Urban and regional planning has evolved over time from ancient to modern eras. In ancient times, the first urban settlements emerged around 4000 BC along major river valleys and were characterized by large populations and monumental architecture. Many ancient cities practiced centralized planning. In medieval times, planning focused on fortifications and monasteries. The Renaissance period saw a rebirth of classical planning principles and emphasis on beautification of cities. The industrial revolution led to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in cities. In response, planning movements emerged including the Garden City movement by Ebenezer Howard which advocated planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts. The City Beautiful movement emphasized grandeur and beautification of cities through axial

3. site &
development
area
planning

4. Urban and Regional Planning
American Institute of Certified
Planners
URP is the unified development of
urban communities and their environs
and of states, regions and the nation
as a whole, as expressed through
determination of the comprehensive
arrangement of land uses and land
occupancy and their regulation

5. Canadian Institute of Planners
URP refers to the scientific,
orderly and aesthetic
disposition of land, buildings,
resources, facilities and
communication routes, in use
and in development, with a
view to obviating congestion
and securing the maximum
practicable degree of
economy, efficiency,
convenience, sound
environment
Urban and Regional Planning

6. Encyclopedia of Urban Studies
1. American – urban & regional planning
2. British – town & country planning
3. French – “ amanagement du territoire” or
environmental planning
4. United Nations – human settlements
planning
urbanplanning

7. ekistics
the science
of human settlements

8. • Science of human settlements
• Coined by Greek planner,
Constantinos A. Doxiadis
• Human settlements as a living organism ruled by its
own laws
“oikos”home
“oiko” settling down
ekistics

9. • To understand the concepts and means of
implementing facts, concepts and ideas related to
human settlements
• Reexamine all principles and theories and to readjust
the disciplines and professions connected with
settlements
ekistics

10. • Settlements are man’s response to his combined
economic, social, political, technological and
cultural human needs. As a result, man becomes
successful with his response to this need only if he
is happy and safe within the settlement that he
creates for himself.”
ekisticsframework

11. • Settlements inhabited by man
• Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human
beings live
• Created through movement of man in space and
definition of boundaries of territorial interest for
physical and institutional purposes
• Comprise of all settlements, from primitive to the
most elaborate, from small to big, from temporary
to permanent, from single to composite (Doxiadis,
1964)
humansettlements

12. “
Human settlements means the totality of
human community – whether city, town
or village – with all the social, material,
organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it. The fabric of
human settlements consists of physical
elements (shelter, infrastructure and
servise) and services to which these
elements provide the material support
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976)
UN Conference on Human Settlements
humansettlements

13. elementsofhumansettlements
Content
• Man (Anthropos) – creates and inhabits the
settlements
• Society – formed in a given settlement
• Networks – functions that allow settlements
to survive and grow; natural and man-made
systems which allow the functioning of
settlements (roads, utilities)
Container
• Nature – earth and the natural site on
which settlements are built; natural
• Shells – built to transform the nature
and to house the other elements; man-
made

14. elementsofhumansettlements
5. Networks
4. Shells 3. Society
2. Man
1. Nature

15. basic parts of composite
Homogenous parts – fields
Central parts – built-up village
human settlements
4
Circulatory parts – path within
the fields
Special parts – structural
developments

16. classificationof
human settlements
Minor shells or elementary units
(man, room, house)
Micro-settlements
Units smaller than or as small as the
traditional towns where trip to
activities are done by walking
Meso-settlements
Between traditional and conurbation
which one commutes to daily
activites
Macro-settlements
Whose largest possible expression is
the Ecumenopolis

17. human
settlements
heirarchy of

18. ekistic logarithmic scale
Consists of 15 Ekistics units ranging from Man
to Ecumenopolis and these units turn into four
basic groups
Group 1: Minor Shells
1. Anthropos – 1
2. Room – 2
3. House - 5
Group 2: Micro-settlements
4. Housegroup (hamlet) – 40
5. Small neighborhood (village) – 250
6. Neighborhood – 1,500
Group 3: Meso-settlements
7. Small Polis (town) – 10,000
8. Polis (city) – 75,000
9. Small metropolis – 500,000
10. Metropolis – 4 million
11. Small Megalopolis – 25 million
12. Megalopolis – 150m
13. Small Eperopolis – 750 million
14. Eperopolis – 7,500 million
Group 4: Macro-settlement
15. Ecumenopolis – 50 million

19. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

20. settlements
history of

21. Characterized by:
• Hunting for survival
• Nomadic
pre-history

22. • Early Urbanization coincided with the ‘Neolithic Agricultural
Revolution’ when people built permanent settlements and fixed
farms – rather than living nomadically through hunting and
gathering.
• Successful domestication of selected plants and animals
generated huge food surplus that led to sedentary settlements
in alluvial plains (Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Huang Ho, Tiber
rivers)
ancient times

23. During this era, cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the
Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
•The City of Eridu – the oldest city
•The City of Damascus – oldest continually inhabited city
•Babylon – the largest city with 80,000 population
•Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley – these Egyptian
cities were characterized by monumental architecture popularly
symbolized by the pyramids
3,000-4,000 B.C.

24. •Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley – these Egyptian
cities were characterized by monumental architecture popularly
symbolized by the pyramids
3000 B.C.

25. •Indus Valley (now Pakistan)
•Mohenjo-Daro – administrative and religious
centers with 40,000 population
2500 B.C.

26. •Yellow River Valley of China – „land within the
passes‟. Precursor of the Linear City
•Anyang – largest city of the Yellow River Valley
•Cities also evolved in Mesoamerica, built by Aztecs,
Mextecs and Zapotecs
1900 B.C.

27. Theory by Karl Wittfogel (1957)
• Large-scale irrigation systems and the use of hydraulics were the
prime mover behind urbanization
• The agricultural revolution resulted in higher crop yields and
created huge food surplus
• Labor specialization developed; a class of non-farming workers -
-bureaucrats/ administrators, High Priests, Shamans (healers),
Craftsmen, Traders
• Strong, centralized government emerged, backed by an urban-
based military.
hydrauliccivilization

28. cities of the dead
• large ancient cemetery with
elaborate tomb monuments
• Worship of the totalitarian
„god-kings‟
• Totalitarian „god-kings‟ sought
to live forever through huge
monuments and burial
complexes
• Popularly on Egypt, Greece,
Rome
necropolis
Mastabas in the Giza Necropolis with
the Pyramid of Khafre in the
background.
Tumuli are placed along a street in the
Banditaccia necropolis of Cerveteri

29. 700 B.C.
• Greek cities spread through
the Aegean Region –
westward to France and
Spain
• „polis‟ – defined as „city –
state‟.
greek classical cities
• Most famous is the Acropolis – a religious and
defensive structure up on the hills, with no definite
geometrical plan
• Finite measurement of the Greeks – built to human
scale
• Sparta and Athens were the largest cities
• Neopolis and Paleopolis – „new‟ and „old‟ cities. A
Neopolis became a Paleopolis once another new city
was built
Parthenon

30. 450 – 400 B.C.
• The city of Miletus – said to be the first planned
city
• 3 sections of Miletus – for artisans, farmers, and
the military
greek classical cities

31. • Lawyer-architect Hippodamus of
Miletus (c. 407 BC) is known as the
“Father of Town Planning” in
Europe.
hippodamus of miletus
father of town planning (west)

32. • He emphasized geometric
designs, provided the first
theoretical framework in
planning.
• He designed Miletus, Priene,
Rhodes, and Thurii (Italy).
hippodamus of miletus
father of town planning (west)
Miletus

33. • Pericles commissioned him to
design “Piraeus” as the port
of Athens.
hippodamus of miletus
father of town planning (west)
Piraeus

34. • Alexander The Great from
Macedonia commissioned
him to design “Alexandria” in
Egypt which Alexander
captured.
hippodamus of miletus
father of town planning (west)
Alexandria, Egypt

35. • Roman Cities adopted Greek forms but with
different scale – monumental and had a social
hierarchy
• Roman Forums – focal points of Roman city
planning.
• Rome was first a „Republic‟ run by democratic
Senate until 27BC then it became an “Empire” after
the assassination of Julius Caesar who was
succeeded by dynasties of emperors/dictators
romanclassicalcities

