Cold War Flashpoints - Poland
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The Soviet Union wanted control of Poland after World War 2 to prevent further invasions through Polish territory and to act as a buffer between Russia and Western Europe. They promised free elections but eventually forced Poland to become a communist country, angering the United States who wanted the Poles to have self-determination. Polish workers protested in 1956 seeking independence, which temporarily gave them more freedom before communism tightened its grip again.
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The Cold War was a state of political and military tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. This tension was characterized by an ideological battle between capitalism and communism without direct armed conflict. The world was divided into two competing blocs aligned with either the US or Soviet Union. Some key events that defined the Cold War included the Berlin Blockade, formation of NATO, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Cold War Flashpoints - Hungary
Hungary was occupied by Soviet forces after World War 2 who imposed Communist rule. This led to poverty, repression of freedoms, and the secret police terrorizing citizens. Inspired by reforms in Poland, Hungarians launched a revolution in 1956 against Soviet domination. A new prime minister negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops but the USSR later invaded with a large army to reassert control, killing and imprisoning resistors. The revolution demonstrated the Soviets' willingness to use military force to maintain influence over Eastern Europe and the lack of response by Western nations.
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The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. It involved periods of rivalry, conflicts through proxy wars, and efforts at diplomacy. Key events included the division of Germany and Berlin after WWII, the Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and decolonization movements supported by both superpowers to weaken European colonial powers. While never directly fighting each other, the US and USSR engaged in an arms race, ideological battles, and conflicts by backing opposing sides in regional wars throughout the world.
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Hungary was occupied by Soviet forces after World War 2 who imposed Communist rule. This led to poverty, repression of freedoms, and the secret police terrorizing citizens. Inspired by reforms in Poland, Hungarians launched a revolution in 1956 against Soviet domination. A new prime minister negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops but the USSR later invaded with a large army to reassert control, killing and imprisoning resistors. The revolution demonstrated the Soviets' willingness to use military force to maintain influence over Eastern Europe and the lack of response by Western nations.
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The Cold War began in 1945 between NATO countries led by the US and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact countries. It was characterized by military rivalry and mutual suspicion between the two sides due to opposing political and economic ideologies. Key events that increased tensions included the formation of military alliances, the Korean War, flashpoints like the Berlin Crisis, and the Vietnam War, which the US struggled to win. Relations began to thaw in the late 1960s with détente policies pursued by both sides, including arms control agreements. Further changes in the 1980s within the Soviet Union under Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika ultimately led to the end of the Cold War.
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Extent of support for German nationalism frankfurt parliament
The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in 1848 with 574 delegates from across German states to discuss unifying Germany and establishing a constitution. Key agreements included holding elections for a National Assembly with one member per 50,000 citizens and universal male suffrage for those over 25. The Parliament asked Frederick William IV of Prussia and Franz Josef of Austria to be King of Germany but both opposed unification. While it showed commitment to change, the Parliament ultimately failed due to disagreements over including Austria, the dominance of the middle class, and lack of military control.
Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisations
When Hitler became Chancellor, he initiated a process called Gleichschaltung to take control of all aspects of German society by merging key organizations with the Nazi Party. Numerous organizations like the Hitler Youth and trade unions became compulsory groups that all Germans had to join. The Nazis also sought to control information through the Propaganda Ministry and influencing newspapers. They dissolved state governments and gave control to Reich Governors, consolidating their domination over Germany.
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
At the start of 1848, it seemed possible that a united Germany could be achieved as people from all social groups in German states took action to demand political and social reforms, worrying their leaders. However, the hopes for unification ultimately failed because there was disagreement over the aims of unification, such as whether Austria should be included, and state leaders who controlled their own armies saw no personal advantage to relinquishing power to a single German nation led by someone else. Prussia's withdrawal of support for the Frankfurt Parliament, which had no military of its own, also contributed to the failure to unite Germany at that time.
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
Prussia introduced economic reforms including abolishing taxes and tariffs that interested other German states. In 1834, a Customs Union called the Zollverein was established between Prussia and other German states where members agreed to follow Prussian trade and tax law, growing their economies. By 1836, 25 of 39 German states had joined the Customs Union, significantly increasing Prussia's economic and political influence across Germany, though some states resisted and Austria remained excluded.
