The document provides an overview of the key components of a computer, highlighting their functions and interconnections. It describes the computer case, motherboard, CPU, RAM, expansion slots, graphics card, sound card, storage devices, power supply, and input/output devices, explaining how they work together to ensure efficient operation. It emphasizes the importance of each component in the overall performance and functionality of a computer system.

1. Parts of a Computer

3. COMPUTER CASE
It is usually designed in such a manner to make
fitting a motherboard, wiring, and drives as easy
as possible. Some are designed so well that it is
easy to make everything look tidy and presentable
too.
Design elements can vary from being plain to
highly elaborate. You can get a plain grey desktop
case or one with colored lighting everywhere to
make it look spectacular.
Computer cases rely on computer fans inside
them to create proper airflow to keep all the
internal parts cool and working reliably.

4. Its function involves integrating all the physical components
to communicate and operate together.
This allows all the components to operate efficiently and to
fulfill their maximum potential as they were designed to do.
The MOTHERBOARD is the main board
that is screwed directly inside the
computer case. All other cards and
everything else plugs directly into the
motherboard, hence its name. The
CPU, RAM, drives, power supply, and
more are connected to it.

5. The CPU or CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT is basically like the brain of
computer systems. It processes all the
information on a computational level.
It takes all the processes from the RAM
and processes it to perform the tasks
required by the computer system.
The central processing unit is usually seated in a socket that utilizes
a lever or a latch with a hinged plate with a cut out in the center to
secure the central processing unit onto the motherboard.
It has many copper pads underneath it for the socket contacts to
push up against them to make electrical contact.

6. RAM or RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
is a data storage device that can provide
fast read and write access. RAM is volatile
memory, meaning it loses all the stored
data when power is lost.
The RAM keeps data ready for the CPU to
process. The RAM speed is a big contributor
to the overall speed of a computer system.
It plugs directly into a long slot that has contacts on either side of the
slot. RAM has evolved like any other component. RAM used on
the motherboard often uses DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM
(Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) type memory.

7. Expansion Slot
Alternatively referred to as a bus slot or expansion port,
an expansion slot is connection or port located inside a computer
on the motherboard or riser board that allows a computer
hardware expansion card to be connected. For example, if you
wanted to install a new video card in the computer, you’d purchase
a video expansion card and install that card into the compatible
expansion slot.
Many of the below expansion card slots are obsolete.You’re most
likely only going to encounter AGP, PCI, and PCI Express when
working with computers today.

8. Three different types of expansion slots: PCI Express, PCI, and AGP.
PCI – Network card, SCSI, Sound card, Video card
PCI Express – Video card
AGP – Video card
ISA – Network card, Sound card, Video card
AMR – Modem, Sound card
CNR – Modem, Network card, Sound card
EISA – SCSI, Network card, Video card
VESA – Video card

11. A GRAPHICS CARD is an output device
that processes the data from the
motherboard and sends the
appropriate information to the
computer’s screen for display.
You can connect monitors to it using
HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI, or VGA
connectors.
It can also be referred to as a video or display card. A video card
takes the burden of all the video processing from the main CPU. This
gives a computer a big boost in performance. Because of the large
processing requirements for a gaming GPU, fans are almost a given.

12. A video card plugs into a PCI Express (Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express) slot on the motherboard. It is a serial expansion bus
slot capable of high bandwidth in two directions.
A graphics card has a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), the main part of a
computer system that requires cooling.
A graphics processing unit is slower than a CPU but is designed to deal with
mathematical operations required for video rendering.
Video cards use GDDR (Graphics Double Data Rate) SDRAM(Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory) , which is specially designed to optimize
graphics performance.
GDDR is built to handle a higher bandwidth compared to plain DDR ram

13. Most of the time, the sound chip
built into the motherboard is used
for audio output. But, if you are a
sound enthusiast or prefer high-
quality audio output while playing a
game, you might be inclined to use a
SOUND CARD.
Sound cards plug into a computer in multiple ways. It can be through
USB, PCI slot, or PCI Express x 1 slot. External DACs (Digital-to-Analog
Converter) have gained much more popularity and help deliver
clearer and more defined audio or high-definition sound output.

14. They connect up using an IO cable like a USB cable to your computer
or laptop and provide a line out for your speakers or headphones. A
sound processing chip on the card does all of the audio processing and
is usually not a very powerful processor. A sound card can offer a wide
range of connectivity with various audio equipment. A DAC sends the
converted analog signals to an amplifier. For those of us who value
great sound, it often isn't. By opting for an external, or outboard, DAC,
you can enjoy sound quality that's far superior to what your device's
sound card produces.

15. A HARD DRIVE is still found in most
computers to this day. It’s usually a
mechanical drive that stores all the data.
Apart from storing data, it can also be used
as a boot drive to run the operating system
from it. You can install operating systems of
many different kinds depending on your
needs.
One bump the wrong way can destroy a whole drive. A mechanical
hard drive contains one or more platters that spin anywhere between
5200 to 10000 RPM (revolutions per minute). They can also be
purchased as an external drive that usually connects to your computer
by USB cable.

