The document discusses the science of human settlements known as Ekistics. It outlines 5 principles that govern the formation of human settlements, which focus on maximizing contacts and minimizing effort. It also describes the 5 elements of human settlements - nature, man, society, shells, and networks. Finally, it discusses the evolution of human settlements from primitive non-organized settlements to the current phase of universal cities.

1. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Rey Gabriel Granada, UAP, REB, REA

2. https://blog-www.pods.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/MG_1_1_New_York_City-1.jpg.webp
New York City, USA

3. https://www.london.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/promo_large/public/2018-10/london-aerial-cityscape-river-thames_1.jpg?itok=BMaDUhjp
London, UK

4. https://cdn.britannica.com/08/187508-050-D6FB5173/Shanghai-Tower-Gensler-San-Francisco-world-Oriental-2015.jpg
Shanghai, China

5. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/1200px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

6. https://www.travelguide.de/en/countries/singapore/
Singapore

7. https://www.tastingtable.com/img/gallery/absolute-best-seafood-restaurants-in-barcelona-spain/l-intro-1671031355.jpg
Barcelona, Spain

8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dubai#/media/File:Dubai_Skylines_at_night_(Pexels_3787839).jpg
Dubai, UAE

9. Makati, Philippines

11. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

12. Presentation Content
1. Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements
2. Principles on the Creation of Human Settlements
3. Elements of Human Settlements
4. Basic Parts of Composite Human Settlements
5. Classification of Human Settlements
6. Evolution of Human Settlements

13. The Science of Human Settlements
EKISTICS
● starts with the premise that human settlements are
susceptible of systematic investigation
● coined from the Greek words “oikos” (home) and “oiko”
(settling down)
● involves every kind of human settlement, with particular
attention to geography, ecology, human psychology,
anthropology, culture, politics, and occasionally
aesthetics

14. The Science of Human Settlements
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS
● Greek architect, engineer, and
urban planner
● Chief Town Planning Officer for
the Greater Athens Area in 1937
● Representative of Greece to
England, France, and USA on
postwar reconstruction
● lead architect and planner of
Islamabad, Pakistan
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=558499929645803&set=a.480611954101268

15. The Science of Human Settlements
EKISTICS as a SCIENCE
● takes into consideration the principles man takes
into account when building his settlements, as well
as the evolution of human settlements through
history in terms of size and quality
● relies on statistics and description, organized in five
ekistic elements or principles: nature, anthropos,
society, shells, and networks

16. The Science of Human Settlements
EKISTICS as a FRAMEWORK
● “Settlements are man's response to
his combined economic, social,
political, technological and cultural
human needs. As a result, man
becomes successful with his
response to this need only if he is
happy and safe within the
settlement that he creates for
himself.”
SETTLEMENTS
MAN
NEEDS
SATISFACTION

17. The Science of Human Settlements
GOALS of EKISTICS
● To build a city of optimum size that considers
human dimensions
● Since there is no point in resisting development, it
should try to accommodate technological
evolution and the needs of man within the same
settlement

18. The Science of Human Settlements
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
● Settlements inhabited by man
● Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where
human beings live
● Created through movement of man in space and
definition of boundaries of territorial interest for
physical and institutional purposes

19. The Science of Human Settlements
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1. The Content
● Man
● Society
● Networks
1. The Container (Physical Settlement)
● Natural elements (Nature)
● Man-made elements (Shell)

20. Principles on the Formation of Human
Settlements
PRINCIPLE NO. 1
● Maximization of man’s potential contacts with the
elements of nature, with other people, and with the
works of man

21. Principles on the Formation of Human
Settlements
PRINCIPLE NO. 2
● Minimization of the effort required for the
achievement of man’s actual and potential
contacts (emphasis on the importance of time
element at this day in age. From “Nomads” to
“Settlers”)

22. Principles on the Formation of Human
Settlements
PRINCIPLE NO. 3
● Optimization of man’s protective space, which
means the selection of such a distance from other
persons, animals, or objects that he can keep his
contacts with them (first principle) without any
kind of sensory or psychological discomfort.

