The document provides 7 tips for ensuring accurate HVAC load calculations:
1. Manual calculations are needed rather than rules of thumb, as homes are more energy efficient.
2. Gather all relevant home specifications and plans upfront.
3. Test the home if any specs are unknown, such as insulation values.
4. Follow the Manual J process carefully.
5. Changing one aspect of the HVAC system changes the whole system design.
6. An oversized system can lead to inefficient operation and occupant discomfort.
7. Consider all factors that impact load - design, thermal enclosure, and internal loads.
Weather can affect the performance of HVAC Systems. But there are ways to ensure that it will remain running smoothly despite the changes outside the home or commercial property.
A facilities managers guide to achieving adaptive thermal comfort for occupants21 Handshake
How comfortable is your Chicago building? According to ASHRAE, a building has achieved optimal thermal comfort when a minimum of 80 percent of the occupants are satisfied with the indoor environmental conditions, but how do you determine if 80 percent of the individuals in your building are comfortable? This can be a tough question to answer. Thankfully, there are factors you can consider when it comes to improving the indoor comfort of your building.
A professional energy assessment (audit) provides an analysis of the safety and efficiency of your home’s airflow and heating/cooling systems. Undiagnosed air leaks, inadequate insulation, improper ventilation, faulty combustion appliances and leaky gas pipes not only waste energy and money, but can also cause health and safety problems.
Therefore, a professional energy assessment should be part of every homeowner’s building maintenance and should be repeated whenever major improvements are made (such as room additions, attic/basement remodeling, multiple new windows) to ensure the house maintains proper ventilation and air sealing.
Weather can affect the performance of HVAC Systems. But there are ways to ensure that it will remain running smoothly despite the changes outside the home or commercial property.
A facilities managers guide to achieving adaptive thermal comfort for occupants21 Handshake
How comfortable is your Chicago building? According to ASHRAE, a building has achieved optimal thermal comfort when a minimum of 80 percent of the occupants are satisfied with the indoor environmental conditions, but how do you determine if 80 percent of the individuals in your building are comfortable? This can be a tough question to answer. Thankfully, there are factors you can consider when it comes to improving the indoor comfort of your building.
A professional energy assessment (audit) provides an analysis of the safety and efficiency of your home’s airflow and heating/cooling systems. Undiagnosed air leaks, inadequate insulation, improper ventilation, faulty combustion appliances and leaky gas pipes not only waste energy and money, but can also cause health and safety problems.
Therefore, a professional energy assessment should be part of every homeowner’s building maintenance and should be repeated whenever major improvements are made (such as room additions, attic/basement remodeling, multiple new windows) to ensure the house maintains proper ventilation and air sealing.
Improvements in building efficiency can significantly reduce carbon emissions and are an intrinsic component in greenhouse gas reduction targets. The Passive House concept provides a framework for high-performance building that is growing in popularity in Canada, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The Passive House standard requires its buildings to achieve specific performance values for heating energy use intensity, total energy use intensity, spatial temperature variation, heat recovery ventilation performance and air leakage rate. The promised co-benefits of Passive Houses include superior thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Passive House design is not prescriptive and can incorporate many different design aspects. The wall assembly is no exception. This paper evaluates the hygrothermal performance of a deep-stud wall assembly of a Passive House in Victoria, BC, with regards to moisture durability. The concern with deep or doublestud wall assemblies is the combined effects of reduced drying with wall configurations that place moisture sensitive materials in riskier locations. Consequently, enclosure monitoring was undertaken in an occupied six-plex over the period of one year.
The enclosure monitoring sensor packages were installed in strategic locations in the wall assembly to monitor the conditions of the assembly. The assemblies were evaluated based on the results of an empirical mold risk index. The wall assembly appears to perform acceptably, with minor concerns of mold growth on the North wall. Air leakage is a significant concern for cavity insulated walls, but the airtightness requirements of Passive house minimize this risk.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Christy Love, EIT LEED AP BD+C, is a Senior Project Engineer at RDH Building Science. This presentation was given at the 2016 Passive House Northwest Conference.
The North Park Passive House, a 6-unit strata project located in Victoria BC, was occupied in September 2015. It is the first market strata-title certified Passive House development in Canada.
