Cold War Flashpoints - Hungary
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•1,265 views
Hungary was occupied by Soviet forces after World War 2 who imposed Communist rule. This led to poverty, repression of freedoms, and the secret police terrorizing citizens. Inspired by reforms in Poland, Hungarians launched a revolution in 1956 against Soviet domination. A new prime minister negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops but the USSR later invaded with a large army to reassert control, killing and imprisoning resistors. The revolution demonstrated the Soviets' willingness to use military force to maintain influence over Eastern Europe and the lack of response by Western nations.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
20th Century History : Core content : How secure was the USSR’s control over ...
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
The Hungarian Revolution in 1956
The document summarizes key events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It describes how Hungarians initially welcomed the Soviet Union after World War 2 but soon faced totalitarian rule under Stalinist policies. Reforms in the 1950s raised living standards but unrest grew. Mass protests in October 1956 against the communist government grew into a full revolution as protesters took control of Budapest. The revolution succeeded initially in toppling the government and Soviet troops withdrew, but the Soviet Union soon reasserted control, arresting and executing opposition leaders and forcing Imre Nagy from power. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians fled as refugees in the revolution's bloody aftermath.
Revolution in hungary,
The document summarizes the 1956 Hungarian Revolution against Soviet domination. It began as student demonstrations in Budapest that grew larger. The government withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and declared free elections. On November 4th, the Soviet Union sent tanks into Budapest to reassert control. Many Hungarians were killed and Budapest was damaged. Imre Nagy, who had become leader, was arrested and later hanged in Moscow, sending the message that Soviet control would not be challenged.
Cold War Flashpoints - Poland
The Soviet Union wanted control of Poland after World War 2 to prevent further invasions through Polish territory and to act as a buffer between Russia and Western Europe. They promised free elections but eventually forced Poland to become a communist country, angering the United States who wanted the Poles to have self-determination. Polish workers protested in 1956 seeking independence, which temporarily gave them more freedom before communism tightened its grip again.
Nazi Germany - youth and educational policies
The Nazis aimed to control and indoctrinate German youth through education and youth groups to support the regime for generations. Boys and girls were divided into separate groups from ages 6 to 18 focused on traditional gender roles to produce strong men and mothers. At school, children received a Nazi-focused education from teachers who underwent Nazi training, with lessons shaped to promote Nazi ideology especially in subjects like history and biology. However, historians note the indoctrination's effects were limited and many youth began rebelling against forced membership near World War 2's start, and 12 years of Nazi rule did not completely erase previous cultural influences.
Collapse of the Weimar Republic - hitler's leadership of the nazis
Hitler joined the German Workers' Party in 1919 and helped transform it into the Nazi Party. He became the leader of the party in 1921 after nearly causing a split by threatening to resign. Hitler realized the importance of propaganda and imagery in winning support, designing the swastika logo and introducing the Nazi salute. He was a charismatic speaker who helped the Nazis gain popularity through their message and organized structure, ultimately becoming Chancellor in 1933.
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Prague Spring
In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became leader of Czechoslovakia and instituted democratic reforms, which were initially popular. However, in August 1968, Soviet forces invaded Czechoslovakia to end the reforms, arresting Dubcek and forcing him to renounce his policies. Though the Soviets claimed they were responding to fascist threats, they faced widespread non-violent protests from Czech civilians. After a week of occupation, Dubcek was released but forced to invalidate the reforms and reimpose censorship and control over unions and media. The Soviet occupation lasted until 1991 and spurred further anti-communist resistance in Czechoslovakia.
Recommended
20th Century History : Core content : How secure was the USSR’s control over ...
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
The Hungarian Revolution in 1956
The document summarizes key events of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It describes how Hungarians initially welcomed the Soviet Union after World War 2 but soon faced totalitarian rule under Stalinist policies. Reforms in the 1950s raised living standards but unrest grew. Mass protests in October 1956 against the communist government grew into a full revolution as protesters took control of Budapest. The revolution succeeded initially in toppling the government and Soviet troops withdrew, but the Soviet Union soon reasserted control, arresting and executing opposition leaders and forcing Imre Nagy from power. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians fled as refugees in the revolution's bloody aftermath.
Revolution in hungary,
The document summarizes the 1956 Hungarian Revolution against Soviet domination. It began as student demonstrations in Budapest that grew larger. The government withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and declared free elections. On November 4th, the Soviet Union sent tanks into Budapest to reassert control. Many Hungarians were killed and Budapest was damaged. Imre Nagy, who had become leader, was arrested and later hanged in Moscow, sending the message that Soviet control would not be challenged.
Cold War Flashpoints - Poland
The Soviet Union wanted control of Poland after World War 2 to prevent further invasions through Polish territory and to act as a buffer between Russia and Western Europe. They promised free elections but eventually forced Poland to become a communist country, angering the United States who wanted the Poles to have self-determination. Polish workers protested in 1956 seeking independence, which temporarily gave them more freedom before communism tightened its grip again.
Nazi Germany - youth and educational policies
The Nazis aimed to control and indoctrinate German youth through education and youth groups to support the regime for generations. Boys and girls were divided into separate groups from ages 6 to 18 focused on traditional gender roles to produce strong men and mothers. At school, children received a Nazi-focused education from teachers who underwent Nazi training, with lessons shaped to promote Nazi ideology especially in subjects like history and biology. However, historians note the indoctrination's effects were limited and many youth began rebelling against forced membership near World War 2's start, and 12 years of Nazi rule did not completely erase previous cultural influences.
Collapse of the Weimar Republic - hitler's leadership of the nazis
Hitler joined the German Workers' Party in 1919 and helped transform it into the Nazi Party. He became the leader of the party in 1921 after nearly causing a split by threatening to resign. Hitler realized the importance of propaganda and imagery in winning support, designing the swastika logo and introducing the Nazi salute. He was a charismatic speaker who helped the Nazis gain popularity through their message and organized structure, ultimately becoming Chancellor in 1933.