16. An SSD (Solid State Drive) is also a type of
hard drive, but it doesn’t have any moving
parts. It consists of a bank of flash memory
that can hold a reasonable amount of data.
While SSDs are increasing in size all the
time, they aren’t cost-effective for storing
large amounts of data.

17. A POWER SUPPLY UNIT mounts inside
the computer case. This converts the
AC mains supply from the power cord
from a wall socket and supplies the
correct DC voltages to all the
components inside the computer.
A computer power supply supplies the following voltages:
+3.3v: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard.
+5V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard and other computer
hardware.
+12V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard and other components.
-12V: This voltage is supplied to the motherboard.

18. It plays an important role in keeping a computer running reliably.
You get different wattage ratings for power supplies. The higher the
wattage, the higher the electrical current that can be made
available to many other parts that need it in order to function
properly.
The higher you go in Watts, the more the power supply will be likely
to cost.
A power supply also comes with its own cooling fan. This helps all
the internal components to stay cool when the power supply is
subjected to bigger loads.

19. A MONITOR is an output device used
to visualize the graphics data sent from
the computer’s GPU.
There are various types of monitors on
the market. A LED (Light Emitting
Diode) and backlit LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) monitor is the most commonly
used with modern computers.
There are also various computer screen sizes with different aspect
ratios. The aspect ratio is simply the ratio between height and width.
For example, a 16:9 aspect ratio computer screen will have 16 parts
wide to 9 parts in height.

20. A KEYBOARD is an input device that is one of the ways to
communicate with a computer. Typing a key from the keyboard
sends a small portion of data to tell the computer which key was
pressed.
Once the computer receives input from the keyboard, it can use the
keystrokes in digital form to produce a specific task in any software
that’s being used.

21. MOUSE is an input device that allows the
user to move a pointer displayed on the
monitor and experience a more intuitive
interaction with computer systems.
These days mice have more buttons than
the common three.
However, the three main buttons allow the user to select, grab,
scroll and access extra menus and options.
A computer mouse is a handy pointing device that can be wired or
wireless. The latter obviously requires batteries.
Optical mice of today allow for very accurate precision and smooth
movement.

23. Basic Part of Computer

24. A computer device is made up of various
elements which help in its effective functioning
and processing. There are five basic
components of the computer which help in
making this processing of data easier and
convenient.

25. Components of a computer system are the primary elements
which make the functioning of an electronic device smooth
and faster. There are five basic components which include:
1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Memory Unit
4. Control Unit
5. Arithmetical and Logical Unit

27. 1. Input Unit
A computer will only respond when a command is given to the
device. These commands can be given using the input unit or
the input devices. Ex. Using a keyboard, we can type things on
a Notepad and the computer processes the entered data and
then displays the output of the same of the screen.
The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet,
images, etc. We enter the information using an input device,
the processing units convert it into computer understandable
languages and then the final output is received by a human-
understandable language.

28. 2. Output Unit
When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts
for the action performed and gives us a result. This result is
called output. There are various output devices connected to
the computer. The most basic of which is a monitor. Whatever
we write using a keyboard or click using a mouse, is all
displayed on the monitor.
Thus, the output unit gives us the final result once the entire
processing is done within the mechanism of a device.

29. For example: when we visit an ATM, we enter our details like
language, pin, amount to be withdrawn, etc. and then the final
money which the cash dispenser releases is our outcome. In
this case, the cash dispenser acts as an output unit.

30. 3. Memory Unit
When we enter the data into the computer using an input
device, the entered information immediately gets saved in the
memory unit of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Because
of the presence of some existing programming, the Memory
Unit transmits the data further to the other parts of the CPU.
Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by
the computer, it is saved in the memory unit before giving the
output to the user.

31. 4. Control Unit
This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of
the computer device. It is one of the most essential
components of the computer system.
The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input
unit, leads it on for processing and once that is done, receives
the output and presents it to the user. It can be said to the
centre of all processing actions taking place inside a computer
device.

32. Basically, the instructions taken, interpretation of entered data,
issuing signals to execute the data and then finally retrieving
the data is all done in the Control Unit.

33. 5. Arithmetic & Logical Unit
As the name suggests, all the mathematical calculations or
arithmetic operations are performed in the Arithmetic and
Logical Unit of the CPU.
It can also perform actions like a comparison of data and
decision-making actions. The ALU comprises circuits using
which addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other
numerical based calculations can be performed.

34. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit is the core of any
computer devices. It comprises three major
components of the computer which have been
discussed above:
Memory Unit
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logical Unit

35. All these three units are elements of CPU and together
help in the efficient working and processing of data. It is
also known as the “Brain of Computer” and no action can
be conducted by a device without the execution and
permission of the Central Processing Unit.
The device is a close-knit circuit comparison
microprocessor which helps in fetching the data and
proving suitable results to the user. Thus, CPU is the main
processing unit of the computer.

36. All these three units are elements of CPU and together
help in the efficient working and processing of data. It is
also known as the “Brain of Computer” and no action can
be conducted by a device without the execution and
permission of the Central Processing Unit.
The device is a close-knit circuit comparison
microprocessor which helps in fetching the data and
proving suitable results to the user. Thus, CPU is the main
processing unit of the computer.