Extent of support for nationalism supporters
Liberals, the middle classes, and students supported German unification and greater political participation as they believed this would lead to a fairer society and more economic opportunities. These groups were growing in influence as advocates of liberalism and nationalism due to the expanding middle class and involvement in protests, but they did not represent all of German society as poorer groups had less exposure to these new political ideas.
4. recovery or illusion of recovery
This page considers whether the apparent political and economic recovery that Weimar enjoyed between 1924-1929 was genuine or in fact an illusion.
Nazi germany - extent of resistance
This page discusses the extent of opposition which actually existed to Nazi rule, and analyses the various problems that potential opponents faced.
4. role of the nazi party
While individual members like Hitler wielded significant power, the Nazi Party itself played a limited direct role in governing Germany. It was used to promote Nazi ideology throughout the country and help the government monitor citizens. However, the Party did influence policy as many government officials were also Party members, and local leaders (Gauleiters) in each of the 30 regions (Gaus) could implement national laws in their own way. The Party also included subgroups that helped Nazify key aspects of society through groups like the Hitler Youth and Teachers' Association.
Obstacles to german unification mass indifference
Peasants made up the largest group in German states in the 19th century, divided between rural and increasingly urban areas experiencing population growth. While urban peasants engaged more in protests due to industrialization, most peasants lived in extreme poverty and were more interested in social change than political reform. Peasants' support was essential to forcing change, but they faced obstacles like indifference, division from other classes, and limited education restricting political awareness and engagement. However, peasants did not oppose German nationalism and many supported unity.
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Extent of support for German nationalism frankfurt parliament
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Consolidation of Nazi Power - gleichschaltung of fronts and party organisations
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
Extent of support for German nationalism collapse of 1840s revolution
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
Reasons for the growth of German nationalism zollverein
Similar to Cold War Flashpoints - Poland
03. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Country by country takeover
- After World War 2, the Soviet Union exerted control over Eastern Europe by installing communist governments in neighboring countries.
- The Soviets took over countries like Albania, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia from 1944-1948. In each country, communist parties drove out opposition and established totalitarian rule aligned with the Soviet Union.
- Stalin used both coercion and promises of aid to bring Eastern European countries under Soviet control. By 1948, the region was firmly within the Soviet sphere of influence, alarming Western powers like the United States and United Kingdom.
The Post-War World Part 1
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IR Presentation-1.pptx on topic Russian Revolution.
The Russian Revolution consisted of two revolutions in 1917 that transformed Russia from an empire under the Tsar to a socialist state under the Bolsheviks. The February Revolution overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government led by the Mensheviks. However, the provisional government struggled due to its decision to continue fighting in WWI and its failure to hold elections. In October, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, launched the October Revolution and seized power, establishing the world's first socialist state. This led to a civil war between the Bolsheviks' Red Army and opposing White forces, which the Red Army ultimately won, allowing the USSR to be formed in 1922.
The communists come to power in Poland
The communists come to power in Poland.
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Soviet of eastern europe in 1948 89 was
Stalin controlled Eastern Europe after WWII to spread communism and gain influence. He crushed any opposition and installed puppet governments. Life was difficult, with limited freedoms and secret police. Attempts to liberalize, like Czechoslovakia's "Prague Spring", were met with invasion by other Eastern Bloc countries to maintain communist rule. Resistance was brutally suppressed, as in Hungary in 1956 when the Soviet Union invaded after a popular uprising.
Time after ending world war II
Poland suffered tremendously during World War II, with millions killed and many cities destroyed, after which it fell under Soviet control and communist rule for decades, during which time the government persecuted opposition, restricted freedoms, and used propaganda to promote communist ideals and policies while Poland remained dependent on the Soviet Union.