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Prague Spring
In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became leader of Czechoslovakia and instituted democratic reforms, which were initially popular. However, in August 1968, Soviet forces invaded Czechoslovakia to end the reforms, arresting Dubcek and forcing him to renounce his policies. Though the Soviets claimed they were responding to fascist threats, they faced widespread non-violent protests from Czech civilians. After a week of occupation, Dubcek was released but forced to invalidate the reforms and reimpose censorship and control over unions and media. The Soviet occupation lasted until 1991 and spurred further anti-communist resistance in Czechoslovakia.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICY
Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s driven by his egotism and desire to distract Italians from fascism's failures domestically. He had some early successes like occupying Corfu and Fiume that boosted his popularity. However, his invasion of Abyssinia damaged Italy's reputation and his involvement in the Spanish Civil War and alliance with Hitler led to humiliation and defeat. Ultimately, Mussolini's overconfidence in Italy's power led his foreign policy to fail and breed animosity among Italians.
The Vietnam War
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR. Contains a lecture about the origins of the Cold War.
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
The document provides background information on the peace treaties that resulted from World War 1, known as the Versailles Settlement. It focuses on introducing the key figures and motivations of the "Big Three" nations - France, the United States, and Britain - that dominated the peace negotiations. France sought a harsh peace for security reasons due to Germany invading twice. The US advocated for Woodrow Wilson's idealistic 14 Points. Britain under Lloyd George initially wanted punishment but realized complete destruction of Germany was not in its interests long term.
USSR Control
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))
The British allowed Germany to have a slightly larger navy than dictated by the Treaty of Versailles in hopes of reducing German anger over the treaty and increasing stability in Europe. However, this was seen by some as encouraging Germany to violate the treaty. Britain later pursued a policy of appeasement toward Germany by not opposing its remilitarization of the Rhineland, involvement in the Spanish Civil War, or annexation of Austria. This emboldened Hitler and made Britain appear weak, leading Hitler to demand control of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. When his demands were met peacefully, Hitler gained confidence to continue aggression, eventually invading Poland and starting World War II.
WWII Overview
The document provides an overview of World War II, including key players and major events. Some of the major players in the Axis powers were Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Hideki Tojo of Japan. Key Allied powers included Winston Churchill of Britain, Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Major events of the war included Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, marking the official start of World War II, as well as Germany's defeat at Stalingrad in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944. The war ended in 1945 following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender.
Disintegration of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe established after World War I. It was led by Josip Broz Tito following World War II and pursued a policy of neutrality during the Cold War. After Tito's death in 1980, rising nationalist tensions and economic crisis weakened Yugoslavia's unity. Slovenia and Croatia pushed for independence in 1991, followed by other republics, leading to Yugoslavia's dissolution into six independent states by 1992. The decline of communism, loss of Tito's strong leadership, and failure of federal institutions to address economic and political issues ultimately caused Yugoslavia to break apart.
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's domestic position
Nikita Khrushchev faced domestic challenges as the Soviet leader from 1953-1964. He criticized Stalin in a 1956 speech, angering Stalin supporters and encouraging anti-Soviet revolts. This made Khrushchev unpopular and worried about challenges to his leadership. His agricultural and religious policies also failed and were unpopular. Placing missiles in Cuba may have been an attempt to strengthen his position by appearing stronger against the US and distracting from domestic issues, though confronting the US carried great risks if unsuccessful.
First World War
The document discusses Germany's attitude towards war in 1914. It argues that Germany's enemies (France, Britain, Russia) were not fully prepared for war at the time, while Germany's allies (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania) were ready to support Germany. It states that Germany should take advantage of this favorable moment and resolve conflicts of interest through war, regardless of the provocation, in order to secure its future as the leader of European policy. Germany's enemies were France, Britain, Russia, while its allies were considered Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania. The document advocates for Germany to provoke war in 1914 to maintain control over European affairs while its opponents were perceived as weak.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - resistance to the regime, 1933 39
While Nazi rule was oppressive and totalitarian, there was opposition from various groups in Germany between 1933-1945. Youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose students distributed anti-Nazi materials and hid deserters. The Catholic and Protestant churches publicly criticized Nazi policies like euthanasia and removing crucifixes from schools. Workers organized underground groups and engaged in strikes and protests. The military also opposed Hitler over his aggressive foreign policies and some generals planned coups, while the Abwehr intelligence agency supported anti-Nazi activities. Assassination attempts were made, most notably the 1944 plot by the Kreisau Circle. However, this opposition ultimately failed to overthrow the Nazi regime.
Cold war
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
The collapse-of-the-soviet-union
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It began with the formation of the Solidarity trade union in Poland in 1980 which received support from the Catholic Church and led to reforms. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and implemented reforms of glasnost, perestroika, and renouncing the Brezhnev Doctrine, but the reforms did not go far enough or fast enough. This led to demonstrations across Eastern Europe in 1989 and the fall of communist governments. The Berlin Wall was opened in November 1989, marking the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe.
World War 1
The document summarizes the key causes and events leading up to World War 1. Militarism and nationalism in European powers increased tensions, as did imperial and ethnic disputes in the Balkans. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain reaction of diplomatic failures and military mobilizations that escalated into a continental war by August 1914. Major powers formed the Allied and Central Power alliances and fought brutal trench warfare for four years until Germany's defeat in November 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
Cause of ww1
Mutual defense alliances between European countries meant that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand drew more countries into the conflict. Rising nationalism, imperialism, and militarism increased tensions, while disputes over territory in Africa and Asia were exacerbated by competition between colonial powers. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and activated the system of alliances that pulled other European countries into the growing conflict.
guerra fria
1) La Guerra Fría surgió tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, quienes buscaban expandir su influencia ideológica y formaron bloques opuestos.
2) Se caracterizó por enfrentamientos indirectos a través de guerras en Corea, Vietnam y otros países, así como crisis como la del canal de Suez y los misiles en Cuba.