While well-established elsewhere, the potential benefits of Passive House and other low energy design approaches are not as well understood in Canada, and there are limited data on the actual performance of low energy residential buildings in various Canadian climates.
To address this gap, RDH, in partnership with the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Homeowner Protection Office of BC Housing, and FP Innovations, is undertaking detailed quantitative and qualitative performance measurement of the North Park Passive House. The intent of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for a Passive House project in the coastal BC climate.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the scope of the research and what we hope to learn from it.
- Understand preliminary results about how the building is performing in terms of comfort, air quality, and energy use, via measured data collected within select suites and qualitative interviews with occupants.
- Understand and interpret preliminary results of how the building enclosure is performing.
- Learn tips and share lessons learned about undertaking this type of research.
Building Enclosures of the Future - Building Tomorrow's Buildings TodayRDH Building Science
- Trends and Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Whole Building Energy Efficiency
- New BCBC & VBBL Building & Energy Code Updates
- Effective R-values & Insulation Behaviour
- Highly Insulated Walls – Alternate Assemblies & New Cladding Attachment Strategies
- Highly Insulated Low-Slope Roofs – Insulation Strategies & New Research into Conventional Roofs
Piper Plumbing is a reputed company in Edmonton that provides complete heating, drainage, and plumbing solutions in Edmonton. It has been helping its customers improve their plumbing and heating systems. From Minor repair to installation of a plumbing system, they use latest tools and technologies to perform repair, installation and inspection operations.
NBEC 2014 - Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Introduction & Background
- Testing and Measurement Program
- Measured Ventilation Rates (PFT testing)
- Cause of Ventilation Rates
- Extension of Study Findings
- Conclusions & Recommendations
While building green is a popular subject, I have found that every person is more concerned with their own electric bill. Consider this, we are a society that will park our cars in the shade and yet build our homes in the sun. This presentation will include the six main design features that affect utility costs and by the way, insulation is not number 1.
Conventional Roofing Assemblies: Measuring the Thermal Benefits of Light to D...RDH Building Science
Presentation Overview:
• Conventional Roofing Designs
and Current Issues
• Conventional Roofing Field
Monitoring and Research
Program
• Measured Insulation Performance
• Selecting Roofing Membrane
Color and Insulation Strategy for
Optimum Energy Efficiency
• Case Studies
Home fire sprinklers save lives and property. Here, the barriers and incentives related to their installation. For more information visit www.firesprinklerinitiative.org
Participants will:
1. Learn about approaches to identifying, quantifying, and investigating IGU performance problems and how results needed can inform the investigation tools/processes used.
2. Learn about the unique design challenges with replacing structurally glazed IGUs and how those challenges were overcome.
3. Learn how quality assurance procedures can be used to deliver innovative products that meet performance expectations.
4. Learn about how building enclosure repair implementation can be as challenging as figuring out how to repair the damaged building enclosure component.
Saving gas and money at industrial bakery through statistical analysis: quick...GreenQ Partners
Statistical analysis of natural gas consumption at an industrial bakery has revealed numerous saving opportunities that management was not aware of. Energy manager said Wow. Similar analysis can be done anywhere in the world for any repetitive process.
Texas Tech University - Energy Data and the Transition from Deferred Maintena...FMA Summits
Texas Tech University has reduced its energy use index by 37% since FY2000. The successful measures were implemented during a time frame in which the energy data infrastructure has been gradually upgraded to effect a paradigm shift from deferred maintenance to persistent commissioning. This presentation discusses analytic methods that have been in use before and after those ongoing upgrades.
Oversizing the HVAC system is detrimental to energy use, comfort, indoor air quality, building and equipment durability. All of these impacts derive from the fact that the system will be “short cycling” in both heating and cooling modes. To reach peak operational efficiency and effectiveness, a heating and cooling system should run for as long as possible to address the loads. Short cycling limits the total amount of air circulating through each room, and can lead to rooms that do not receive adequate duration of airflow. In the cooling season in humid climates, cold clammy conditions can occur due to reduced dehumidification caused by the short cycling of the equipment. The system must run long enough for the coil to reach the temperature for condensation to occur and an oversized system that short cycles may not run long enough to sufficiently condense moisture from the air. Excess humidity in the conditioned air delivered to a space may lead to mold growth within the house.