36. • Romans as conquerors built forum after forum
• Romans as engineers built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems, fountains, etc.
• Romans as physical and social planners
developed housing variations and other spaces:
• Basilica – covered markets with law courts
• Curia – local meeting hall; the capitol
• Domus – traditional Roman house with a
central atrium
• Insulae – 3 to 6 storey apartments with
storefronts
• The Romans were fond of public works and arts
romanclassicalcities

37. because ancient Romans believed that no matter
what happened to the world or how many empires
came and collapsed, Rome would go on forever.
Rome “the eternal city”

38. •Decline of the Roman Empire
•Growth and development revolved around the
fortifications of towns and cities, and the
construction of monasteries
•Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns
•The rise of the church as a main urban design
component was signified in Constantinople (now
Turkey) and Sienna, Italy
medievalages

39. • Towns were fine and intimate characterized
with winding roads and sequenced views of the
cathedral or military fortifications. Expansion
was limited to the size the city could support
but was not limited in land area.
• There was a continuing increase in number of
towns, although with a small population per
town.
medievalages

40. • New 11th century towns in Europe were mostly
coastal port towns.
• Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size while
the power of the feudal lords declined
• Ownership shifted to a new variety – that of the
wealthy merchants while the church continued its
rise, creating two privileged classes: the nobles and
the clergy.
• World trade and travel created major population
concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice.
medievalages

41. • Means “rebirth”
• In the 15th Century France the kings achieved unity
and display their affluence and power by improving
and beautifying their cities.
• Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning.
•Geometrical forms of cities were proposed.
• Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts,
the first „university town‟
• Landscape architecture showcased palaces and
gardens; e.g. Versailles, France and Karlsruhe in
Germany
renaissanceperiod

42. florence, italy
birthplace of renaissance
Florence Cathedral

43. cities that flourished
European cities with over
100,000 population in 1700s
Rome
Venice
Milan
Paris
Lyons
London
Vienna
Amsterdam
Dublin
Berlin
Madrid
Lisbon
Naples
Palermo (Sicily)
Moscow
renaissanceperiod

44. sir christopher wren
English architect who prepared Plan for
London (1666) and plan for St. Paul‟s
Cathedral
1600’s

45. James craig
(1767) Scottish architect, planned linear
new town for Edinburg
1700’s
robert owen
(1799) English social reformer, conceptualized
“Village of Unity and Mutual Cooperation) in
New Lanark; showcase of Utopian or
Normative Socialism
john gwynn
(1766) prepared a remarkable plan called
“London and Westminster Improved”

46. pierre charles l’enfant
french architect, engineer, city planner who
prepared Plan for Washington D.C. (1791)
1700’s
Featured a network of wide streets converging on major
parks, and other open spaces and on public structures such
as the Capitol and the White House

47. modern
planning
movements
& the movers

48. industrial
revolution
1760-1840
Machine inventions and
technological advancements:
• Textiles – mechanized cotton
spinning powered by steam or
water greatly increased the
output of a worker
• Steam power – the efficiency
of steam engines
• Iron making
• Invention of machine tools
A Watt steam engine.
Spinning jenny

50. unplanned urban growth
overcrowding
insanitary city
slums
decline of rural life
rule of landlords
land reform

53. Ebenezer
Howard

54. “A comprehensive vision of social
and political reform involving the
gradual transformation of the
existing concentrated cities into a
decentralized but closely
interrelated network of garden
cities, collectively called
the social city”

55. Garden City
physical aspect

56. “Human society and the beauty
of nature are meant to be
enjoyed together”

58. Mother city
58,000 pop.
Social cities
1000 ac

59. Garden City
physical aspect
Garden cities were
to be small,
population of
32,000
Rail system
interconnects
Social cities
Rural estate
“greenbelts”
5000 ac
Social cities
1000 ac
Mother city
58,000 pop.

60. Social City Circular basis – clear zoning within it

61. Garden City
physical aspect

65. Civic centers
Central park
Shops
Residential
Industrial
Agricultural

67. Garden City
social aspect
Envisaged to be
Egalitarian
 Accommodating all classes
 Even lowest paid factory worker can afford decent
houses
 Range of employment in primary, secondary and
tertiary

68. Letchworth Garden City Welwyn Garden City

69. Movement that emphasized aesthetics in urban design
and planning -- grandeur, monumentality (drama &
tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, and symmetry.
citybeautifulmovement
Court of Honor, World’s Columbian
Exposition 1892-93, The Grand Basin

70. Intended to utilize the
current political and
economic structure to
create beautiful, spacious,
and orderly cities that
contained healthy open
spaces and showcased
public buildings that
expressed the moral
values of the city.
citybeautifulmovement
Axial plan of The Mall,
Washington, D.C.: the Reflecting
Pool and Lincoln Memorial extend
the central axis

71. This movement was praised for its aesthetics and
circulation/transport planning but generally criticized as
‘utopian” -- Beauty stood supreme, had little concern for
health and sanitation (hospitals, sewerage, solid waste),
mass housing, economic growth (factories), natural
hazards, geology, zoning (incompatible land uses).
citybeautifulmovement
Canberra – the capital city of
Australia

72. daniel burnham
Father of City Beautiful
citybeautifulmovement
“
”
Make no little plans.
They have no magic
to stir men's blood
and probably
themselves will not
be realized. Make
big plans…

73. daniel burnham
Father of City Beautiful
citybeautifulmovement
Washington, DC (1902)
Cleaveland (1903)
Manila and Baguio City (1904)
San Francisco (1905)
Chicago Plan (1909)

74. daniel burnham
citybeautifulmovement
The Administration Building at the 1893 World's
Columbian Exposition in Chicago, where Daniel
Hudson Burnham's City Beautiful movement
made its debut.
Flat Iron Building, NY

75. daniel burnham
citybeautifulmovement
Plan of Chicago

76. daniel burnham
citybeautifulmovement
Plan of Manila

77. citybeautifulmovement
Plan of Manila

78. daniel burnham
citybeautifulmovement
Taft Avenue
Post Office in Manila
Manila: Paris of Asia

79. daniel burnham
citybeautifulmovement
Plan of Metro Manila
Plan of Chicago

80. baron georges haussmann
Paris Masterplan
Architect-theorist, Prefect of Seine, commissioned by Emperor
Napoleon III to redesign Paris,
• dominant forms in
Haussmann's plans are
long, wide, tree-lined
boulevards punctuated
by an abundance of
circular plazas and
pocket parks
• ‘Arc de Triomphe’; “ring
streets” patterned after
Vienna’s
citybeautifulmovement

81. best planned city of the world
paris
Arc de Triomphe roundabout Arc de Triomphe roundabout

82. frederick law olmstead sr.
Father of American Landscape Architecture
“A park was never an ornamental addition to a city
but an integral part of its fabric and a force for
future growth on several levels: economic, social
and cultural.” • Central Park, in New York
• (Greens-ward Plan)
together
• with Calvert Vaux
• Riverside, Illinois
• Buffalo, NY parks system
• Druid Hills, Georgia
conservationmovement

83. charles-edouard jeanneret
“Le- Corbusier”
Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)
objective was to decongest the
entire city by increasing density
at the core; “to concentrate
population without congestion”

84. charles-edouard jeanneret
“Le- Corbusier”
Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)
• Designed to contain effective
means of transportation
• abundance of green space and
sunlight
• radical, strict and nearly
totalitarian in its order, symmetry
and standardization, Le
Corbusier’s proposed principles
had an extensive influence on
modern urban planning and led to
the development of new high-
density housing typologies.