3) Terminó en 1989 con la caída del Muro de Berlín y la disolución de la Unión Soviética.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
Cold War Flashpoints - Berlin
Berlin became a flashpoint in the Cold War as it was located within East Germany but controlled jointly by East and West. This led to the Berlin Blockade in 1948 when the Soviets cut off access by land, prompting the Berlin Airlift to supply the city by plane. Tensions escalated until the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West, dividing the city until the Wall fell in 1989 after the collapse of Communism.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: GERMANY DURING THE COLD WAR
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE PRICE OF WAR - IMPACT OF WORLD WAR 2 ON THE SOVIET UNION. Presentation suitable for students in History Cambridge A2 level.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION. Presentation suitable for A2 level Cambridge students.
Cold war unit summary
The Cold War began in 1945 between NATO countries led by the US and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact countries. It was characterized by military rivalry and mutual suspicion between the two sides due to opposing political and economic ideologies. Key events that increased tensions included the formation of military alliances, the Korean War, flashpoints like the Berlin Crisis, and the Vietnam War, which the US struggled to win. Relations began to thaw in the late 1960s with détente policies pursued by both sides, including arms control agreements. Further changes in the 1980s within the Soviet Union under Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika ultimately led to the end of the Cold War.
2. currency reform and the dawes plan
This page examines the reforms made to Germany's currency after the hyperinflation crisis, and also the Dawes and Young Plans regarding World War One reparations.
More Related Content
What's hot
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICY
Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s driven by his egotism and desire to distract Italians from fascism's failures domestically. He had some early successes like occupying Corfu and Fiume that boosted his popularity. However, his invasion of Abyssinia damaged Italy's reputation and his involvement in the Spanish Civil War and alliance with Hitler led to humiliation and defeat. Ultimately, Mussolini's overconfidence in Italy's power led his foreign policy to fail and breed animosity among Italians.
The Vietnam War
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR. Contains a lecture about the origins of the Cold War.
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
The document provides background information on the peace treaties that resulted from World War 1, known as the Versailles Settlement. It focuses on introducing the key figures and motivations of the "Big Three" nations - France, the United States, and Britain - that dominated the peace negotiations. France sought a harsh peace for security reasons due to Germany invading twice. The US advocated for Woodrow Wilson's idealistic 14 Points. Britain under Lloyd George initially wanted punishment but realized complete destruction of Germany was not in its interests long term.
USSR Control
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))
The British allowed Germany to have a slightly larger navy than dictated by the Treaty of Versailles in hopes of reducing German anger over the treaty and increasing stability in Europe. However, this was seen by some as encouraging Germany to violate the treaty. Britain later pursued a policy of appeasement toward Germany by not opposing its remilitarization of the Rhineland, involvement in the Spanish Civil War, or annexation of Austria. This emboldened Hitler and made Britain appear weak, leading Hitler to demand control of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. When his demands were met peacefully, Hitler gained confidence to continue aggression, eventually invading Poland and starting World War II.
WWII Overview
The document provides an overview of World War II, including key players and major events. Some of the major players in the Axis powers were Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Hideki Tojo of Japan. Key Allied powers included Winston Churchill of Britain, Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Major events of the war included Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, marking the official start of World War II, as well as Germany's defeat at Stalingrad in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944. The war ended in 1945 following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender.
Disintegration of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe established after World War I. It was led by Josip Broz Tito following World War II and pursued a policy of neutrality during the Cold War. After Tito's death in 1980, rising nationalist tensions and economic crisis weakened Yugoslavia's unity. Slovenia and Croatia pushed for independence in 1991, followed by other republics, leading to Yugoslavia's dissolution into six independent states by 1992. The decline of communism, loss of Tito's strong leadership, and failure of federal institutions to address economic and political issues ultimately caused Yugoslavia to break apart.
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's domestic position
Nikita Khrushchev faced domestic challenges as the Soviet leader from 1953-1964. He criticized Stalin in a 1956 speech, angering Stalin supporters and encouraging anti-Soviet revolts. This made Khrushchev unpopular and worried about challenges to his leadership. His agricultural and religious policies also failed and were unpopular. Placing missiles in Cuba may have been an attempt to strengthen his position by appearing stronger against the US and distracting from domestic issues, though confronting the US carried great risks if unsuccessful.
First World War
The document discusses Germany's attitude towards war in 1914. It argues that Germany's enemies (France, Britain, Russia) were not fully prepared for war at the time, while Germany's allies (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania) were ready to support Germany. It states that Germany should take advantage of this favorable moment and resolve conflicts of interest through war, regardless of the provocation, in order to secure its future as the leader of European policy. Germany's enemies were France, Britain, Russia, while its allies were considered Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania. The document advocates for Germany to provoke war in 1914 to maintain control over European affairs while its opponents were perceived as weak.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - resistance to the regime, 1933 39
While Nazi rule was oppressive and totalitarian, there was opposition from various groups in Germany between 1933-1945. Youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose students distributed anti-Nazi materials and hid deserters. The Catholic and Protestant churches publicly criticized Nazi policies like euthanasia and removing crucifixes from schools. Workers organized underground groups and engaged in strikes and protests. The military also opposed Hitler over his aggressive foreign policies and some generals planned coups, while the Abwehr intelligence agency supported anti-Nazi activities. Assassination attempts were made, most notably the 1944 plot by the Kreisau Circle. However, this opposition ultimately failed to overthrow the Nazi regime.
Cold war
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
The collapse-of-the-soviet-union
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It began with the formation of the Solidarity trade union in Poland in 1980 which received support from the Catholic Church and led to reforms. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and implemented reforms of glasnost, perestroika, and renouncing the Brezhnev Doctrine, but the reforms did not go far enough or fast enough. This led to demonstrations across Eastern Europe in 1989 and the fall of communist governments. The Berlin Wall was opened in November 1989, marking the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe.