ACHRNEWS.COM | | AUGUST 15, 2016 19
an industry, we’ve done a good
job promoting high-efficiency
equipment, but we haven’t done
enough to ensure these new sys-
tems actually perform as adver-
tised. Yeah, it likely blows warm
or cool air, and it most likely will
perform better than the one it
has just replaced.
Homeowners may even have
engaged a utility program that
offered a rebate for buying an
Energy Star-qualified system.
Our homeowners will hope that
the $8,000-plus they spent on
new HVAC systems will reduce
their energy bills. But, to be
honest, HVAC technicians are
often too busy to check the per-
formance of the system, even if
they know how. And the home-
owner will be stuck with poor
comfort, ongoing maintenance,
and high utility bills. It’s just not
fair, and it’s not necessary.
Sadly, when we do follow-up
evaluations of HVAC systems,
we find they seldom perform at
their rated capacity, with bad
consequences for energy con-
sumption, comfort, safety, and
maintenance. These systematic
shortcomings are caused by many
factors — one of the biggest being
homeowners who neither under-
stand nor demand proof that
the new system is performing as
well as the slick brochures claim.
Ignorance is bliss until things
such as oversizing, short-cycling,
duct leakage, and high static
pressures undermine the system’s
proper operation. I hate to sim-
plify this as, “It’s the installation,
stupid,” though, let me be clear:
It’s the design, the ducts, the com-
missioning, and the maintenance.
All of these must be verified to
ensure the system performs as
the manufacturer intends, the
contractor hopes, and the home-
owners expect.
The situation is often not much
better on jobs that are imple-
mented by home-performance
contractors, who are focused pri-
marily on the building envelope.
Many of these firms do not have
the expertise, tools, or licens-
ing that would enable them to
effectively address problems with
HVAC systems. So, the HVAC
work is subbed out and the home-
performance contractor cannot
ensure that the homeowner got a
high-quality HVAC installation.
Unfortunately, many HVAC
installations are implemented as
rush jobs. Part of the problem is
that price pressure and competi-
tion are severe in today’s market,
whether the HVAC contractor is
working as a subcontractor to
a general contractor or directly
with homeowners.
Homeowners seldom main-
tain their equipment, and when
a minor problem crops up, they
often choose to fix and forget
until the system fails catastrophi-
cally. Then comes panic time
and another rush job. Most
homeowners consider HVAC
equipment to be a simple piece
of plug-and-play machinery, and
they have no idea how complex
it is to design and commission a
new system, nor do most HVAC
contractors have time to educate
them. Adding to this crisis plan-
ning is the fact that HVAC sys-
tems do not usually fail in good
weather, so the working condi-
tion ...
Improvements in building efficiency can significantly reduce carbon emissions and are an intrinsic component in greenhouse gas reduction targets. The Passive House concept provides a framework for high-performance building that is growing in popularity in Canada, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The Passive House standard requires its buildings to achieve specific performance values for heating energy use intensity, total energy use intensity, spatial temperature variation, heat recovery ventilation performance and air leakage rate. The promised co-benefits of Passive Houses include superior thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Passive House design is not prescriptive and can incorporate many different design aspects. The wall assembly is no exception. This paper evaluates the hygrothermal performance of a deep-stud wall assembly of a Passive House in Victoria, BC, with regards to moisture durability. The concern with deep or doublestud wall assemblies is the combined effects of reduced drying with wall configurations that place moisture sensitive materials in riskier locations. Consequently, enclosure monitoring was undertaken in an occupied six-plex over the period of one year.
The enclosure monitoring sensor packages were installed in strategic locations in the wall assembly to monitor the conditions of the assembly. The assemblies were evaluated based on the results of an empirical mold risk index. The wall assembly appears to perform acceptably, with minor concerns of mold growth on the North wall. Air leakage is a significant concern for cavity insulated walls, but the airtightness requirements of Passive house minimize this risk.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Christy Love, EIT LEED AP BD+C, is a Senior Project Engineer at RDH Building Science. This presentation was given at the 2016 Passive House Northwest Conference.
The North Park Passive House, a 6-unit strata project located in Victoria BC, was occupied in September 2015. It is the first market strata-title certified Passive House development in Canada.