85. charles-edouard jeanneret
“Le- Corbusier”
Une Ville Contemporaine
(Contemporary City,
1923) – a modernist city
consisting of uniform tower
blocks set within gardens
meant for 3 million people
Applied concepts to City of
Chandigarh, new capital of Punjab,
India; and to Brasilia, Brazil; Boston
and Toronto Plan

86. charles-edouard jeanneret
“Le- Corbusier”
Today, in the aftermath of
Modernism, Le Corbusier’s
built cities are hardly ever
described as Utopias. Brasilia,
for example, has been harshly
criticized for ignoring
residents' habits or desires
and for not providing public
spaces for urban encounters
The Pruitt-Igoe social housing
development, built in 1954
and demolished in 1972

87. newtownsmovement
The New Town Movement was
derived from the Garden City
Movement as an alternative to the
overcrowded, polluted, chaotic and
miserable cities
• an island of greens; green spaces
are interconnected
• separation of pedestrian traffic
from motor traffic
• series of superblocks or
neighborhood clusters around
greens
• based upon prior land assembly

88. frank lloyd wright
(1932) Broadacre is a
continuous metropolitan
region of low density.
Each U.S. family would be
given a one acre (4,046.86
m²) from the federal land
reserves, space for gardens
and small farms
newtownsmovement
Broadacre City
antithesis of a compact development and the apotheosis of
the newly born suburbanization

89. frank lloyd wright
Mobility
Regional rail system and
individualized motor vehicle
Helicopter – which made it
more sci-fci
newtownsmovement

90. clarence stein
Co-founded the Regional Planning Association of America in 1923
with Henry Wright, Lewis Mumford, and other colleagues)
Authored Toward New Towns for America (1951)
Projects:
• Sunnyside Gardens in
Queens, New York;
Radburn, New Jersey;
Chatham Village in
Pittsburgh; and Baldwin
Hills Village (known today
as Village Green) in Los
Angeles.
newtownsmovement

91. “Superblock” is an island of greens, bordered by homes and carefully
skirted by peripheral automobile roads, each around open green
spaces which are themselves interconnected. There are numerous
greenways which serve as pedestrian pathways.
superblock

92. clarence perry
Conceptualized Neighborhood
Unit
In UK: Neighborhood Precincts
neighborhoodunit

93. clarence perry
Six principles of Neighborhood unit
1) Size to support an elementary school,
generally a half mile in diameter at most
2) Boundaries on all sides by arterial
3) Open spaces for small parks and
recreation of about 10% of the total
neighborhood area
4) institutions such as schools, community
centers, and churches grouped around a
central point
5) local shops around the circumference at
traffic junctions
6) internal street system with lots of cul-
de-sacs and street widths sized to
facilitate internal traffic and discourage
through traffic.
neighborhoodunit

94. don arturo soria y mata
1) A purely segregated zone for railway
lines
2) A zone of production and communal
enterprises, with related scientific,
technical and educational institutions
3) Green belt or buffer zone with major
highway
4) A residential zone, including a band of
social institutions
5) A band of residential buildings and a
"children's band“
6) A park zone
7) An agricultural zone with gardens and
state-run farms
linearcity

95. benton mackaye
Father of Appalachian Trail
- A forester, conservationist and regional planner
- Advocated preserving cultural and recreational areas
in an increasingly urbanized environment
tony garnier
French architect and city planner, an avant garde 20th
century architect

96. thomas adams
Father of Urban Planning in Canada
• Architect and planner
• Served as secretary to the Garden City
Association and was the first manager
of Letchworth, England from 1903 to 1906
• Designer of low-density residential developments
grounded on Garden City principles

97. Notable persons:
• Robert Moses
• Ed Logue
• Rexford Guy
• Richard King
• Abraham Levitt
• Aldo Rossi
• Catherine Bauer Wurster
urbanrenewal

98. human
settlements
principles of
planning

99. • Balance with Nature - Preserve and integrate natural habitat,
make
visible the processes that sustain life
• Integrity, Unity and ‘Centrality’, means there is some sort of a
center that represents the core values of the local populace.
Overall “Sense of Place”
• Balance with Tradition – there are cultural symbols that give
‘meaning’ and significance to the public
• Appropriate Technology – use environment-friendly materials to
protect people from the elements, rain, noise, wind, and so on
• Human Scale - Easy orientation for users. ‘Legibility of form’ or
‘coherence’ means a mental image of physical setting can be
used to move around.
principleshumansettlementsplanning

100. • Conviviality -- a sense of security and pleasantness, ‘vitality of
street life’ means streets are not dominated by vehicles, but also
serve as venues for social interaction; Availability of places to
rest, observe, and meet.
–Place for Individual (intra-personal)
–Place for Friendship – (inter-personal)
–Place for Neighborhood and Community (meta-personal)
–Place for Higher Community Domain (societal)
• Efficiency – particularly Connectivity and ‘Accessibility’ or how
swiftly one can get to one’s needs
• Balanced Movement - Minimum conflict between pedestrians
and vehicles; major transport routes are interlinked around the
place for a person not to lose his/her way
• Opportunity Matrix – economic and livelihood activities
• Regional Integration - compatibility of land uses and patterns
with broader scales of community
principleshumansettlementsplanning

101. • Concentration — differential distribution of population and economic
activities in a city, and the manner in which they have focused on the
center of the city
• Decentralization — the location of activity away from the central city
• Segregation — the sorting out of population groups according to
conscious preferences for associating with one group or another
through bias and prejudice
• Invasion — traditionally, a process through which a new activity or
social group enters an area
• Succession — a new use or social group gradually replaces the former
occupants
• Assimilation and Accommodation – diverse social groups find a mode
of peaceful co-existence
human Ecology
(Chicago School of Urban Sociology): Six processes at work in the city
principleshumansettlementsplanning

102. influence of type of economy
to urban form

103. human
settlements
present day issues

104. • deterioration of buildings/streets in
older areas of large cities
• hastened by uncontrolled rural-to-
urban migration, people flock to cities
in search for better life
• results from economic polarization
• slums and shantytowns usually
surround old industrial districts
• when taxes are not paid by inner city
residents, LGUs do not have resources
to improve urban cores
urban blight
presentdayissues

105. • visual pollution that
undermine overall beauty &
architecture of the city
• oversized billboards,
superfluous signages, political
banners, disorderly utility
lines
• pose serious hazards to life,
limb and property especially
during natural hazards
• distracting the attention of
motorists
visual blight
presentdayissues

106. • Scattered development, low-
density fragmented use of
land for consumptive urban
purposes at a scale expanded
faster than what population
growth requires and occurring
along margins of existing
metropolitan areas in a
generally amorphic (formless)
manner
• Distances become too great
for walking, forcing
dependence on cars
amorphic sprawl
presentdayissues

107. • Process of suburbanizing,
population movement from cities
to suburbs
• Represents a desire to escape
perceived ills and problems in the
central city
• Companies moved out of inner
cities together with their
employees and educated middle
class
• Consumes more land resources
and expands human ecological
footprint what is
necessary
sub-urbanization
presentdayissues

108. • Discontinuous pattern of
urbanization, with patches
of developed lands that
are widely
separated from each other
and from the boundaries
of recognized urbanized
areas
• Costliest development with
respect to providing urban
services (power, water)
leapfrog or checkerboard devt
presentdayissues

109. An urban
area or metropolitan
area that is significantly
warmer than its
surrounding rural areas due
to human activities.
The temperature difference
usually is larger at night than
during the day, and is most
apparent when winds are
weak.
presentdayissues
urban heat island effect

110. presentdayissues
urban heat island effect
Materials used in urban areas such as for pavement and roofs
(concrete and asphalt) and the building itself (concrete), have
significantly different thermal bulk properties

111. Refers to the
unexpected large-scale
migration of rural
people into urban areas
even though factories
and urban firms have
yet no available
employment for
unskilled labor force
with low education. This
can happen in big or
small cities.
presentdayissues
false urbanization

112. Migration into the cities,
creating unprecedented
ghettos and driving the high-
rise metropolis.
presentdayissues
hyper-urbanization

113. Occurs as the main result of
land conversion wherein rural
land is prematurely developed
for urban uses – an irreversible
change in land use -- even
though the populations meant
to use or benefit from such
urban land are not yet present.
presentdayissues
forced or premature urbanization
Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China

114. "Social Exclusion”
Process of renewal and
rebuilding accompanying the
influx of middle-class or
affluent people into
deteriorating areas that often
displaces poorer residents
presentdayissues
gentrification

115. Gated communities are spatially a type of enclave, Setha
M. Low (anthropologist), who has argued that they have
a negative effect on the net social capital of the
broader community outside
presentdayissues
gated communities

116. urban
design
concepts

117. The process that planners can employ to provide
detailed guidance to the development of areas in the
city. Urban design seeks to realize the vision for an
area by making the public realm more organized,
aesthetically pleasing, and functional.
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

