Human resource accounting (HRA) involves treating expenditures related to human resources as assets rather than expenses. It provides useful information for planning, personnel policies, utilizing human resources effectively, and attracting the best employees. There are cost-based models that value human resources based on historical or replacement costs, and economic models that use opportunity costs or discount future wages to determine present value. Common models include capitalizing acquisition and training costs, using replacement costs, and discounting expected future salaries to calculate present value. HRA can provide valuable information to managers and investors.

1. Advanced Financial Accounting Mcom
Semester 1
Page | 1
HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING(HRA)
 CONCEPT
 ADVANTAGES
CONCEPT OF HRA (HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING)
Human beings are considered central to achievement of productivity, well above equipment,
technology and money. Human Resource Reporting is an attempt to identify, quantify and report
investments made in human resources of an organization that are not presently accounted for
under conventional accounting practice.
The necessity of Human resource reporting arose primarily as a result of the growing concern for
human relations management in industry since the sixties of this century. Behavioral scientists
like R Likert in 1960s, concerned with the management of organizations, pointed out that the
failure of accountants to value human resources was a serious handicap for effective
management.
The committee on HRA of the American Accounting Association defined HRA as “the process
of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this
information to interested parties”. However, “Human Resources” are not yet recognised as
‘assets’ in the Balance Sheet. The measures of net income which are provided in the
conventional financial statement do not accurately reflect the level of business performance.
Expenses relating to the human organisation are charged to current revenue instead of being
treated as investments to be amortised over the economic service life, with the result that the
magnitude of net income is significantly distorted.
However, Human Resource Accounting (HRA) involves accounting for the company’s
management and employees as human capital that provides future benefits. In the HRA
approach, expenditures related to human resources are reported as assets on the balance sheet as
opposed to the traditional accounting approach which treats costs related to a company’s human
resources as expenses on the income statement that reduce profit.

2. Advanced Financial Accounting Mcom
Semester 1
Page | 2
ADVANTAGES OF HRA
Benefits, objectives or advantages of human resource accounting are:
1. Information for manpower planning
HRA provides useful information about the cost and value of human resources. It shows the
strengths and weakness of the human resources. All this information helps the managers in
planning and making the right decisions about human resources. Thus, it provides useful
information for Manpower Planning and Decision Making.
2. Information for making personnel policies
HRA provides useful information for making suitable personnel policies about promotion,
favorable working environment, job satisfaction of employees, etc.
3. Utilization of human resources
HRA helps the organisation to make the best utilization of human resources.
4. Proper placements
HRA helps the organisation to place the right man in the right post depending on his skills and
abilities.
5. Increases morale and motivation
HRA shows that the organisation cares about the employees and their welfare. This increases
their morale and it motivates them to work hard and achieve the objectives of the organisation.
6. Attracts best human resources
Only reputed organisations conduct HRA. So, competent and capable people want to join these
organisations. Therefore, it attracts the best employees and managers to the organisation.
7. Designing training and development programs
HRA helps the organisation to design (make) a suitable training and development program for its
employees and managers.
8. Valuable information to investors
HRA provides valuable information to present and future investors. They can use this
information to select the best company for investing their money.

3. Advanced Financial Accounting Mcom
Semester 1
Page | 3
MODELS OF HRA
(A) Cost BasedModels
(1) Capitalisation of historical costs: R. Likert and his associates at R.G. Barry Corporation in
Ohio, Columbia (USA) developed this model in 1967. This model is simple and easy to
understand and satisfies the basic principle of matching cost and revenues.
Value = Acquisition Cost + Training Cost (Such value is depreciated over expected life of
the
Employee)
But, due to various reasons, this model has now been totally rejected.
(2) Replacement Cost: The Flamholtz Model (1973): Replacement cost indicates the value of
sacrifice that an enterprise has to make to replace its human resource by an identical one.
Flamholtz has referred to two different concepts of replacement cost viz ‘individual replacement
cost’ and ‘positional replacement cost’.
However, determination of replacement cost of an employee is highly subjective and often
impossible.
(B) Economic Value Models
(1) Opportunity Cost
The Hekimian and Jones Model (1967): This model uses the opportunity cost that is the
value of an employee in his alternative use, as a basis for estimating the value of human
resources.
(2) Discounted Wages & Salaries Model or the Lev and Schwartz Model (Present Model):
This model is based on the assumption that entity will generate benefit equal to the salary
paid. It also assumes that salary will remain same over periods.
Value = Present Value of expected salary of the employee till retirement

4. Advanced Financial Accounting Mcom
Semester 1
Page | 4
(3) Stochastic process with service rewards
Flamholtz (1971) Model: Flamholtz (1971) advocated that an individual’s value to an
organisation is determined by the services he is expected to render.
(4) Valuation on Group Basis (Jaggi and Lav)
This model attempted to calculate present value of all existing employee in each rank.
Such present value shall be calculated as follows:
(i) Ascertain number of employees in each rank.
(ii) Estimate the probability that an employee will be in this rank within the
organization or terminated or promoted in next period. This probability is
estimated for a specified period.
(iii) Ascertain the economic value of each rank.
(iv) The present value of employee in each rank is obtained by multiplying the above
3 factors and applying the appropriate discount rate.
Submitted By,
Lucky Upadhyay
Amity College of Commerce & Finance
M.Com (Semester : 1)
Date :