World War 1
The document summarizes the key causes and events leading up to World War 1. Militarism and nationalism in European powers increased tensions, as did imperial and ethnic disputes in the Balkans. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain reaction of diplomatic failures and military mobilizations that escalated into a continental war by August 1914. Major powers formed the Allied and Central Power alliances and fought brutal trench warfare for four years until Germany's defeat in November 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
Cause of ww1
Mutual defense alliances between European countries meant that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand drew more countries into the conflict. Rising nationalism, imperialism, and militarism increased tensions, while disputes over territory in Africa and Asia were exacerbated by competition between colonial powers. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, which caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and activated the system of alliances that pulled other European countries into the growing conflict.
guerra fria
1) La Guerra Fría surgió tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, quienes buscaban expandir su influencia ideológica y formaron bloques opuestos.
2) Se caracterizó por enfrentamientos indirectos a través de guerras en Corea, Vietnam y otros países, así como crisis como la del canal de Suez y los misiles en Cuba.
3) Terminó en 1989 con la caída del Muro de Berlín y la disolución de la Unión Soviética.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
Cold War Flashpoints - Berlin
Berlin became a flashpoint in the Cold War as it was located within East Germany but controlled jointly by East and West. This led to the Berlin Blockade in 1948 when the Soviets cut off access by land, prompting the Berlin Airlift to supply the city by plane. Tensions escalated until the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West, dividing the city until the Wall fell in 1989 after the collapse of Communism.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: GERMANY DURING THE COLD WAR
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE PRICE OF WAR - IMPACT OF WORLD WAR 2 ON THE SOVIET UNION. Presentation suitable for students in History Cambridge A2 level.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION. Presentation suitable for A2 level Cambridge students.
What's hot (20)
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICY
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))
Chapter 4 Part Three (Policy of Appeasement (Events))
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's domestic position
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's domestic position
Hitler and Nazi Germany - resistance to the regime, 1933 39
Hitler and Nazi Germany - resistance to the regime, 1933 39
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER, PROPAGANDA AND REPRESSION
Viewers also liked
Cold war unit summary
The Cold War began in 1945 between NATO countries led by the US and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact countries. It was characterized by military rivalry and mutual suspicion between the two sides due to opposing political and economic ideologies. Key events that increased tensions included the formation of military alliances, the Korean War, flashpoints like the Berlin Crisis, and the Vietnam War, which the US struggled to win. Relations began to thaw in the late 1960s with détente policies pursued by both sides, including arms control agreements. Further changes in the 1980s within the Soviet Union under Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika ultimately led to the end of the Cold War.
2. currency reform and the dawes plan
This page examines the reforms made to Germany's currency after the hyperinflation crisis, and also the Dawes and Young Plans regarding World War One reparations.
Atlantic Slave Trade - abolitionists
The document discusses the campaign against the slave trade in Britain. It notes that the slave trade was opposed by many for moral, religious, and economic reasons. Various tactics were used to end the trade, including forming abolitionist groups, publishing literature, public meetings, boycotts, and legal challenges. Key figures who fought for the abolition of the slave trade included William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Olaudah Equiano, John Newton, Hannah More, and Granville Sharp.
Wemar Germany - challenges from the left
This page examines the different challenges that the Weimar Republic faced from left-wing groups between 1919 and 1923.
Changing Cold War Relations - revolution in europe
Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ending communist rule. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union reduced control over Eastern Europe and emboldened opposition groups. In Poland, the Solidarity movement's success in elections marked the end of communist rule. Inspired by Poland, Hungary and East Germany saw major reforms and protests against their communist governments. By the end of 1989, communist governments had fallen across Eastern Europe, and pro-Soviet governments no longer existed. The Soviet Union itself dissolved in 1991 amid economic problems and demands for change, bringing an official end to the Cold War.
Extent of support for German nationalism opponents
The ruling classes and monarchies in the German states opposed nationalism and unification because it threatened their power and influence. As the ruling elites who controlled the political and military institutions, they worried a united Germany would diminish their control over their individual territories. While some monarchs were open to reforms, like Frederick William IV of Prussia, they ultimately resisted changes that could undermine their authority.
Wemar Germany - the end of hyperinflation
The document discusses Germany's hyperinflation crisis in the early 1920s and the steps taken to end it. In 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor and ended resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr. That November, the Reichsbank mark was replaced with the stable Rentenmark currency, which removed 12 zeroes from prices and ended the crisis. In 1924, the permanent Reichsmark currency was introduced at the same value as the Rentenmark. While both currencies remained in use until 1948, the hyperinflation crisis undermined faith in democracy and encouraged the rise of extremist political parties in Germany.
Weimar Germany - Stresemann - good european, good german or both
This page examines the debate about Gustav Stresemann: was his main aim to help Europe or Germany or both?
Nazi germany - power of the terror apparatus
The Nazis established totalitarian control over Germany through both coercion and popular support. They passed laws like the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act to consolidate power, banned opposing political parties, and used the SS and Gestapo secret police to crush dissent through intimidation, violence and mass arrests. However, the Nazis also cultivated support by improving the economy, appealing to German nationalism, and controlling information. While some Germans opposed the Nazis or passively resisted out of fear, many actively supported Nazi policies and actions. Historians disagree on whether popular consent or fear of state repression was the primary source of Nazi domination in Germany.
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisations
When Hitler became Chancellor, he initiated a process called Gleichschaltung to take control of all aspects of German society by merging key organizations with the Nazi Party. Numerous organizations like the Hitler Youth and trade unions became compulsory groups that all Germans had to join. The Nazis also sought to control information through the Propaganda Ministry and influencing newspapers. They dissolved state governments and gave control to Reich Governors, consolidating their domination over Germany.
Extent of support for German nationalism frankfurt parliament
The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in 1848 with 574 delegates from across German states to discuss unifying Germany and establishing a constitution. Key agreements included holding elections for a National Assembly with one member per 50,000 citizens and universal male suffrage for those over 25. The Parliament asked Frederick William IV of Prussia and Franz Josef of Austria to be King of Germany but both opposed unification. While it showed commitment to change, the Parliament ultimately failed due to disagreements over including Austria, the dominance of the middle class, and lack of military control.