118. Urban design draws together the fields of planning
and transportation policy, architectural design,
development economics, landscape and engineering.
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

119. It is the science of
‘place-making’ which
enhances the value
of a city and
improves the quality
of life of its people.
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

120. Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte introduced
groundbreaking ideas regarding Placemaking
placemaking
Designing cities for people, not just cars and
shopping centers
Focuses on the social and
cultural importance of lively
neighborhoods and inviting
public spaces.
Jacobs encouraged
everyday citizens to take
ownership of streets through
the now-famous idea of “eyes
on the street,” while Holly
Whyte outlined key elements
for creating vibrant social life
in public spaces.
Whyte
Jacobs

121. Principles of Urban Design
1. Design for All
Urban design should involve people, local
communities and those likely to move in
2. Create places for people
For places to be well-used and well-loved, they
must be safe, comfortable, varied and
attractive. Vibrant places offers opportunities
for meeting people.
3. Conserve heritage
New developments should conserve
monuments, groups of buildings, or sites of
cultural importance and natural features.
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

122. Principles of Urban Design
4. Enrich the existing
New developments should enrich and
complement existing places.
5. Make connections
Places need to be accessible and integrated
with their surroundings.
6. Work with nature
Places must balance the nature and the man-
made environment
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

123. Principles of Urban Design
7. Mix uses and forms
Stimulating enjoyable and convenient places
8. Manage the investment
For projects to be well cared of, they must be
economically viable, well managed and maintained
9. Design for change
New developments needs to be flexible enough
to respond to future changes in use.
urbandesign
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

124. urbandesign
Process for a Master Plan
Employing basic principles
and concepts of urban
design for areas for
redevelopment and new
development
Local planning level
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

125. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T1 Natural Zone
consists of lands approximating or reverting to a wilderness condition,
including lands unsuitable for settlement due to topography,
hydrology or vegetation.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

126. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T2 Rural Zone
consists of sparsely settled lands in open or cultivated state. These
include woodland, agricultural land, grassland, and irrigable desert.
Typical buildings are farmhouses, agricultural buildings, cabins, and
villas.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

127. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T3 Sub-Urban Zone
consists of low density residential areas, adjacent to higher
zones that some mixed use. Home occupations and outbuildings are
allowed. Planting is naturalistic and setbacks are relatively deep. Blocks
may be large and the roads irregular to accommodate natural conditions.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

128. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T4 General Urban Zone
consists of a mixed use but primarily residential urban fabric.
It may have a wide range of building types: single, side yard, and
row houses. Setbacks and landscaping are variable. Streets with
curbs and sidewalks define medium-sized blocks.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

129. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T5 Urban Center Zone
consists of higher density mixed use buildings that accommodate
retail, offices, row houses and apartments. It has a tight network
of streets, with wide sidewalks, steady street tree planting and
buildings set close to the sidewalks.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

130. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
T6 Urban Core Zone
consists of the highest density and height, with the greatest variety of
uses, and civic buildings of regional importance. It may have larger
blocks; streets have steady street tree planting and buildings set close to
the wide sidewalks. Typically only large towns and cities have an Urban
Core Zone.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

131. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
Civic Zone
Consists of Civic Buildings and/or Civic Spaces appropriate to each
Transect Zone.
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

132. Transect-based planning
urbandesign
Special District
consist of areas with buildings that by their Function, Disposition,
or Configuration cannot, or should not, conform to one or more of
the six normative
Typical Rural-Urban Transect with Transect Zone
Souce: Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis

133. Some Definition of Terms by
Illustration
A
i1
i2
i3
i4
i5
i6
B
C
T
6
Tk
32 T
k
23
, D
I
k
a I
k
b
W
k
ab
I
l
c
I
l
d
W
l
cd
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
4
I
kl
e
Modal node
Intermodal node
Mode k
Mode l
Traffic
Centroid
Transportation Network
Spatial Interactions
Land Use
Administrative Divisions
Urban Form
Urban Spatial Structure

134. urbanforms
Galaxy Form
Characterized by clusters of
development with each cluster having
its own specialization. The major center
provides specialized facilities and
services to its nodes and acts as its
external linkage to the other centers of
the city or municipality.
Galaxy Form
The multi-nodal urban form re-directs development away from
the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth
areas to nodes.
multi-nodal urban form

135. multi-nodal urban form
urbanforms
Centric and Nodal
The nodes support the major center as
its captive market while providing
neighborhood facilities and services to
its area of influence.
Under this urban form, a number of
additional mixed-use growth areas will
be developed outside the Poblacion
area or existing center of development.
Centric and Nodal Form

136. urbanforms
Radial and Circumferential
Another related nodal-central type
of development is radial and
circumferential. It shows a
development channel fanning
out from a given center where
points of activities are
interconnected by radial and
circumferential road systems which
are potential development
corridors.
Radial and
Circumferential
multi-nodal urban form

137. • Kevin Lynch - American urban
planner who is the author of
the “Image of the City” (1960).
His book defines the key
elements of modern urban
design.
• Image of the City, 1960
• The book is the result of his study of
Boston, Jersey, LA
• It is how observers take in the
information of the city and use it to
make mental maps
kevinlynch

138. “Legibility” of the cityscape
the ease with which
its parts can be recognized and
organized in a coherent pattern;
a legible city is one whose
districts or landmarks or
pathways are easily identifiable
and are easily grouped into an
overall pattern
kevinlynch
image of the city

139. Landmark
imageof thecity
Node
District
Edge
Path
Channels by
which people
move along
Roads, sidewalks,
rails
Elements that
separate
districts
Highway,
seashores
Large areas in
the city with
common
characteristics
Historical clusters,
red light district
Strategic foci
Busy intersections,
city center
Reference
points
Monuments,
building

140. smartgrowth

141. “Smart growth is an approach to
development that encourages a mix of
building types and uses, diverse
housing and transportation options,
development within existing
neighborhoods, and community
engagement"
smartgrowth

142. 10
Principles
smartgrowth

143. Mix land uses
1
Take advantage
of compact
design
2 Create a range
of housing
opportunities
and choices
3
smartgrowth

144. smartgrowth
Create walkable
neighborhoods
4
Foster distinctive,
attractive
communities with
a strong sense of
place
5 Preserve open
space, farmland,
natural beauty,
and critical
environmental
areas
6

145. smartgrowth
Direct development toward
as existing communities
7
Provide a variety of
transportation
choices
8 Make
development
decisions
predictable, fair,
and cost effective9
10
Encourage community
and stakeholder
collaboration in
development
decisions

146. transitoriented
development

147. Transit-oriented development, or TOD, is an approach to
development that focuses land uses around a transit station
or within a transit corridor.
transitorienteddevelopment
Souce: http://www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org/topics/land-use-and-planning/transit-oriented-development-(tod)

148. A type of community development that includes a mixture of
housing, office, retail and/or other amenities integrated into
a walkable neighborhood and located within a half-mile
(500m) of quality public transportation.
transitorienteddevelopment

149. Typically, it is characterized by:
• A mix of uses
• Moderate to high density
• Pedestrian
orientation/connectivity
• Transportation choices
transitorienteddevelopment
Souce: http://www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org/topics/land-use-and-planning/transit-oriented-development-(tod)

150. • Reduced parking
• High quality design
• The rule of thumb is
that TOD occurs within
one-quarter mile
(500m), or a five to
seven minute walk, of a
transit station.
transitorienteddevelopment
Souce: http://www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org/topics/land-use-and-planning/transit-oriented-development-(tod)
Typically, it is characterized by (cont.):

151. transitorienteddevelopment
http://www.tod.org/projects.html
Examples of TOD is
Washington, DC

152. newurbanism
New Urbanism is an urban design movement, which arose in the USA
in the early 1980s, promoting walkable, mixed-use neighbourhoods
and transitoriented development (TOD), seeking to end suburban
sprawl and promote community interaction.
Synonymous to Neo-traditionalism
Abhors the patterns of Suburbanization and Amorphic Sprawl
because suburbs are anomic (anomie), apolitical, and antisocial.
Opposes the proliferation of exurbs
http://www.newurbanism.org/newurbanism/principles.html