23. Principles on the Formation of Human
Settlements
PRINCIPLE NO. 4
● Optimization of the quality of man’s relationship
with his environment, which consists of nature,
society, shells and networks.

24. Principles on the Formation of Human
Settlements
PRINCIPLE NO. 5
● Man organizes his settlements in an attempt to
achieve an optimum synthesis of the other four
principles, and this optimization is dependent on
time and space, on actual conditions, and on man's
ability to create a synthesis.

25. Elements of Human Settlements
NATURE
the earth and
the natural site
on which
settlements are
built
MAN
creates and
inhabits the
settlements
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-elements-of-Ekistics-as-designed-initially-by-CA-Doxiadis-in-1947-Fookes-2008_fig1_324454600

26. Elements of Human Settlements
SOCIETY
formed in a
given
settlement
NETWORKS
functions that
allow
settlements to
survive and
grow
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-elements-of-Ekistics-as-designed-initially-by-CA-Doxiadis-in-1947-Fookes-2008_fig1_324454600

27. Elements of Human Settlements
SHELLS
built to
transform the
first and to
house the other
elements
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-elements-of-Ekistics-as-designed-initially-by-CA-Doxiadis-in-1947-Fookes-2008_fig1_324454600

28. Basic Parts of Composite Human Settlements
Homogenous Parts
Fields
Central Part
Built-up area
Circulatory Part
Roads and paths within
the fields
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Intramuros_Manila_1898.jpg

29. Basic Parts of Composite Human Settlements
Special Parts
Monastery, convent, etc.
contained within the
homogenous part
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Intramuros_Manila_1898.jpg

30. 7 Sacrepante Street
Unit B
Bedroom with a green door
Top bunk
Barangka Ibaba, Mandaluyong
Metro Manila
Philippines

31. Classification of Human Settlements
Based on SIZE (of 5 elements and their combinations with
people and land area)
1) Hamlet to Metropolitan Cities
2) Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or
villages specializing in agriculture and other primary
activities)
3) Large and closely spaced (urban settlements
specializing in secondary and tertiary activities)

32. Based on LOCATION OF
SETTLEMENTS – plains,
mountains, coastal, etc.
Based on RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN SETTLEMENTS
WITHIN SPACE (hierarchical
or non-hierarchical)
Classification of Human
Settlements
https://i1.wp.com/www.howshewanders.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/batad-rice-terraces-3.jpg?w=1000&ssl=1; https://www.tnktravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Cai-
Beo-Fishing-Village.jpg; https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-settlement-hierarchy/

33. Based on PHYSICAL
FORMS – form as the
expression of content,
function, and structure.
Based on THE FIVE
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
Classification of Human
Settlements
https://teleskola.mt/settlements-3-settlement-patterns/;

34. Classification of Human Settlements
Based on FUNCTIONS or the important understanding of
the meaning and role of settlements
1) They reveal the nature, specialization, and the raison
d’etre of the settlements
2) They can be based on activity (economic, social), their
performance, or their special role (as dormitories,
retirement villages, etc.)

35. Classification of Human Settlements
Based on TIME DIMENSION - the age of settlements, their
place in the continuum (past, present, future), their relative static
or dynamic character, the whole process of their growth
https://www.myleszhang.org/here-grows-new-york-city/

36. Classification of Human Settlements
Based on the DEGREE OF SOCIETY’S CONSCIOUS
INVOLVEMENT in the settlement’s creation – natural
and planned settlements
Based on INSTITUTIONS, LEGISLATION, AND
ADMINISTRATION which society has created for
settlements

37. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
1. By Ekistic Units
2. By Ekistic Elements
3. By Ekistic Functions
4. By Evolutionary Phases
5. By Factors and Disciplines

38. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
1. By Ekistic Units
Physical Units
● Man (as individual) – smallest unit
● Space – second unit which is either personally owned or shared with
others
● Family Home – third unit
Social Unit
● Group of Homes

39. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
1. By Ekistic Units
Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS) consists of 15 Ekistic units
ranging from Man to Ecumenopolis and these units turn into 4 basic
groups
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House – 5
4. Housegroup (hamlet) –
40
5. Small neighborhood
(village) – 250
6. Neighborhood – 1,500
7. Small polis (town) –
10,000
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
9. Small metropolis –
500,000
10. Metropolis - 4 million
11. Small Megalopolis – 25
million
12. Megalopolis – 150 million
13. Small eperopolis – 750
million
14. Eperopolis – 7,500 million
15. Ecumenopolis - 50,000
million

40. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
1. By Ekistic Units
Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS)
● Used as a basis for the measurement and
classification of many dimensions in human
settlements
● Also used in geography and regional science

41. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
2. By Ekistic Elements
Nature
● Geologic resources
● Topographic resources
● Soil resources
● Water resources
● Plant life
● Animal life
● Climate
Man
● Biological needs (space,
air, temperature)
● Sensation and perceptions
(‘five senses’)
● Emotional needs (human
relations, security, beauty)
● Moral values

42. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
2. By Ekistic Elements
Society
● Population, composition, & density
● Social stratification
● Cultural patterns
● Economic development
● Education
● Health and welfare
● Law and administration
Shell
● Housing
● Community services (schools,
hospitals, etc.)
● Shopping centers and markets
● Recreational facilities
● Civic and business centers
● Industry
● Transportation centers

43. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
2. By Ekistic Elements
Network
● Water supply systems
● Power supply systems
● Transportation systems (water, road, rail, air)
● Communication systems
● Sewerage and drainage
● Physical lay-out (Ekistic Plan)

44. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
3. By Ekistic Functions
https://www.flexiprep.com/NIOS-Notes/Senior-Secondary/Geography/NIOS-Ch-29-Human-Settlement-Part-3.html

45. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
4. By Evolutionary Phases
Macro Scale
● Nomadic
● Agricultural
● Urban
● Urban-industrial
Micro Scale
● Specific area at a limited
period of time

46. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
4. By Evolutionary Phases and Types of Planning
MICRO SCALE
1. Anthropos –
Architectural
2. Room – Space
3. Dwelling
4. Dwelling Group – Site
Planning
5. Small neighborhood
(village) – Subdivision
Planning
MACRO SCALE
10. Metropolis – Regional Planning
11. Conurbation – Metropolitan
Planning
12. Megalopolis – Terrestrial Planning
13. Urban Region – National Planning
14. Urban Continent – Urban Planning
15. Ecumenopolis – by 2120, global
population ~20B people, and urban
population ~ 18B (Doxiadis)
MIDDLE SCALE
6. Neighborhood
7. Small polis (town) –
Town Planning
8. Polis (city)/Town – City
Planning
9. Large City – Urban
Planning

47. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
5. By Factors and Discipline

48. Classification of Human Settlements in Ekistics
Balance between the elements of human settlements
is the goal of EKISTICS which is to deal by necessity
with:
● Nature, which is being spoilt
● Man, who is continuously changing
● Society, which is changing because of man’s new needs
● Shells, which must be constructed
● Networks, which are also changing to cope up with new
demands

49. Evolution of Human Settlements
● Phase 1: Primitive non-organized human settlements (started
with the evolution of man)
● Phase 2: Primitive organized settlements – Eopolis (The
Period of Villages lasted 10,000 years)
● Phase 3: Static urban settlements or cities – Polis (lasted
about 5,000-6,000 years)
● Phase 4: Dynamic urban settlements – Dynapolis lasted 200-
400 years
● Phase 5: Universal City - Ecumenopolis which is now
beginning

50. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Rey Gabriel Granada, UAP, REB, REA

51. Evaluation
1. How many principles govern the formation of
human settlements?
2. Enumerate the five elements of human
settlements.
3. [Essay] In maximum of four sentences, what do you
think is the importance of Ekistics and Human
Settlements in studying Architecture?