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
At the start of 1848, it seemed possible that a united Germany could be achieved as people from all social groups in German states took action to demand political and social reforms, worrying their leaders. However, the hopes for unification ultimately failed because there was disagreement over the aims of unification, such as whether Austria should be included, and state leaders who controlled their own armies saw no personal advantage to relinquishing power to a single German nation led by someone else. Prussia's withdrawal of support for the Frankfurt Parliament, which had no military of its own, also contributed to the failure to unite Germany at that time.
4. role of the nazi party
While individual members like Hitler wielded significant power, the Nazi Party itself played a limited direct role in governing Germany. It was used to promote Nazi ideology throughout the country and help the government monitor citizens. However, the Party did influence policy as many government officials were also Party members, and local leaders (Gauleiters) in each of the 30 regions (Gaus) could implement national laws in their own way. The Party also included subgroups that helped Nazify key aspects of society through groups like the Hitler Youth and Teachers' Association.
Extent of support for nationalism supporters
Liberals, the middle classes, and students supported German unification and greater political participation as they believed this would lead to a fairer society and more economic opportunities. These groups were growing in influence as advocates of liberalism and nationalism due to the expanding middle class and involvement in protests, but they did not represent all of German society as poorer groups had less exposure to these new political ideas.
Nazi germany - extent of resistance
This page discusses the extent of opposition which actually existed to Nazi rule, and analyses the various problems that potential opponents faced.
4. recovery or illusion of recovery
This page considers whether the apparent political and economic recovery that Weimar enjoyed between 1924-1929 was genuine or in fact an illusion.
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
Prussia introduced economic reforms including abolishing taxes and tariffs that interested other German states. In 1834, a Customs Union called the Zollverein was established between Prussia and other German states where members agreed to follow Prussian trade and tax law, growing their economies. By 1836, 25 of 39 German states had joined the Customs Union, significantly increasing Prussia's economic and political influence across Germany, though some states resisted and Austria remained excluded.
Obstacles to german unification mass indifference
Peasants made up the largest group in German states in the 19th century, divided between rural and increasingly urban areas experiencing population growth. While urban peasants engaged more in protests due to industrialization, most peasants lived in extreme poverty and were more interested in social change than political reform. Peasants' support was essential to forcing change, but they faced obstacles like indifference, division from other classes, and limited education restricting political awareness and engagement. However, peasants did not oppose German nationalism and many supported unity.
3. support for the republic, election of hindenburg
This page discusses the extent of support for the Weimar Republic, as well as events surrounding the election of Paul von Hindenburg as National President.
Nazi Germany - schacht his role and influence
Hjalmar Schacht was a crucial figure who helped the Nazis rise to power in Germany. As the head of the Reichsbank and later Economics Minister, Schacht introduced economic policies that aided Nazi Germany's recovery and raised funds from businesses to strengthen the Nazi Party. However, Schacht eventually lost faith in Hitler and began plotting against the Nazi regime, leading to his imprisonment in a concentration camp.
Viewers also liked (20)
Changing Cold War Relations - revolution in europe
Changing Cold War Relations - revolution in europe
Extent of support for German nationalism opponents
Extent of support for German nationalism opponents
Weimar Germany - Stresemann - good european, good german or both
Weimar Germany - Stresemann - good european, good german or both
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisations
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisations
Extent of support for German nationalism frankfurt parliament
Extent of support for German nationalism frankfurt parliament
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
3. support for the republic, election of hindenburg
3. support for the republic, election of hindenburg
Similar to Cold War Flashpoints - Hungary
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
The document summarizes key events surrounding the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Soviet control. It notes that Hungary had resented the USSR's totalitarian regime and sought reforms under Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Nagy began implementing democratic reforms which threatened Soviet dominance, including giving back land to farmers and disbanding the secret police. When Hungary expressed a desire to leave the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, the USSR responded by invading Hungary with 200,000 troops and 2,500 tanks on November 4th. Despite appeals to the West, fighting between Soviet forces and Hungarian resistance lasted two weeks, resulting in over 2000 Soviet and 4000 Hungarian casualties. After the uprising, Janos Kadar was installed as the new Soviet-backed leader of
Krushchev and stalin
Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader after Stalin's death in 1953. He pursued a policy of "peaceful coexistence" with the West and criticized Stalin's cult of personality, but still worked to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe. This led to conflicts like when Soviet troops crushed uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 that pushed for independence. To stem the flow of East Germans to the West via Berlin, the Soviet-built Berlin Wall in 1961 divided the city.
Hungarian Revolution.docx
The Hungarian Revolution began on October 23rd, 1956 as students in Budapest protested the communist regime. Over the next two weeks, protests grew into a nationwide uprising against Soviet domination. On November 4th, the Soviet Union launched a military intervention, sending tanks into the streets of Budapest to crush the revolution. Despite lasting just 13 days, the Hungarian Revolution marked the first major uprising against Soviet control in Eastern Europe and inspired future dissident movements across the Eastern Bloc.
22 BRUTAL DICTATORS YOU'VENEVER HEARD OF
http://www.businessinsider.com/brutal-dictators-youve-never-heard-of-2016-2?op=0#/#than-shwe-myanmar-1992-2011-20
Representative government has been a luxury that relatively few people have enjoyed throughout human history.
And while the vast majority of dictators fall short of Hitler- or Stalin-like levels of cruelty, history is rife with oppressors, war criminals, sadists, sociopaths, and morally complacent individuals who ended up as unelected heads of government — to the tragic detriment of the people and societies they ruled.
Here's a look at 22 brutal dictators that you may not have heard of.
Hungary during the cold war
The document summarizes Hungary's history during the Cold War era. It discusses Hungary's involvement in World War II on the side of the Axis powers. In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution broke out as a student protest against Soviet domination but quickly spread nationwide. Soviet forces intervened to crush the uprising, but Imre Nagy initially formed a new anti-Soviet government. However, the Soviet Union launched a full-scale invasion and Nagy was later executed after a show trial. The revolution failed but weakened Soviet control in Hungary and inspired other dissidents in Eastern Europe.