153. 1. Principles of New Urbanism
2. Walkability
3. Connectivity
4. Mixed-Use and Diversity
5. Mixed Housing
6. Quality Architecture and Urban Design
7. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
8. Increased Density
9. Smart Transportation
10. Sustainability
11. Quality of Life
http://www.newurbanism.org/newurbanism/principles.html
newurbanism

154. • Co-founded the movement of “New Urbanism” also
called “Neo-Traditionalism”
• Wrote “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”
(1961) one of the most influential books in planning
http://www.newurbanism.org/newurbanism/principles.html
jane jacobs
• Became a leader in the national
movement called the New Urbanism and
distinguished itself by designing
traditional towns and retrofitting into
existing suburbs into livable downtowns
Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
newurbanism

155. Urban sprawl
Growth in car use
http://www.newurbanism.org/newurbanism/principles.html
New urbanism
(North America)
Compact city
(Europe)
Multifunctional
land use
(Europe)
Smart growth
(North America)

156. ecocentric urbandesign
Ecocentric Design is dedicated to the integration of sustainable
design principles into the built environment, specializing in Passive
House.
http://ecocentricdesign.ca/category/urban-design/

157. ecocentric urbandesign
• Ecocentric Design’s in-depth and creative design process of careful
evaluation of client requirements and site characteristics results in inspired
building designs, relevant to their context and in balance with the natural
environment.
• Urban Sustainability : reduced use of energized / mechanical equipments
http://ecocentricdesign.ca/category/urban-design/

158. ecocentric urbandesign
http://ecocentricdesign.ca/category/urban-design/
Passive cooling house design

159. inclusivemobility
• A transport system that works for the poor and the
vulnerable.
• A walkable, bikeable, acccessible city.
• Moving people, not vehicles.
• Mobility with safety and civility.
• Clean air, clean streets, clean vehicles, and clean
facilities.
• Planning and communicating better and travelling
less.
• Sharing information to increase connectivity and
accessibility.
• Making our neighborhoods more accessible to the
rest of the city.
• Changing mindsets and behaviors – the authorities’
as well as ours.
• Mobility of all, for all, by all.
http://ecocentricdesign.ca/category/urban-design/

161. area
development

162. Area Development
Process
Area Development
Goals
Site Analysis
Site Inventory /
Ecological Prof
Area Requirements
Functional
Relationships
Alternative Plan
Development
Alternative Plan
Evaluation
Final Plan
Development
Plan
Details
Final Plan Selection
Long Range
Component
Management
Plan
1- IDENTIFICATION
2- EVALUATION
3- IMPLEMENTATION
Short Range
Component

163. agropolis
• Agropolitan development,
which is essentially taken from
the words agriculture – farm
and polis – city, brings the city
into the farm
• Connect urban area with its
surrounding rural areas
• Strategy of integrating farm or
countryside and city yet
sustaining the environment.
www.agropolis.org/about/
http://www.manilatimes.net/agropolis-an-agricultural-urban-development-alternative-to-the-metropolis/76982/

164. Civic centers
Central park
Shops
Residential
Industrial
Agricultural

165. plannedunitdevelopment
used to describe a type of development and the regulatory process
that permits a developer to meet overall community density and land
use goals without being bound by existing zoning requirements.
Type of building development and also a regulatory process. As a
building development, it is a designed grouping of both varied and
compatible land uses, such
as housing, recreation, commercial centers, and industrial parks, all
within one contained development or subdivision.
ftp://ftp.wi.gov/DOA/public/comprehensiveplans/ImplementationToolkit/Documents/PUD.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_unit_development

166. plannedunitdevelopment
BGC, Taguig
Nuvali, LAguna

167. plannedunitdevelopment
Cavite EPZ

168. culturalheritage
planning

169. RA 4368
An act to establish a national historical commission, to define its
powers and functions, authorizing the appropriation of funds
therefor, and for other purposes
National Historical Commission
Sec. 4 (e)
To identify, designate and appropriately mark historic places in
the Philippines and to cause the construction or reconstruction
and to maintain and care for national monuments, shrines and
historic markets that have been or may hereafter be erected in
pursuance of this Act: provided, however, that the Commission
shall enlist the assistance of the public
culturalheritageplanning
LAWS

170. RA 10066
National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009
An act providing for the protection and conservation of the
national cultural heritage, strengthening the national commission
for culture and the arts (NCCA) and its affiliated cultural agencies,
and for other purposes
culturalheritageplanning
LAWS
Refers to the totality of cultural property
preserved and developed through time and
passed to a posterity
culturalheritage

171. culturalheritageplanning
Cultural properties
are old buildings, monuments,
shrines, documents, and objects
which may be classified as
antiques, relics, or artifacts,
landmarks, anthropological and
historical sites, and specimens of
natural history which are of
cultural, historical,
anthropological or scientific value
and significance to the nation…
Source: RA 4846
Maitum pottery
Intramuros
Kudyapi

172. culturalheritageplanning
Adaptive reuse
shall refer to the utilization of
buildings, other built-
structures and sites of value
for purposes other than that
for which they were intended
originally, in order to conserve
the site, their engineering
integrity and authenticity of
design
Source: RA 10066
ADAPTIVE REUSE. For the country’s original shoe
capital, a shoe museum must be one of it’s famous
attractions. The Marikina Shoe Museum is housed in
what used to be a rice mill owned by Doña Teresa de
la Paz of the affluent Tuason family.

173. culturalheritageplanning
Anthropological area
shall refer to any place where studies of specific ethno-
linguistic groups are undertaken, the properties of which
are of value to our cultural heritage.
Source: RA 10066
Archaeological area
shall refer to any place, whether above or under ground,
underwater or at sea level, containing fossils, artifacts and
other cultural, geological, botanical, zoological materials
which depict and document culturally relevant
paleontological, prehistoric and/or historic events.

174. culturalheritageplanning
Built heritage
shall refer to architectural and
engineering structures such
as, but not limited to, bridges,
government buildings, houses
of ancestry, traditional
dwellings, quartels, train
stations, lighthouses, small
ports, educational,
technological and industrial
complexes, and their settings,
and landscapes with notable
historical and cultural
significance.
Source: RA 10066

175. culturalheritageplanning
Conservation
shall refer to all the processes and measures of maintaining
the cultural significance of a cultural property including,
but not limited to, preservation, restoration,
reconstruction, protection, adaptation or any combination
thereof.
Source: RA 10066
Cultural property
shall refer to all products of human creativity by which a
people and a nation reveal their identity, including
churches, mosques and other places of religious worship,
schools and natural history specimens and sites, whether
public or privately-owned, movable or immovable, and
tangible or intangible.

176. culturalheritageplanning
Heritage zone
shall refer to historical, anthropological, archaeological,
artistic geographical areas and settings that are culturally
significant to the country, as declared hy the National
Museum and/or the National Historical Institute.
Source: RA 10066
Historical landmarks
shall refer to sites or structures that are associated with
events or achievements significant to Philippine history as
declared by the National Historical Institute.

177. culturalheritageplanning
Historical monuments
shall refer to structures that honor illustrious persons or
commemorate events of historical value as declared by the
National Historical Institute.
Historical shrines
shall refer to historical sites or structures hallowed and
revered for their history or association as declared by the
National Historical Institute.
Source: RA 10066

178. culturalheritageplanning
Intangible cultural heritage
shall refer to the practices, representations, expressions,
knowledge and skills, as well as the instruments, objects
and artifacts associated therewith, that communities,
groups and individuals recognize as part of their cultural
heritage, such as: (1) oral traditions, languages and
expressions; (2) performing arts; (3) social practices, rituals
and festive events; (4) knowledge and practices concerning
nature and the universe; and (5) traditional craftsmanship.
Source: RA 10066

179. Heritage agreements
• Public access?
• Maintenance?
• Financial assistance?
Documentation and
preservation of
traditional and
contemporary arts
culturalheritageplanning
Philippine Registry of
Cultural Property
Preservation and registration of cultural property
Source: RA 10066
LGU Cultural
Office
Private collectors
Of cultural property
Private collectors
Of cultural property