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The document discusses the origins and escalation of tensions during the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It provides background on the Yalta and Potsdam conferences where the Allied powers discussed post-war plans. At these meetings, disagreements started to emerge between the US and USSR over the occupation and control of Eastern Europe. The document also describes how Stalin solidified communist control over Eastern European countries and established what Winston Churchill called the "Iron Curtain." This increased tensions further and led to responses from the US like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain the spread of communism. The Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union in 1948, and the Western Allied Berlin Airlift in response, marked a major escal
Communism, fascism, democracy, 1917 1939
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution from 1917-1939. It summarizes key events such as Czar Nicholas II being forced to introduce Russia's first constitution in 1905 due to defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. By 1917, Russia was poorly prepared for WWI and facing major issues. The March Revolution of 1917 led to the abdication of the Czar and establishment of a Provisional Government, but Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew this government in November 1917, establishing the Soviet Union. The document then discusses Stalin's rise to power in the 1920s-1930s and his policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, which led to millions of deaths.
Cold war
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
Rise of the dictators
The document provides an overview of the rise of dictators in the period between 1918-1939. It begins by discussing how many believed a new age of democracy had dawned after World War 1, but instead the years became an era of dictatorship. It then summarizes the rise of three dictators:
1) Joseph Stalin in Russia/Soviet Union who consolidated power after Lenin's death and instituted brutal policies like collectivization, purges, and famine that killed millions.
2) Benito Mussolini in Italy who formed the Fascist party and seized power in 1922, becoming Il Duce and allying with Hitler.
3) Adolf Hitler in Germany who joined the Nazi party after WW1 and transformed it
The cold war
After WWII, tensions grew between the Western allies (US, Britain, France) and the Soviet Union over the fate of Eastern Europe. Stalin imposed Communist control over Eastern European countries, setting up the Iron Curtain and beginning the Cold War rivalry that divided Europe for decades. Both sides built up nuclear weapons and competed globally in an arms race and ideological battle for influence.
Russian Politics of the 20th Century
1) Russia before the October Revolution was an autocratic czarist society that was oppressive towards workers. Mass protests and demonstrations calling for reforms led to Bloody Sunday but the Czar eventually agreed to some concessions.
2) During World War 1, economic difficulties and military failures led to growing unrest. This resulted in the February Revolution which overthrew the monarchy.
3) Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks then led the October Revolution, establishing the Soviet Union and socialist rule. Lenin became the leader of the new Soviet state.
AA 3 Russian history fall 2010, year 3 class 3
AA 3 Russian history fall 2010, year 3 class 3Joe Boisvert Adjunct Professor of History, Gulf Coast State College Encore Program, Director of Compassionate Care, Amherst First Baptist Church, NH, Stephen Minister, Instructor Noah's Ark, Panama City, Florida
After the Russian Civil War and a famine in 1921, about one million Russians emigrated from the country. The Lenin administration established the New Economic Policy in 1921 to allow some private enterprise to help economic recovery. It nationalized some industries but allowed private farming and trade. In 1922, the USSR was formally created, consolidating Soviet rule over Russia and neighboring republics under a new constitution.Similar to Cold War Flashpoints - Poland (20)
03. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Country by country takeover
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CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: SOVIET REGIMES IN EASTERN EUROPE
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IR Presentation-1.pptx on topic Russian Revolution.
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Cold War Flashpoints - Poland
- 3. LEARNING INTENTIONS • Explain why the Soviet Union wanted to control Poland • Explain why the Soviet Union’s actions angered the USA
- 4. The German invasion of Poland in September 1939 helped started World War Two. Poland was also involved at the start of the Cold War.
- 5. In both World Wars One and Two, millions of Russians were killed, soldiers and civilians alike. After World War Two, the Soviet Union wanted to stop this happening again. Poland was a key part of their plan.
- 6. Russia had been invaded three times in the twentieth century and the route through Poland allowed this to happen. The Soviet Union wanted control of Poland to stop anyone else using this route to invade them.
- 7. The USA wanted the Poles to have free elections. They also hated Communism. The Soviets promised to have free elections if they had control of Poland. Based on this promise, the Soviets were given this power.
- 8. At first Poland had a coalition government (made up of Poles and Communists). However eventually the Soviet Union forced the Poles’ choices out, and pushed Poland towards Communism.
- 9. By 1956, two major changes had happened. Joseph Stalin was dead, as was Boleslaw Bierut (the Polish Communist leader). Polish workers started to protest and threaten revolution. They wanted to run their country.
- 10. For a time, Poles gained more freedom. their protests inspired others in Eastern Europe. Eventually however this control was taken away as Poland once again became firmly Communist, angering the USA