Hungary during the cold war
The document summarizes Hungary's history during the Cold War era. It discusses Hungary's involvement in World War II on the side of the Axis powers. In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution broke out as a student protest against Soviet domination but quickly spread nationwide. Soviet forces intervened to crush the uprising, but Imre Nagy initially formed a new anti-Soviet government. However, the Soviet Union launched a full-scale invasion and Nagy was later executed after a show trial. The revolution failed but weakened Soviet control and influenced other nations challenging communist rule.
History of Hungary
The Hungarian tribes originally lived in the Ural region but wandered for hundreds of years before settling in the Carpathian Basin under the leadership of Árpád. King Stephen established Christianity as the religion and the country developed, but was later devastated by the Mongol invasion. The Turks defeated Hungary's army at Mohács, beginning 150 years of Ottoman occupation over much of the country. Hungary was eventually liberated but lost territory in subsequent treaties.
The Story of Russia
The story of Russia is an important one to know for many reasons. Considered a global superpower during the Cold War, the rise and astounding fall of this nation is a lesson in both government, corruption, and leadership. This 40-slide presentation details the nuances of the modern history of Russia, and includes profiles and descriptions of all major characters and wars in the time period between the first Revolution and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Based on over one hundred hours of research and study, this presentation is designed for educational use and is open for anyone to use with credit to the author. Relevant pictures and diagrams are included.
The Post-War World Part 1
The document summarizes the emergence of the Soviet empire in Eastern Europe after World War 2 and the beginning of tensions with the West. As Soviet forces occupied Eastern Europe, those nations became communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. George Kennan's "Long Telegram" analysis influenced U.S. policy, viewing Soviet expansion as a threat. Early conflicts emerged in Iran and Turkey as the Soviets tried to gain influence and territory, strengthening U.S. opposition to Soviet expansionism and marking the start of the Cold War.
Rise of the dictators
The document provides an overview of the rise of dictators in the period between 1918-1939. It begins by discussing how many believed a new age of democracy had dawned after World War 1, but instead the years became an era of dictatorship. It then summarizes the rise of three dictators:
1) Joseph Stalin in Russia/Soviet Union who consolidated power after Lenin's death and instituted brutal policies like collectivization, purges, and famine that killed millions.
2) Benito Mussolini in Italy who formed the Fascist party and seized power in 1922, becoming Il Duce and allying with Hitler.
3) Adolf Hitler in Germany who joined the Nazi party after WW1 and transformed it
Soviet of eastern europe in 1948 89 was
Stalin controlled Eastern Europe after WWII to spread communism and gain influence. He crushed any opposition and installed puppet governments. Life was difficult, with limited freedoms and secret police. Attempts to liberalize, like Czechoslovakia's "Prague Spring", were met with invasion by other Eastern Bloc countries to maintain communist rule. Resistance was brutally suppressed, as in Hungary in 1956 when the Soviet Union invaded after a popular uprising.
Soviet Eastern Europe
After World War 2, Stalin imposed rigid control over Eastern Europe, exporting his totalitarian policies and forcing obedience from Communist parties. While the Soviet Union recovered economically under Stalin's five-year plans focusing on heavy industry, Eastern Europe saw slow development. After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's cult of personality and pursued de-Stalinization, improving living standards and allowing some freedoms. However, conservatives opposed the reforms as a threat to the Communist system. De-Stalinization also caused revolts in Eastern Europe in 1956, which the Soviet Union suppressed by force. Khrushchev was eventually ousted in 1964 due to his erratic foreign policy and the conservatives' desire to return to Stalinist control.
Communism and its effects on the German Democratic Republic
The document discusses how communism transformed East Germany (German Democratic Republic) after World War 2. It established a one-party communist state led by Walter Ulbricht and the Socialist Unity Party (SED). While ostensibly a multi-party democracy, the SED maintained control over political decisions and suppressed opposition. The economy focused on heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture caused unrest until concessions were made. Tensions with the West led to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop mass emigration to West Germany. Life in the GDR centered around state-controlled mass organizations and upward social mobility depended on political loyalty to the SED.
Political Events of the 1950s
Imagine a time when the biggest, bloodiest war in human history had just ended. One of the most infa...
Communism vs Nationalism
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Imre Nagy replaced Matyas Rakosi as Prime Minister in Hungary.
2. The Prague Spring was a brief era of political, cultural, and economic liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
3. One of the demands made by members of the Solidarity Movement in Poland was to form unions.
4. The Soviet Union had a lesser influence on Yugoslavia because in 1948, Yugoslavia split from the international communist movement due to its refusal to accept Moscow as the central power.
Communismvs.nationalismin easterneuropeslides
This document discusses communism and nationalism in Eastern Europe, focusing on Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. It describes how Yugoslavia broke from the Soviet Union under Josip Tito and pursued its own version of communism. It then summarizes the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 that broke out in opposition to Soviet domination and was crushed by Soviet intervention. Finally, it outlines the Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968 that aimed to establish "socialism with a human face" but were ended by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
The Hungarian Uprising
After WWII, Hungary became a communist state led by Matyas Rakosi. By the 1950s, Hungarians were unhappy with authoritarian rule and a lack of goods. In 1956, demonstrations in Budapest called for democratic reforms and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Imre Nagy briefly led reforms away from communism and the Warsaw Pact, but the Soviet Union sent troops and crushed the uprising. Janos Kadar then established a new communist government, with around 3000 Hungarians killed and 200,000 fleeing the country.
C H A P T E R T I M E L I N E158C H A P T E R T I M .docx
This document provides a timeline and overview of key events in the USSR and greater Cold War world from 1953 to 1965. It summarizes Khrushchev's rise to power after Stalin's death in 1953 and his policy of de-Stalinization, including his secret 1956 speech denouncing Stalin's personality cult. The timeline also notes events like the Cuban Revolution, Berlin Wall construction, and Khrushchev's resignation in 1965. Overall, the document outlines this pivotal period of the Cold War that began Stalin's death and Khrushchev's reforms in the USSR.