180. culturalheritageplanning
The Cultural Center of the Philippines shall be
responsible for significant cultural property pertaining
to the performing arts
The National Archives of the Philippines shall be
responsible for significant archival materials
The National Library shall be responsible for rare and
significant contemporary Philippine books, manuscripts
such as, but not limited to, presidential papers,
periodicals, newspapers, singly or in collection, and
libraries and electronic records
Cultural agencies
Source: RA 10066

181. culturalheritageplanning
The National Museum shall be responsible for
significant movable and immovable cultural and
natural property pertaining to collections of fine arts,
archaeology, anthropology, botany, geology, zoology
and astronomy, including its conservation aspect
The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino shall be responsible for
the dissemination development, and the promotion of the
Filipino national language and the conservation of ethnic
languages.
The National Historical Institute shall be responsible for
significant movable and immovable cultural property that
pertains to Philippine history, heroes and the conservation
of historical artifacts
Cultural agencies
Source: RA 10066

182. culturalheritageplanning
Process for Integration to
CLUP
Page 464, Special Area Studies 2014
Vol.2 Sectoral Situational Analysis
Page 464, Special Area Studies 2014 Vol.2
Sectoral Situational Analysis

183. culturalheritageplanning
worldheritagesites
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Year of Inscription: 1993
CULTURAL
San Agustin Church
Manila
Miag-ao Church
Ilo-ilo
Paoay Church
Ilocos Norte
Santa Maria Church
Ilocos Sur
as of March 2015

184. culturalheritageplanning
worldheritagesites
Rice Terraces of the Philippine
Cordilleras
Year of Inscription: 1995
CULTURAL
The Historic Town of Vigan
Year of Inscription: 1999
as of March 2015

185. culturalheritageplanning
worldheritagesites
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife
Sanctuary
Year of Inscription: 2014
NATURAL
as of March 2015
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park
Year of Inscription: 1999
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Year of Inscription: 1993

186. Related Laws
Presidential Decree 260
Declaration of Heritage sites, August 1, 1973
PD 1505
Amending presidential decree no. 260, as amended, by
prohibiting the unauthorized modification, alteration, repair and
destruction of original features of all national shrines,
monuments, landmarks and other important historic edifices
RA 4846
Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act
culturalheritageplanning

187. ecosystem
• the complex of a community of
organisms and its environment
functioning as an ecological unit
• Interconnectedness of upland, cropland,
coastal, and urban ecosystems
Ecosystem-Based Planning
• Ecosystem-based Planning considers land resources -- which include
everything on, above and under it - as part of an ecologically-
interdependent, geographically interconnected system that fits
together various ecosystems into a continuous connected series
(network of ecosystems) disposed in a functional pattern and serving
as the platform for relating various land uses.

188. ecosystem
• Regions in Ecosystem
• Natural Region (vs larger Economic
Region) area defined by the
interdependence and connectedness of
natural units and habitats
• Bio-Region – interdependence and
natural connectedness of life forms
and species
• Eco-Region – interdependence and
natural connectedness of
ecosystems and their communities
• Also called Micro-Region

189. ecosystem
• Types of Ecosystem
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014

190. ecosystem
• Types of Ecosystem
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014

191. ecosystem
• Types of Ecosystem
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014

192. ecosystem
• Ridge-to-Reef Integrated
Watershed Ecosystems
Framework (vertical
links)
• Horizontal Transect
(institutional and
administrative
jurisdiction) of the
Ridge-to-Reef Integrated
Watershed Ecosystems
Management
Framework.

193. watershed
• A land area drained by a stream
or fixed body of water and its
tributaries having a
common outlet for surface run-
off. It is synonymous with a
catchment area or drainage
basin.
(PD 1559 & PD 705)
• Watershed as Micro-Regions
Watershed is an area of landscape
that drains to a common,
downstream point, such as a
stream mouth, a lake, an estuary
or coastal water body.

194. watershed

195. coastalplanning
• “The coastal zone is a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged
land) in which terrestrial processes and uses directly affect ocean processes and uses, and
vice versa; its geographic extent may include areas within a landmark limit of one
kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include mangrove swamps, brackish water
ponds, nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches, and other areas within a seaward
limit of 200-m isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass beds, and other soft-
bottom areas.” (Republic Act 8550) The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
coastal zone
• Coastal zone includes both the area of land
subject to marine influences and the area of the
sea subject to land influences
• sea - offshore area, extends from the low water
mark seaward
• land behind the beach - extends landward for
some distance from the end of the beach

197. coastalplanning
• The Integrated Coastal Management
(ICM) is an internationally accepted
planning and coordinating process,
which promotes the proper sustainable
development and management of
coastal zones. In the long term, ICM
aims to balance the environmental,
economic, social, cultural, and
recreational sectors within the natural
sustainable limits.
• The management of coastal resources
requires a holistic and comprehensive
approach, addressing the land and sea
interactions.
basic principles & concept

198. coastalplanning
• An important concept that has to be
relayed is how upland watershed
activities greatly affect the coastal
areas, even if these activities may be
kilometers away from the coast.
Activities, such as mining and
lumbering, may cause high
sedimentation downstream, which will
eventually perturb coastal waters. This
has detrimental effects to coastal
habitats like coral reefs and seagrass
meadows.
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014
Relationship between upland watershed
activities and the coastal waters
Illustrative examples of consequences of upland erosion to
coastal habitats (a) Aerial view of sediment run-off in eroded
watershed (b) sedimentation on seagrass beds (c)
Sedimentation on coral reef

199. • Proper alignment of transect for seagrass and
coral assessment
coastalplanning

200. coastalplanning
• Studies have proven that
coral reefs, seagrasses,
and mangroves protect
the coast from strong
waves by buffering the
high energy from
oncoming waves
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014
preservation of coastal habitats
. Illustrative example of role of coastal habitats in shoreline protection.
Villanoy et al (2012) showed in a numerical model how (a) coral reefs
decrease wave energy (here depicted as “Energy Dissipation”)
approaching a coastal community in Bagacay, Sorsogon by dissipating the
waves away from the coast.
When corals are removed in the model (b), higher wave energy reaches
the coast, putting the community at higher risk.

201. coastalplanning
• Maps and data needed for over laying
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014

202. coastalplanning
• Maps and data needed for over laying
HLURB_CLUP_Vol_2 2014

203. coastalplanning
• “a participatory process of planning,
implementing, and monitoring
sustainable uses of coastal resources
through collective action and sound
decision-making.
• It is “integrated” in that it considers
interaction among & within resource
systems, and between humans and
their environment to achieve
sustainable use & management of
economically and ecologically valuable
resources in coastal areas.
community based coastal resources
management
https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/33448/1/121922.pdf

204. coastalplanning
• Community Organizing and Mobilization
• Maintenance and Protection of Coastal and Marine
Areas
• Law Enforcement
• Advocacy for better local laws and practices
• Resource Conservation or Resource Restoration
• Rehabilitation of Degraded Marine Ecosystem – re-
growing corals, artificial reefs, seagrass replanting, payao
• Mangrove Conservation and Reforestation
• Alternative Livelihood
• Use Techno-economic cells in implementation of
Livelihood Projects
• Women entrepreneurship and micro-finance
• Continuing Education and Leadership Development
• Participatory Research to improve resource management
practices
• Continuing Resources Inventory and Assessment
• Coastal Pollution/Water Quality Monitoring
components of community based
coastal resources management
https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/33448/1/121922.pdf

205. agriculture
Agricultural Lands - refers to lands devoted to or suitable for the
cultivation of the soil, planting of crops, growing of trees, raising of
livestock, poultry, fish or aquaculture production, including the harvesting
of such farm products, and other farm activities and practices performed
in conjunction with such farming operations by persons whether natural
or juridical and not classified by law as mineral land, forest land,
residential land, commercial land, or industrial land.
(RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997)
https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/33448/1/121922.pdf

206. agriculture
SAFDZ - Strategic agriculture and
fisheries development zones
NPAAAD - network of protected areas for
agricultural and agro-industrial development
• Identification of SAFDZ areas
• Completion of the NPAAAD and SAFDZ
map
https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/33448/1/121922.pdf