While well-established elsewhere, the potential benefits of Passive House and other low energy design approaches are not as well understood in Canada, and there are limited data on the actual performance of low energy residential buildings in various Canadian climates.
To address this gap, RDH, in partnership with the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Homeowner Protection Office of BC Housing, and FP Innovations, is undertaking detailed quantitative and qualitative performance measurement of the North Park Passive House. The intent of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for a Passive House project in the coastal BC climate.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the scope of the research and what we hope to learn from it.
- Understand preliminary results about how the building is performing in terms of comfort, air quality, and energy use, via measured data collected within select suites and qualitative interviews with occupants.
- Understand and interpret preliminary results of how the building enclosure is performing.
- Learn tips and share lessons learned about undertaking this type of research.
Building Enclosures of the Future - Building Tomorrow's Buildings TodayRDH Building Science
- Trends and Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Whole Building Energy Efficiency
- New BCBC & VBBL Building & Energy Code Updates
- Effective R-values & Insulation Behaviour
- Highly Insulated Walls – Alternate Assemblies & New Cladding Attachment Strategies
- Highly Insulated Low-Slope Roofs – Insulation Strategies & New Research into Conventional Roofs
Piper Plumbing is a reputed company in Edmonton that provides complete heating, drainage, and plumbing solutions in Edmonton. It has been helping its customers improve their plumbing and heating systems. From Minor repair to installation of a plumbing system, they use latest tools and technologies to perform repair, installation and inspection operations.
NBEC 2014 - Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Introduction & Background
- Testing and Measurement Program
- Measured Ventilation Rates (PFT testing)
- Cause of Ventilation Rates
- Extension of Study Findings
- Conclusions & Recommendations
While building green is a popular subject, I have found that every person is more concerned with their own electric bill. Consider this, we are a society that will park our cars in the shade and yet build our homes in the sun. This presentation will include the six main design features that affect utility costs and by the way, insulation is not number 1.
Conventional Roofing Assemblies: Measuring the Thermal Benefits of Light to D...RDH Building Science
Presentation Overview:
• Conventional Roofing Designs
and Current Issues
• Conventional Roofing Field
Monitoring and Research
Program
• Measured Insulation Performance
• Selecting Roofing Membrane
Color and Insulation Strategy for
Optimum Energy Efficiency
• Case Studies
Home fire sprinklers save lives and property. Here, the barriers and incentives related to their installation. For more information visit www.firesprinklerinitiative.org
Participants will:
1. Learn about approaches to identifying, quantifying, and investigating IGU performance problems and how results needed can inform the investigation tools/processes used.
2. Learn about the unique design challenges with replacing structurally glazed IGUs and how those challenges were overcome.
3. Learn how quality assurance procedures can be used to deliver innovative products that meet performance expectations.
4. Learn about how building enclosure repair implementation can be as challenging as figuring out how to repair the damaged building enclosure component.
Saving gas and money at industrial bakery through statistical analysis: quick...GreenQ Partners
Statistical analysis of natural gas consumption at an industrial bakery has revealed numerous saving opportunities that management was not aware of. Energy manager said Wow. Similar analysis can be done anywhere in the world for any repetitive process.
Texas Tech University - Energy Data and the Transition from Deferred Maintena...FMA Summits
Texas Tech University has reduced its energy use index by 37% since FY2000. The successful measures were implemented during a time frame in which the energy data infrastructure has been gradually upgraded to effect a paradigm shift from deferred maintenance to persistent commissioning. This presentation discusses analytic methods that have been in use before and after those ongoing upgrades.
Oversizing the HVAC system is detrimental to energy use, comfort, indoor air quality, building and equipment durability. All of these impacts derive from the fact that the system will be “short cycling” in both heating and cooling modes. To reach peak operational efficiency and effectiveness, a heating and cooling system should run for as long as possible to address the loads. Short cycling limits the total amount of air circulating through each room, and can lead to rooms that do not receive adequate duration of airflow. In the cooling season in humid climates, cold clammy conditions can occur due to reduced dehumidification caused by the short cycling of the equipment. The system must run long enough for the coil to reach the temperature for condensation to occur and an oversized system that short cycles may not run long enough to sufficiently condense moisture from the air. Excess humidity in the conditioned air delivered to a space may lead to mold growth within the house.
