Hybrid vehicles use both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to propel the vehicle. They are classified as series, parallel, or series-parallel hybrids depending on how the engine and motor are connected. While not zero-emission, hybrids can cut emissions by one-third to one-half compared to gas-only vehicles. This helps address issues of fuel efficiency, emissions, and fossil fuel dependency. In India, the FAME subsidy scheme promotes electric and hybrid vehicles, though hybrids remain more expensive than EVs, partly due to higher GST rates. Popular hybrid models available in India include the Toyota Prius, BMW i8, and Mercedes C-Class hybrids.

2. INTRODUCTION.
•In an era where energy conservation is a developing “trend” not only
among the learned but also among the ordinary responsible citizens.
•Fuel efficiency along with minimum pollution has become the
benchmark for any new automobile.
•In the same context “hybrid cars” come as the latest trend though the
hybrid car is not a new concept but it has gain popularity in recent years.

3. SO WHAT IS A HYBRID VEHICLE ?
•Hybrid vehicle is one that uses two different method to propel the
vehicle
•A Hybrid Electric Vehicle, abbreviated HEV uses both an internal
combustion engine and an electric motor to propel the vehicle..
•Most hybrid vehicles use a high voltage battery pack and a combination
of electric motor and generator to help or assist a gasoline engine.
• If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all.

4. GLOBAL-WARMING: STILL AN ISSUE.
•Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) are not zero-emission vehicles.
•But it will cut down the emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third
to a half. (between 1/3 to 1/2)
•It is expected that the future models of HEV may cut these emissions
down by even more.

5. SO WHY HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
•To tackle the charging points problem.
•Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (almost twice).
•Emissions are greatly decreased.
•Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
•Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
•Less to no need for charging points.

6. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HEV
•The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are generally classified as :-
Series Hybrid design
Parallel Hybrid design
Series-Parallel Hybrid designs

7. SERIES HYBRID DESIGN
•Working
The Internal combustion engine will
rotate the generator.
The generator will create electricity and
it will be stored in battery as well as
used to run the motor.
The motor will be connected to the axel
and lead to motion of vehicle.
BMW i3 with Range Extender is one of the series-hybrid by BMW

8. PARALLEL HYBRID DESIGN
• Working
 Both Internal combustion engine and electric
motor/generator are connected on a common
transmission.
 The IC engine will initially run the car as well
as the generator and charge the battery.
 After the battery is charged or certain speed
is achieved the IC engine will switch of and
the car will run on electric motor.
 When the battery gets drain the IC engine will
take over again and run the vehicle till the
battery is charged.
Honda Insight. is one of the Parallel-hybrid by Honda

9. SERIES- PARALLEL HYBRID DESIGN
•Working
Here there is a power split device
which splits mechanical power and it is
used to run the vehicles well as charge
the battery through generator.
So the vehicle here run on both IC
engine as well as on electricity
simultaneously.
Toyota Prius, Ford Escape and Fusion are some the series-parallel hybrid Vehicals.

10. OTHER FORMS OF HEV
•The other forms of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are:-
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
Micro-Hybrid

11. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV)
•A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle
whose battery can be recharged
by plugging it into an external
source of electric power, as well by
its on-board engine and generator.

12. MICRO-HYBRID
•A micro hybrid vehicle uses what's called a "start-stop
system," where regenerative braking technology helps to stop
a combustion engine when the vehicle pulls to a stop, and to
restart it when the driver accelerates.

13. HYBRID VEHICLES & INDIA
•The FAME India (Faster Adoption and Manufacture of (Hybrid and Electric
Vehicles) Scheme was launched by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and
Public Enterprises in 2015 to incentivize the production and promotion of
eco-friendly vehicles including electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.
• FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. Main
thrust of FAME is to encourage electric vehicles by providing subsidies.
Vehicles in most segments – two wheelers, three wheelers, electric and
hybrid cars and electric buses obtained the subsidy benefit of the
scheme.

14. HYBRID VEHICLES & INDIA
•Different models of HEV are available currently in India but the
major issue is its high Price.
•Also HEV’s were initially placed under 28% GST slabs were as
the Electric vehicles were at 12% GST slab which made it
more costly.

15. HEV’S AVAILABLE IN INDIA
•Some of the top 2018 models of HEV’s in India are
•BMW i8
•Toyota Yaris Hybrid
•Mercedes C-Class C300h
•Toyota Prius
•Volkswagen Golf GTI