207. • Conceptualized in 1989, strategy aimed at achieving rapid,
sustainable and equitable growth of the economy
• Goals of CAIDS
• modernization and increase in productivity in
agriculture
• industrial competitiveness
• growth and dispersal through agri-based
industrialization
• integration of economic activities with private sector
participation
• Modes to implement CAIDS:
• People’s Industrial Estates (PIEs)
• focused on the establishment and viable operation of
appropriate processing centers as well as common
service facilities by organized private sector groups
• Agro-Industrial Development Area (AIDA)(Government-led)
country-side agri-industrial
development
agriculture

208. • IAD was to build a “planning region” or a
“community region” that has a common
interest in some set of development
projects. The general principle is that these
units should be small enough to be “seen
steadily and seen whole”, possessing some
kind of cohesion and homogeneity but big
enough to be of some significance in overall
national development.
integrated area development
(1970-1980s)
agriculture

209. • Goal was spatial or territorial integration –
inter-linking city and hinterland, urban and
rural, within the same economic space – to
hasten trickle-down or spread effects
(Albert Hirschman’s core-periphery model).
• Using the “Growth with Equity and
Redistribution” paradigm of the 2nd UN
Development Decade, IAD was redesigned
to be basically poverty-oriented – to
capacitate laggard areas so that they could
catch up with prosperous areas.
integrated area development
(1970-1980s)
agriculture

210. LAWS
areadevelopment
RA 7916
RA 8748
RA 7227
RP 344
BP 220
PD 957
PD 1216
PD 1096
RA 7586
RA 9003
PD 1067
RA 8550
PD 1075
RA 7279
RA 9593

211. LAW
Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
RA 7916

212. LAWRA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
Sec 4. Definition of Terms
a. Special Economic Zones (SEZ) “ECOZONES”
Selected areas with highly developed or which
have the potential to be developed into:
- agro-industrial, industrial tourist/recreational,
commercial, banking, investment and financial
centers
• May contain:
Industrial Estates (IEs)
Export Processing Zones (EPZs)
Free Trade Zones
Tourist / Recreational Centers

213. LAWRA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
Sec 4. Definition of Terms
b. Industrial Estates (IE)
• A tract of land subdivided
and developed according to
a comprehensive plan under
a unified continuous
management
• with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities
• with or without pre-built standard factory buildings
and community facilities for the use of the
community of industries.

214. LAW
Sec 4. Definition of Terms
c. Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
• a specialized industrial estate
located physically and/or
administratively outside
customs territory,
predominantly oriented to
export production
• Enterprises located in export
processing zones are allowed to
import capital equipment and
raw materials free from duties,
taxes and other import
restrictions.
RA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995

215. LAWRA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
Sec 4. Definition of Terms
d. Free Trade Zone
• An isolated policed area
adjacent to a port of entry
(as a seaport) and/or airport
where imported goods may
Be unloaded for immediate transshipment or stored,
repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated
without being subject to import duties
• Movement of these imported goods from the
free-trade area to a non-free-trade area in the
country shall be subject to import duties

216. LAWRA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
Sec 7.
ECOZONE to be a
• decentralized Agro-Industrial, Industrial, Commercial /
Trading, Tourist, Investment and Financial Community. -
Within the framework of the Constitution
• decentralized, self-reliant and self-sustaining
industrial,commercial/trading, agro-industrial, tourist,
banking, financial and investment center with minimum
government intervention
• Each ECOZONE shall be provided with transportation,
telecommunications, and other facilities needed to generate
linkage with industries and employment opportunities for its
own inhabitants and those of nearby towns and cities.

217. LAWRA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995
Sec II. Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) Board
created attached to DTI
- from being Export Processing Zone Authority [EPZA]
of P.D. 66

218. Operating Economic Zones
73 Manufacturing Economic Zone
243 Information Technology Parks/Centers
21 Agro-Industrial Economic Zone
19 Tourism Economic Zones
2 Medical Tourism Parks/Centers
* as of October 31, 2016

219. LAW
An Act Amending RA 7916 otherwise known as
“Special Economic Zone Act of 1995”
RA 8748

220. LAWRA 8748 An Act Amending RA 7916 otherwise
known as “Special Economic Zone Act of 1995”
Sec 1. …thirteen (13) Board members
Sec 2. Privately-owned ECOZONES shall retain autonomy
and independence but shall be monitored by the PEZA

221. LAW
Bases Conversion andDevelopment Act of 1992
RA 7227

222. LAWRA 7229 Bases Conversion and Development Act
of 1992
Sec. 2 Clark and Subic (and their extensions) – conversion into
productive uses and productive civilian use of lands
Sec. 3 Creation of BCDA powers of a Corporation
Sec. 4.b. Purpose – to adopt, prepare and implement a
comprehensive and detailed development plan
Sec. 12 Subic Special Economic Zone created
Sec. 13 Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority created

223. BCDA Administered Ecozones
1) Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga
2) John Hay Special Economic Zone in Baguio City
3) Poro Point Freeport Zone in La Union
4) Bataan Technology Park in Morong.

224. LAW
An Act to Enhance the Mobility of
Disabled Persons
BP 344

225. LAW
Economic and Socialized Housing Law
BP 220

226. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Pursuant to Section 3 of BP 220, the Housing and Land
Use Regulatory Board is authorized to establish and
promulgate two levels of standards and technical
requirements for the development of economic and
socialized housing projects/units in urban and rural
areas from those provided in PD 957, PD 1216,
PD 1096, and PD 1185, hence the following rules are
hereby promulgated.

227. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Alley – a public way with a width of 2.0 meters intended to
break a block and to serve both pedestrian and for emergency
vehicles, both ends connecting to streets. It shall not be used as
access to property.
Block - A parcel of land bounded on the sides by streets
occupied by or intended for buildings.

228. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Dwelling - a building designed or used as residence for one or
more families.
Dwelling Types
Single Detached - a dwelling for 1 family which is completely
surrounded by permanent open spaces, with independent
access, services, and use of land.
Duplex/Single Attached - a dwelling containing 2 or more
separate living units each of which is separated from another by
party or lot lines walls and provided with independent access,
services, and use of land. Such dwelling shall include duplexes,
quadruplex or terraces, and cluster housing.

229. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Dwelling Types
Row house - a single-attached dwelling containing 3 or more
separate living units designed in such a way that they abut each
other at the sides, as in a row, and are separated from each other
by party walls; provided with independent access, and use of
land. There shall be a maximum of 20 units per block or cluster
but in no case shall this be beyond 100 meters in
length.
Single-family dwelling – shall mean single family per lot.
Multi Family Dwelling – a dwelling on 1 lot containing separate
living units for 3 or more families, usually provided with common
access, services and use of land.

230. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Economic Housing - a type of housing project provided to
average income families.
Socialized Housing - refers to housing programs and projects
covering houses and lots and homelots only undertaken by the
government or the private sector for the underprivileged and
homeless citizens which shall include sites and services
development, long term financing, liberalized terms on interest
payments, and such other benefits in accordance with the
provisions of R.A. 7279 or the urban development and housing
act of 1992.

231. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Living Unit - a dwelling, or portion thereof, providing complete
living facilities for 1 family, including provisions for living,
sleeping, cooking, eating, bathing and toilet facilities and
laundry facilities, the same as a single-family dwelling.
Multi Family Dwelling – a dwelling on one lot containing
separate living units for 3 or more families, usually provided
with common access, services and use of land.
Open Space - shall refer to areas allocated for the following
purposes:
a. Circulation
b. Community facilities
c. Park/playground
d. Easements
e. Courts

232. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law

233. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
Length of Block
Maximum length of block is 400 meters.
However, blocks exceeding 250 meters shall be provided with a
2-meter alley approximately at midlength.
BLOCK 13
400m
BLOCK 123
250.10m
alley

234. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law
The minimum setback of dwelling unit
both for economic and socialized housing
project shall be as follows:
a. Front Setback 1.5 m.
b. Side yard 1.5 m (from the building line)
c. Rear yard 2.0 m.
d. Abutments May be allowed per
requirements of the
National Building Code of the Philippines
Lot Area
Buildable
area

235. LAWBP 220 Economic and Socialized Housing Law

236. LAW
The Subdivision and Condominium Buyers.
Protective Decree
PD 957

237. LAWPD 957 The Subdivision and Condominium
Buyers’ Protective Decree
Pursuant to Article IV Section 5 c) of Executive Order No. 648
the following rules are hereby promulgated by the Housing and
Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) to implement Presidential
Decree Nos. 957, 1216, 1344 and other related laws applicable
to open market and medium cost subdivision and
condominium projects.