ACHRNEWS.COM | | AUGUST 15, 2016 19
an industry, we’ve done a good
job promoting high-efficiency
equipment, but we haven’t done
enough to ensure these new sys-
tems actually perform as adver-
tised. Yeah, it likely blows warm
or cool air, and it most likely will
perform better than the one it
has just replaced.
Homeowners may even have
engaged a utility program that
offered a rebate for buying an
Energy Star-qualified system.
Our homeowners will hope that
the $8,000-plus they spent on
new HVAC systems will reduce
their energy bills. But, to be
honest, HVAC technicians are
often too busy to check the per-
formance of the system, even if
they know how. And the home-
owner will be stuck with poor
comfort, ongoing maintenance,
and high utility bills. It’s just not
fair, and it’s not necessary.
Sadly, when we do follow-up
evaluations of HVAC systems,
we find they seldom perform at
their rated capacity, with bad
consequences for energy con-
sumption, comfort, safety, and
maintenance. These systematic
shortcomings are caused by many
factors — one of the biggest being
homeowners who neither under-
stand nor demand proof that
the new system is performing as
well as the slick brochures claim.
Ignorance is bliss until things
such as oversizing, short-cycling,
duct leakage, and high static
pressures undermine the system’s
proper operation. I hate to sim-
plify this as, “It’s the installation,
stupid,” though, let me be clear:
It’s the design, the ducts, the com-
missioning, and the maintenance.
All of these must be verified to
ensure the system performs as
the manufacturer intends, the
contractor hopes, and the home-
owners expect.
The situation is often not much
better on jobs that are imple-
mented by home-performance
contractors, who are focused pri-
marily on the building envelope.
Many of these firms do not have
the expertise, tools, or licens-
ing that would enable them to
effectively address problems with
HVAC systems. So, the HVAC
work is subbed out and the home-
performance contractor cannot
ensure that the homeowner got a
high-quality HVAC installation.
Unfortunately, many HVAC
installations are implemented as
rush jobs. Part of the problem is
that price pressure and competi-
tion are severe in today’s market,
whether the HVAC contractor is
working as a subcontractor to
a general contractor or directly
with homeowners.
Homeowners seldom main-
tain their equipment, and when
a minor problem crops up, they
often choose to fix and forget
until the system fails catastrophi-
cally. Then comes panic time
and another rush job. Most
homeowners consider HVAC
equipment to be a simple piece
of plug-and-play machinery, and
they have no idea how complex
it is to design and commission a
new system, nor do most HVAC
contractors have time to educate
them. Adding to this crisis plan-
ning is the fact that HVAC sys-
tems do not usually fail in good
weather, so the working condi-
tion ...
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
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Using the software e-QUEST, compute:
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4. Energy peak breakdown by end use
For a modern two-story office building that is located in a city of your choice has a
building area 20000 sq.ft.
Business is hard enough without having to worry about the climate of your facility or the comfort of your employees. CK Control Temp is a commercial HVAC contractor that delivers a complete range of mechanical services solutions for the industrial and commercial industries. We’ll find the perfect system and program for your business—so you can focus on your success, without having to sweat your working environment.
Out of Hours: The Easiest Way to Improve Building Energy EfficiencyGreensense
Based on analysis from Greensense, a typical office building is empty for 72% of the year yet consumes 55% of its energy during this time. For many organisations, this meant more than $100,000 spent powering an empty building. Ouch! This ebook outlines the reasons, the likely culprit and a few solutions.
Solve Heat Transfer Challenges Quickly and Cost-Effectively With Flow SimulationEngineering Technique
To realize the benefits of using flow simulation to resolve thermal issues quickly and cost-effectively, choose a CAD-integrated application like SolidWorks Flow Simulation software. SolidWorks Flow Simulation software provides a wide range of fluid-flow and heat-transfer capabilities, which designers can use to gain greater insight into product behaviour for many applications.
Commissioning is a process by which a building, facility, or plant and its associated equipment and systems are tested to verify they function according to their design objectives or specifications. As the name implies, EB Cx applies essentially the same process to an existing facility’s systems and equipment, with a particular focus on “investigating, analyzing, and optimizing the performance of building systems through the identification and implementation of low/no-cost and capital-intensive Facility Improvement Measures” to ensure their continued performance.