Tina lalalalla
The document summarizes key changes in the international system following World War 1, including the rise of the Soviet Union, fascist states like Italy and Germany, and new nations in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Major events mentioned include the Russian Revolution of 1917 and establishment of the USSR, Mussolini's rise to power in Italy and Hitler's rise to Chancellor of Germany and consolidation of the Nazi dictatorship. It also discusses the emergence of new states like Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia in central Europe and Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and others in the Middle East.
Similar to Cold War Flashpoints - Hungary (20)
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
Communism and its effects on the German Democratic Republic
Communism and its effects on the German Democratic Republic
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...
C H A P T E R T I M E L I N E158C H A P T E R T I M .docx
C H A P T E R T I M E L I N E158C H A P T E R T I M .docx
More from mrmarr
National 5 History assignment - writing the main section
The document provides guidance on writing the main section of a paper using the FIDO method, which stands for Factor, Information, Debate, and Overall. According to FIDO, the main section should cover 3 issues by first introducing the factor, then describing at least 3 relevant facts including one source fact, explaining why the issue is important, and on one occasion explaining why the issue is not the most important before stating the factor's overall importance and reason.
National 5 History assignment - writing the conclusion
The document provides guidance for writing a conclusion in 3 sections: (a) directly answering the question and stating the main reason or issue, (b) providing one piece of evidence to support the stated view, and (c) acknowledging other important factors while emphasizing the primary factor. The writer is also reminded to include at least two sources in their response.
SQA Advanced Higher History exam paper - 2023
1) Kenneth MacAlpin's conquest of Pictland in the mid-9th century was an important step towards the formation of the kingdom of Alba by 900, though interpretations differ on his contributions. Sources C and D reveal differing views, with Source C seeing MacAlpin's dynasty as giving "added posthumous glory" to his conquest, while Source D emphasizes local Pictish resistance and that the tradition of MacAlpin killing Pictish nobles is "likely fictitious."
2) Sources A and B provide context on pre-Roman and Roman Northern Britain. Source A describes the lifestyle and organization of Iron Age peoples, though its usefulness is limited by being an outside account.
Advanced Higher History exam - 2023 (marking instructions)
This document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Advanced Higher History exam in Scotland. It outlines general marking principles, such as using positive marking and awarding marks for relevant points made by candidates regardless of errors. It also provides specific guidance for marking different types of questions, including essays, source analysis questions, and questions comparing two sources. The marking criteria focus on assessing candidates' knowledge, analysis, evaluation of sources, and understanding of historiography.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Higher History exam on British, European and World History. It outlines general marking principles and principles for specific question types, including essays. For essays, it describes how marks should be awarded for historical context, conclusions, use of knowledge, analysis, and evaluation. The marking instructions provide guidance to examiners on assessing responses consistently according to SQA standards.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023
This document contains instructions and questions for a History exam on British, European and World History from 2023. It is divided into two sections, with Section 1 focusing on British history and Section 2 on European and World history. Each section contains multiple parts on different time periods and topics. Students must choose one part from Section 1 and one from Section 2, and answer one question from each of the two parts they chose. The questions range from short answers to longer essay questions assessing students' understanding of key historical developments, causes, consequences and interpretations.
Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023 (marking instructions)
The document provides marking instructions for the 2023 Scottish Higher History exam on Scottish History. It outlines general marking principles, marking principles for different question types, and detailed marking instructions for specific questions. For question 1, candidates can earn marks for interpreting the viewpoints in two given sources about the Guardians ruling Scotland after King Alexander III's death, and for providing relevant outside knowledge. Overall, the document provides a framework for examiners to consistently mark student responses for this exam.
SQA Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023
Sources A and B provide differing interpretations of the early growth of Protestantism in Scotland in the 1550s-1560s. Source A emphasizes that many Scots were dissatisfied with the Catholic Church and open to Protestant ideas due to works criticizing the Catholic Church. Source B stresses the impact of Protestant preachers like John Knox and the support of powerful lords and the passing of laws against Protestant literature.
Source C outlines the Second Book of Discipline's vision of an independent Kirk governed by presbyteries and assemblies rather than bishops or the Crown. It notes James VI's opposition to these plans in 1581, with Presbyterians believing the King should submit to the Kirk, while the King and nobility disagreed
Higher Migration and Empire - reasons for emigrant scots' success
The document discusses reasons for the success of many emigrant Scots in building new lives in other parts of the British Empire from 1830-1939. It states that Scots often succeeded due to factors like their nationality, English language abilities, education levels, reputation for hard work, skills in demanded fields, establishment of businesses and communities, and support from the British government and other Scots abroad. However, not all emigrant Scots found success, as some faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness in their new homes.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Education
The 1944 Education Act aimed to improve education access and outcomes in Britain. It raised the compulsory school leaving age to 15, providing all children a minimum of secondary education. At age 11, children took an exam that determined if they attended an academic-focused senior secondary school or trades-focused junior secondary school. However, the exam system was criticized for penalizing poorer students and determining children's futures too early. Labour also introduced new school buildings to replace those damaged in war and accommodate growing student populations, though secondary schools remained outdated in many areas.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Health
The NHS was established in 1948 by the 1945-51 British government to provide universal healthcare access, treating all medical problems freely at the point of use based on need rather than ability to pay. It aimed to eliminate disease by offering healthcare to all British citizens, over half of whom previously lacked medical coverage. While popular, the NHS also proved very expensive to run and faced initial shortages of hospital facilities and medical staff that limited treatment effectiveness and access.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Housing
The New Towns Act of 1946 aimed to tackle overcrowding and improve housing conditions in Britain by building new towns with homes. 14 new towns were established by 1951, moving people from city slums to new communities built in the countryside. However, these new towns initially lacked jobs and local facilities, requiring long commutes. Additionally, while the government set targets to build over 1 million new homes by 1951, housing shortages remained an issue as only around 800,000 new houses were completed. Prefabricated housing provided a temporary solution to the shortage but was meant to last only 10 years though many prefab homes stood for decades.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Poverty
