. Only
one runs
Battery SOC, %
100%
50%
at a time.
0% c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day
18. Village power system in Joanes, Brazil
Remote village
the Island of
Marajo
50kW Power
System
– PV array
– Four wind
turbines
– Backup Northern Power Systems
generator
Power system used to support local grid
19. Hybrid Power System Examples:
“Parks”
Sleeping Bear Dunes Nat.
Lakeshore, MI (11 kW)
Farallon Island, CA,
US Fish & Wildlife Svc. (9 kW)
Dangling Rope Marina, Lake Powell, UT (160 kW PV/Propane)
20. Hybrid Power System Examples:
Xcalac, Mexico
ly
el On
Di es
on
ni ng
Run
N ow
60 kW Wind, 12 kW PV, 40 kW Inverter
21. Hybrid Power System Examples:
Campinas, Brazil
50 kW PV
50 kVA Inverter
300 kWh Batteries
22. San Juanico, Mexico
Remote fishing & tourism community of 400 people
San Juanico
Power System
• 17 kW PV
• 70 kW wind
• 80 kW diesel generator
• 100 kW power converter/controller
• Advanced monitoring system
23. Wind-Diesel Power Systems
• Larger systems with demands over ~ 100 kW
peak load us to many MW
• Based on an AC bus configurations
• Batteries, if used, store power to cover short
lulls in wind power
• Both small and large renewable penetration
designs available
• Large potential mature with fewer examples
• Provide AC power
24. Wind-Diesel System Penetration Ranges
Low Medium High
Peak <50% 50 – 100% 100 – 400%
Instantaneous
Annual <20 20 – 50% 50 – 150 %
Average
Commercial Fully Well proven System
status utilized Fully commercial prototype
Multiple use Operating
Examples Denmark, San Clemente, CA St. Paul
Greece Kotzebue, Ak Wales Ak
Coyaique, Chile
25. Diesel Only Power System
System Controller 100
80
Diesel Gensets
Power
60
40
20
0
0 6 12 18 24
-20
Time
Village Load
26. Low Penetration wind/diesel system
Wind Turbine 100
Diesel Gensets 80
60
Power
40
20
0
0 6 12 18 24
-20
System Controller
Time
Village Load
27. Multiple diesel plants with control
In multiple
1500
diesel systems
the diesels may
Power Sinks Power Sources
1000
be dispatched 500
to take
0
advantage of
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
the renewable -500
energy. -1000
Requires
-1500
automatic Hour of Day
diesel control. Load, kW Wind power Dsl #1Power Dsl #2 Power
28. Ascension Island
• U.S. Air Force
installation on
British island in
mid-Atlantic
ocean.
• Prime diesel
generation with
rotary
interconnect to
British 50 hertz
system
Four NEG-Micon 225 kW
turbines installed in 1996.
31. Wind/Diesel with short term storage
300
250
Wind • Diesel used to
200
150
Load
provide power
100
to system
Power, kW
50
0 when the wind
1
13
25
37
49
61
73
85
97
109
121
133
145
157
169
181
193
-50
-100
can not cover
-150
Battery power (Charging is negative)
load.
-200
-250 • Battery used
Time, minutes
to fill short
250
200
gaps in or to
i e oe W
start diesel
Dslpw,k
r
150
100
e
50
0
1
3
5
7
9
1
3
5
7
19
11
13
15
17
19
11
13
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
0
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
Time, minutes
32. Wales Alaska Wind Diesel System
High penetration
system
• 80kW average load
with 130kW of wind
power
• Short term battery
storage
• Resistive loads used
for heating and hot
water
33. Wales
Alaska
Wind Turbines
(Induction, Stall-Regulated)
2 X 65 KW = 130 KW
Diesel #1
142 kW
Diesel #2
DC AC 75 kW
Battery Bank
Rotary Converter
240 VDC, 130 Ah
156 kVA
~30 kWh Diesel #3
Secondary Load 148 kW
Controllers
School Heating
System
Resistance
Heaters
Diesel
Plant
Hydronic Primary Village Load
Loop
40-120 kW
35. Wind Diesel without Storage
100
When the wind power
is larger than the 80
load by some margin 60
- Diesel is shut off.
• Frequency controlled 40
by dump load 20
• Voltage controlled by 0
0 6 12 18 24
condenser
-20
Red = Diesel
Blue = Load
Green = Windpower
36. St. Paul Alaska, USA
Island in the middle of the Bering Sea
Peak load of 160kW
Cost of Power, + $0.21/kWh
Waste energy used for heating
37. St. Paul Power System
• 225 kW Wind Turbine
• 2 x 150 kW Diesel Gensets
• Digital Engine Controls
• NPS Components
– System Controllers/
RemoteView™
– Synchronous Condenser
– Heating and Thermal Plant
– Integrated Shelter
– Dump Load Regulator
38. Key Points of Large Hybrid Systems
• Differences in Energy Storage
– Long term energy storage: Larger battery bank to transfer
energy from one time to another. Order of hours.
– Short term power storage: Energy used for very short
periods to provide grid stability and allow controlled diesel
engine starting. Order of minutes.
• Power Quality issues
• System Control
– DSP based advanced control is required
39. Power Balancing Alternatives
• Control wind generation: mechanical pitch
control, electronic control, individual machine
switching in multiple machine windfarms.
• Dispatchable Loads: Installations of controllable
incremental loads like resistance heating to
consume extra power.
• Load shedding where non-critical loads are
temporarily shut off to quickly reduce system
load.
40. More Power Control Alternatives
• Back-driving the diesel generator, a process
where power is actually put into the generator to
overcome the generator losses while keeping the
generation running so that it can be loaded
quickly. Installing systems, like block heaters, to
allow quick starting of generators.
• Installation of a synchronous condenser or rotary
converter, which is used to produce reactive
power
• Installation of a capacitor bank to smooth out
rapid power transients and partially correct the
systems power factor
41. Conclusions
• Lots of options for the configuration of hybrid
systems - Depend on load, resource, and costs.
• Medium penetration wind-diesel systems are
operating in various isolated locations around the
world. Instantaneous wind penetration levels
exceeding 50% of load are common.
• Several high penetration systems, with and
without energy storage, have been successfully
demonstrated.
• High penetration systems are capable of
prolonged diesel-off operation.
42. CPC’s 5 to 25kWe
Small Modular Biopower System
Alaminos, Philippines
April 2, 2001
43. Village Power Hybrids
Simulation Models for Options Analysis
Wind
PV
Inverter
Diesel losses
Fuel Cell
Rectifier
Bio-Power
DC Bus
AC Bus
Wind
losses
µ-Hydro µ-Turbines
losses
Dump Battery
Load Load Bank
losses
Rate Structure