Net Zero Energy Buildings - Checklists for ArchitectsElton Sherwin
This short document contains various checklists from Addicted to Energy and four never before published pages that may help your design be more efficient and more innovative.
Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their LimitationsPrasad Thanthratey
A presentation on Building Simulation, Its Role, Softwares & Their Limitations for the course of Energy Efficient Architecture from students of 5th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Aug-December 2015)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
HVAC Load calculations
1. 06/02/2017 7 tips for accurate HVAC load calculations | Pro Builder
https://www.probuilder.com/7tipsaccuratehvacloadcalculations 1/4
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HVAC / BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Looking to right-size your HVAC systems? A building science expert offers advice for getting HVAC
load calculations just right.
Arlan Burdick, building performance specialist, IBACOS
7 tips for accurate HVAC load calculations
December 28, 2011
Whether it’s for an energy upgrade or a new home, getting accurate heating and cooling load
calculations is vitally important for HVAC system design. HVAC design impacts a home’s
construction costs, comfort, air quality, durability, and energy efficiency, and load calculations will
dictate the size of the HVAC system needed in a home. The consequences for choosing the wrong-
sized system can be severe: noisy operation, inability to keep people comfortable, a failure to
maintain proper moisture control, the breakdown of the system — even a lawsuit.
Figuring a house’s load depends on a number of variables, including the climate zone, size of the
house, directional orientation, tightness of the envelope, and U-value of the windows — to name a
few. The many different situations HVAC designers encounter in the field can lead to confusion
without some guidance on how to handle them.
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Why Are Chicago Home
Sales Dropping?
February 03, 2017
By: Terri McAuley
At the end of 2016, Chicagoland
home sales dropped sharply.
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2. 06/02/2017 7 tips for accurate HVAC load calculations | Pro Builder
https://www.probuilder.com/7tipsaccuratehvacloadcalculations 2/4
IBACOS, a building science research and consulting organization and Building America team leader,
recently presented a webinar in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building
Technologies program that dealt with the key criteria required to get accurate heating and cooling
load calculations. This is the first of a series of three webinars dealing with right-sizing HVAC
systems (parts II and III will be available through IBACOS’s Best Practices Research Alliance).
Here are some tips for ensuring reliable load calculation numbers, so grab your Air Conditioning
Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J Version 8 and let’s take a look:
1. Put those thumbs away. If you’re an experienced home builder or HVAC design professional, you
may question the importance of running all those calculations needed to get accurate
heating/cooling loads, since rules of thumb have served you well so far. Over the last 10 or 15 years,
code requirements have risen in most states and will continue to rise for at least the next few years,
and while home construction and code requirements have changed, rules of thumb like “x number
of square feet per ton” haven’t.
With oil and gas prices climbing, more homeowners are updating their homes with better
insulation, tighter windows, and other improvements. The energy upgrades translate to rooms with
much lower loads, less infiltration, and higher retained moisture. When a home’s airtightness and
insulation values rise, its peak heating and cooling loads fall. The more high-performing the home,
the smaller its heating and cooling loads will be. The time when old rules of thumb were enough is
over — and it’s not coming back.
2. Get the right information upfront. It’s vitally important to have all the specifications and plans for
the house you’re designing the HVAC system for. If there are holes in the numbers you need, make
sure you track them down or test to obtain them. This may include doing walkthroughs of homes of
similar construction to help you understand what you’re dealing with in terms of load calculations.
For example, say you do a walkthrough of a home and discover that an attic knee wall doesn’t
include draft-stopping; This is going to change your calculations.
There are a number of issues with performing accurate load calculations on existing homes for an
energy upgrade, but the accuracy of the estimate depends upon getting as much correct
information as possible. Manual J addresses these uncertainties and offers guidance in Sections 18-
24 and Appendices 2, 5, and 6.
3. When in doubt, test. Say you don’t have the information you need or are unsure of the accuracy
of the estimated R-value and infiltration value of the enclosure. As I mentioned above, one option is
to test a similar house under construction to get the data. Similarly, if you are performing an energy
upgrade on an existing home and are missing information about the insulation and infiltration
values for the enclosure, it’s time to test. Blower-door tests can provide information on air-
infiltration rates. For insulation, you can drill a hole and drop a camera probe in to have a look.