The Family Allowances Act of 1946 provided weekly payments to mothers with two or more children to help families struggling financially, especially those where fathers had died in war. However, it did not help families with only one child and payments stopped at age 18. The National Insurance Act of 1946 built on previous acts to provide benefits like sickness, unemployment, old age pensions and other benefits by requiring weekly contributions from working-age people. However, the poorest still struggled to pay and the National Assistance Act of 1948 provided additional financial help for these individuals. Studies in York in 1936 and 1950 showed poverty levels falling from 36% to only 2% due to these welfare programs but benefits did not always keep up with inflation.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Unemployment
The Labour government nationalized several key industries like coal mining, steel production, electricity, and railways between 1946-1948. This was done to ensure these important industries were controlled by the country rather than private companies. Owners were compensated for the nationalized industries. Nationalization allowed the government to use tax money to fund unprofitable businesses and increase apprenticeships to reduce unemployment. However, nationalization was very costly and this high cost reduced funds available for other issues. Labour also introduced policies aimed at improving working conditions for workers through measures like paid holidays and secure jobs at docks. While some workers saw higher wages and better conditions, it may have discouraged companies from hiring more employees as it increased costs. Labour's home
More from mrmarr (20)
National 5 History assignment - writing the main section
National 5 History assignment - writing the main section
National 5 History assignment - writing the conclusion
National 5 History assignment - writing the conclusion
Advanced Higher History exam - 2023 (marking instructions)
Advanced Higher History exam - 2023 (marking instructions)
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023 (marking instructions)
SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023 (marking instructions)
Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023 (marking instructions)
Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023 (marking instructions)
Higher Migration and Empire - reasons for emigrant scots' success
Higher Migration and Empire - reasons for emigrant scots' success
Recently uploaded
在线办理(latrobe毕业证书)拉筹伯大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(latrobe毕业证书)拉筹伯大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.On the Wrong Track | Recent Increasing Train Accidents in India | News
#On_the_Wrong_Track, This article talks about the recent train accidents in India and gives helpful suggestions #harshkumar #trainaccidents
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
Shark Tank Jargon | Operational Profitability
Don't let fancy business words confuse you! This blog is your cheat sheet to understanding the Shark Tank Jargon. We'll translate all the confusing terms like "valuation" (how much the company is worth) and "royalty" (a fee for using someone's idea). You'll be swimming with the Sharks like a pro in no time!
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Organisations.pdf k[poikdip-jhhohuhejhnjhn
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdf
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdfECSPE - Saving the Persecuted and Enslaved
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"
Yichen Wei and Adam Drennan share the architecture and technical requirements behind "user watch status" for a major global media streaming service, what that meant for their database, the pros and cons of the many options they considered for replacing DynamoDB, why they ultimately chose ScyllaDB, and their lessons learned so far.
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75LUMINATIVE MEDIA/PROJECT COUNSEL MEDIA GROUP
From his beginnings with a daily newspaper, he moved easily through Newsweek magazine to cable news and, later, to the frontiers of online journalism.18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
ACSA confirms operational readiness ahead the arrival of Heads of State at OR...
ACSA says it is ready for the arrival of foreign heads of state ahead of the Presidential Inauguration on Wednesday at OR Tambo International Airport.
A draft Ukraine-Russia treaty from April 2022
A draft Ukraine-Russia treaty from April 2022, published here in full for the first time.
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHY
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdf
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2024
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2024Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford University
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.Recently uploaded (20)
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...
On the Wrong Track | Recent Increasing Train Accidents in India | News
On the Wrong Track | Recent Increasing Train Accidents in India | News
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...
The Impact of Imperial Mode of Living on Migration.pdf
The Impact of Imperial Mode of Living on Migration.pdf
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdf
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdf
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
Snigdha-Sreenath-Minor-v-Travancore-Devaswom-Board-WPCNO-39847-OF-2023-2024-L...
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
ACSA confirms operational readiness ahead the arrival of Heads of State at OR...
ACSA confirms operational readiness ahead the arrival of Heads of State at OR...
Cold War Flashpoints - Hungary
- 2. Hungary is a country located in Eastern Europe. It was also one of the main flashpoints at the start of the Cold War.
- 3. During WW2, the Soviet Union stationed soldiers in Hungary. They did not leave after the war ended and instead took control. Hundreds of thousands of Hungarians were killed or sent to prison for opposing Soviet rule.
- 4. The occupation of Hungary proved to countries such as the USA and UK that the Soviet Union could not be trusted. By controlling smaller countries, it showed the Soviets wanted to impose Communism.
- 5. Large number of Hungarians lived in poverty, which made them angry. Political and religious freedoms were limited e.g. Catholic leaders were imprisoned. Hungarian leader Matyas Rakosi used terror to rule the country, including the secret police (AVH).
- 6. Joseph Stalin died in 1953, meaning people believed changes would happen in the USSR. In 1956 there was political change in Poland. Due to all this, Hungarians were inspired by this to have their own revolution.
- 7. Small groups of Hungarians started attacking Soviet troops and spies. In October 1956, a new Prime Minister, Imre Nagy took power. He negotiated with a deal with the USSR to start moving troops out of Hungary.
- 8. After the 1956 Revolution, many political changes were introduced in Hungary. These changes included having free elections and also Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union was very angry at this.
- 9. The Soviet Union decided to again take control of Hungary. It invaded Hungary with a large army and once more ran the country. Anyone opposed to the Soviets was killed, jailed or left the country.
- 10. Even after the Soviet invasion, it can be argued people’s lives were better because of the revolution. Under new Communist leader Janos Kadar, many people were released from prison and the country became a little richer.
- 11. The Hungarian Revolution is important to the Cold War because it showed two things: 1) The Soviets were prepared to use the military to control other countries 2) The USA and other NATO countries wouldn’t stop them