238. LAWPD 957 The Subdivision and Condominium
Buyers’ Protective Decree
Subdivision Project. - "Subdivision Project" shall mean a tract
or a parcel of land registered under Act No. 496 which is
partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual
lots with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the
public for sale, in cash or in installment terms. It shall include all
residential, commercial, industrial and recreational areas, as
well as open spaces and other community and public areas in
the project.
Subdivision Lot. - "Subdivision Lot" shall mean any of the lots,
whether residential, commercial, industrial, or recreational, in a
subdivision project.

239. LAWPD 957 The Subdivision and Condominium
Buyers’ Protective Decree
Complex Subdivision Plan. - "Complex Subdivision Plan" shall
mean a subdivision plan of a registered land wherein a street,
passageway or open space is delineated on the plan.
Condominium Project. - "Condominium Project" shall mean the
entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily
for residential purposes into condominium units, including all
structures thereon.
Condominium Unit. - "Condominium Unit" shall mean a part of
the condominium project intended for any type of independent
use or ownership, including one or more rooms or spaces
located in one or more floors (or part of parts of floors) in
a building or buildings and such accessories as may be
appended thereto.

240. LAWPD 957 The Subdivision and Condominium
Buyers’ Protective Decree
Land Allocation
Saleable area — maximum of 70% of the gross area
Non-saleable area — minimum of 30% of the gross area

241. LAWPD 957 The Subdivision and Condominium
Buyers’ Protective Decree

242. LAW
Open Space in Residential Subdivisions
PD 1216

243. LAWPD 1216 Open Space in Residential Subdivisions
Sec 2. For subdivision projects one (1) hectare or more, the
developer or owner shall reserve thirty percent (30%) of the
gross floor area for open space

244. LAW
National Building Code
PD 1096

245. LAWPD 1096
Chapter 7
Classification and General Requirement of all Buildings by Use
or Occupancy
Rule VIII
Light and Ventilation
- For easements, setbacks

246. LAW
National Integrated Protected Areas System Act
NIPAS
RA 7586

247. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
“National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)” is the
classification and administration of all designated protected
areas to:
• maintain essential ecological processes and life-support
systems
• preserve genetic diversity
• ensure sustainable use of resources found therein
• maintain their natural conditions to the greatest extent
possible

248. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
“Protected Area” refers to identified portions of land and water
set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological
significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and
protected against destructive human exploitation
“Buffer zones” are identified areas outside the boundaries of
and immediately adjacent to designated protected areas
pursuant to Section 8 that need special development control in
order to avoid or minimize harm to the protected area

249. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
Protected Area Categories
Strict nature reserve
an area possessing some outstanding
ecosystem, features and/or species of
flora and fauna of national scientific
importance maintained to protect nature
and maintain processes in an undisturbed
state
Natural park
a forest reservation essentially of natural
wilderness character which has been
withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or
any form of exploitation except in
conformity with approved management
plan

250. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
Protected Area Categories
Natural monument
a relatively small area focused on
protection of small features to protect or
preserve nationally significant natural
features on account of their special
interest or unique characteristics
Wildlife sanctuary
comprises an area which assures the
natural conditions necessary to protect
nationally significant species, groups of
species, biotic communities or physical
features of the environment where these
may require specific human
manipulations for their perpetuation

251. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
Protected Area Categories
Protected landscapes and seascapes
areas of national significance which
are characterized by the harmonious
interaction of man and land while
providing opportunities for public
enjoyment
Resource reserve
relatively isolated and uninhabited
area normally with difficult access
designated as such to protect natural
resources of the area for future use
and prevent or contain development
activities that could affect the
resource

252. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
Protected Area Categories
Natural biotic areas
an area set aside to allow the way of
life of societies living in harmony
with the environment to adapt to
modern technology at their pace

253. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS (IRR)
Rule 10. Management Plans. - There shall be a general
management planning strategy
10.3 Each protected area shall be divided into two
management zones:
Strict Protection Zone
Closed to human activities, except scientific and/or
ceremonial or religious use by the ICCs/Ips
Multiple Use Zone
comprise areas where the following may be allowed:
settlement, traditional and/or sustainable land-use,
including agriculture, agro-forestry, and other income
generating or livelihood activities

254. LAWRA 7586 NIPAS
Question: Can a Protected Area exist inside Ancestral Domain?
Yes. PAMB may enter into PACBRMA (Protected Area
Community-Based Resource Management Agreement)
with the Tenured Migrants
*Tenured Migrants may be resettled outside from SPZ
to MUZ

255. LAW
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2004
DENR DAO 98-50
RA 9003

256. LAWDENR DAO 98-50
Municipal SWM Sanitary Landfill Site Selction
• Area capacity:
• 2.60 ha / 100,000
population
• 0.7 t/m density
• 10m deep
• Haul distance: 15-20km, 30
mins travel
• Proximity to perennial surface
waters: @ least 300m
• 250m – residential, commercial & urban devts
• 1 km – memorial site, church, school, historic sites
• 500m – ecologically sensitive areas
• 50-100 yr return period of magnitude 6.0 earthquake
• 500m – out of active fault line
• Slopes greater than 20%
• 13kms - airports

257. LAW
Water Code of the Philippines of 1976
PD 1067

258. LAWPD 1067 Water Code of the Philippines
Banks and shores of rivers, lake, seas must have easement for
public use:
30m – Urban areas
20m – Agricultural areas
40m – forest areas
Scope:
- Above and below ground (surface and subterranean)
- Atmosphere and in the sea

259. LAW
Fisheries Code of 1998
RA 8550

260. LAWRA 8550 Fisheries Code of 1998
Sec. 16:
Municipal waters: 15kms
(RA 7160)
Sec. 18:
Small and medium commercial
fishing vessels authorized
within 10.1km – 15km area
from the shoreline
Sec. 51:
not more than 10% surface area
of lakes / rivers be allotted for
fish pens / cages

261. LAW
Revised Forestry Code
PD 705

262. LAWPD 705 Revised Forestry Code
Sec. 15: = ^ 18% slope - non A&D
= ^ 50% slope – non grazing land
Sec. 16:
Areas even below 18% are needed for forest purposes and
may not be classified as A&D:
• areas < 250 has. Far from any A&D
• Isolated patches of forest of at least five (5) hectares with
rocky terrain, or which protect a spring for communal use
• 20m-strips of land along the edge of the normal high
waterline of rivers and streams with channels of at least five
(5) meters wide

263. LAWPD 705 Revised Forestry Code
Sec. 16:
Areas even below 18% are needed for forest purposes and
may not be classified as A&D:
• Strips of mangrove or swamplands at least twenty (20)
meters wide, along shorelines facing oceans, lakes, and
other bodies of water
• strips of land at least twenty (20) meters wide facing lakes

264. LAWPD 705 Revised Forestry Code
Sec. 27: License to harvest timber in forests:
• Maximum privilege: 25 years, renewable not
more than 25 years
Sec. 34: Industrial tree plantations, tree farms, agro-forestry
farms:
• Lease of 50 years
• Minimum 1,000 has. For industrial tree
plantation
• Minimum 100 has. For tree farm

265. LAW
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992
RA 7279

266. LAW
Tourism Act of 2009
RA 9593

267. LAWRA 9593 Tourism Act of 2009
Brownfield Tourism Zone - an area with existing infrastructure
or development as determined by the TIEZA

268. LAWRA 9593 Tourism Act of 2009
Tourism Enterprise Zones. — Any geographic area with the
following characteristics may be designated as:
1) The area is capable of being defined into one contiguous
territory
2) It has historical and cultural significance, environmental
beauty, or existing or potential integrated leisure facilities
within its bounds or within reasonable distances from it
3) It has, or it may have, strategic access through transportation
infrastructure, and reasonable connection with utilities
infrastructure systems
4) It is sufficient in size, such that it may be further utilized for
bringing in new investments in tourism establishments and
services
5) It is in a strategic location such as to catalyze the
socioeconomic development of neighboring communities.