4. Make good use of your tools. Use your Manual J procedures faithfully and exactly. Have a hard
copy near you when you’re doing your load calculations and refer to it often. Also, the ACCA
procedures have been written into commercial software packages to help designers work through
the iterations required for a good design. But keep in mind that while commercial software is an
important tool for design, it should be operated with a solid understanding of the procedures of
design. Again, accuracy is key. Since the load calculations are the first step in an iterative HVAC
design process, you can’t afford to have them be wrong. The load calculations are used to find the
right equipment size with ACCA Manual S, and used to figure the proper air-distribution system
and ductwork in ACCA Manuals T and D. If your load calculations are wrong, the rest of the design
will also be wrong.
5. Change one thing in a system and you’ve changed the entire system. At a higher level, since the
individual systems within a house are interdependent, the impacts of HVAC changes on the
durability of the enclosure, for example, can also be huge (see tip No. 6). Designers may think
they’re doing their clients and themselves a favor by using worst-case scenarios and over-
estimating their load calculations. But “fudging” the numbers a bit on one end can work out to big
errors in choosing system size.
IBACOS’ “Guide to Heating and Cooling Load Calculations in High Performance Homes,” produced
for the Building America program, proved this by taking baseline load calculations on two
hypothetical homes — one in Chicago and another in Florida — and running several possible
“safety factors,” manipulating data such as outdoor/indoor design conditions, building components,
and ductwork conditions. We then added them all together in one big worst-case scenario. The
results were telling: a 1.5-ton cooling system oversize for the Chicago house and a whopping 3-ton
cooling system oversize for the Florida house. Trust your numbers and the size of system they
dictate.
6. Beware of the short-cycle. So what if the heating or cooling system of a house is oversized? A
little extra horsepower serves as insurance, right? Wrong. In order to reach peak operational
efficiency, a system has to run as long as possible to meet loads. An oversized HVAC system tends to
short-cycle, leading to several possible risks:
Higher operational costs resulting from inefficient use of energy and wear and tear on the
equipment, causing possible failure.
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3. 06/02/2017 7 tips for accurate HVAC load calculations | Pro Builder
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Air in the ducts fails to maintain a consistent temperature, leading to occupant discomfort and
frequent thermostat adjustments.
Inadequate removal of moisture from the air, leaving the home uncomfortably damp and a
possible breeding ground for mold. This is one of those things about HVAC system design that
isn’t necessarily intuitive — a system performs better when it runs longer.
7. Don’t lose sight of the three keys. There are three main factors to be considered when calculating
loads, and you need to be sure to address them all:
A. Design considerations. These are the location, house size, and outdoor and indoor design
conditions of the house and include such things as relative humidity, latitude, elevation, and
directional orientation of the house. Keep in mind that a house in the same climate or city, even of
the same house plan, doesn’t necessarily have the same heating and cooling loads — solar gain plays
a large part in cooling loads.
B. Thermal enclosure. This includes the windows’ U-values, the home’s insulation values and
airtightness, and external and internal shading. Just in considering a home’s windows, you need to
take into account their orientation, size, thermal conductivity, and solar heat gain coefficient. The
better a home’s enclosure, the more the windows are going to affect the loads.
C. Internal loads. These include the number of people living in the home, their electronics, lighting
and appliances, and system location and ductwork. A system where the ducts pass through a very
hot, uninsulated attic will work out to have different loads than one where the ducts pass through a
highly insulated attic.
Looking For Additional Resources?
Access IBACOS’ “Guide to Heating and Cooling Load Calculations in High Performance Homes”
on IBACOS’ website.
View the slides and archive of our webinar on “Right-sizing HVAC Part 1: Calculating Loads” on
the Building Technologies webinar archive page.
Watch the “What’s New” section of the Alliance website for more details on our upcoming
webinars, including “Right-sizing HVAC Part 2: Equipment and Sizing” and “Right-sizing HVAC
Part 3: Ducts and Registers.”
For more on IBACOS, go to: www.ibacos.com.
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