REGION OF THE INTEGUMENT Integere is defined as to cover, which bring the meaning of integumentary. This system covers the body part that include human skin, nail, and hair. These integument works as defenses against foreign microbes, prevent microbial penetration wherever body tissues are exposed to the external environment. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. In order to do these things, the integumentary system works with all the other systems of body, each of has a role to play in maintaining the internal conditions that a human body needs to function properly. ACCESSORY STRUCTURE IN THE INTEGUMENT The most obvious external part that cover the human body is skin which has many functions, most of which are involved in protecting and regulating body internal functions in a variety of ways:  Protects the body internal living tissues and organs  Protects against invasion by infectious organisms  Protects the body from dehydration  Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature  Helps dispose of waste materials  Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold  Stores water and fat The skin is not only a mechanical barrier between the external environment and the underlying tissues but is dynamically involved in defense mechanisms and other important functions as well. Anatomy of Skin The skin consists of two layers, an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.

1. Resource :UTHM
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Human Physiology
Biomedical Engineering
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2. REGION OF THE INTEGUMENT
Integere is defined as to cover, which brings the
meaning of integumentary. This system covers the
body part that includes human skin, nail, and hair.
These integument works as :
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Defenses against foreign microbes prevent microbial
penetration wherever body tissues are exposed to the
external environment.
To retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate
waste products, and regulate body temperature.

3. ACCESSORY STRUCTURE IN
THE INTEGUMENT
Most of which are involved in protecting
and regulating body internal functions in a
variety of ways:
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Protects the body internal living tissues and organs
Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
Protects the body from dehydration
Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature
Helps dispose of waste materials
Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Stores water and fat

4. TThe skin consists of two layers, an outer epidermis
and an inner dermis.
004ANATOMY OF SKIN
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EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Langerhans Cells
Granstein Cells
Skin Exocrine Glands and Hair Follicles

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MELANOCYTES
much of tyrosinase produced in an inactive
form,
various inhibitors that block tyrosinase action
are produced.
produce the pigment melanin which responsible
for the shades of skin color of the various races,
depends on the amount and type of melanin.
Fair-skinned people have about the same number
of melanocytes as dark-skinned people. The
difference in skin color depends on the amount of
melanin produced by each melanocyte through
the melanocyte enzyme tyrosinase. Generally,
people have enough tyrosinase to make skin very
black.
However, for lighter skin people, there are two
factors that prevent the melanocyte enzyme fully
function:
EPIDERMIS
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KERATINOCYTES
Keratinocytes are specialists in keratin production. When
keratinocytes die, they form the outer protective keratinized
layer and generate hair and nails.
LANGERHANS CELLS
Langerhans cells migrate to the skin from the bone marrow.
They serve as antigen presenting cells, thus, skin is not only a
mechanical barrier but also alerts lymphocytes if a barrier is
breached by invading microorganisms. Losing Langerhans
cells as a result of exposure to UV radiation could lead to a
predominant suppressor signal, thus leaving the skin more
vulnerable to microbial invasion and cancel cells.
GRANSTEIN CELLS
Granstein cells act as an antigen-presenting cells to skin-
associated, thus exerting an immune suppressor effect.
Granstein cells are less susceptible to damage by UV
radiation than Langerhans cells.

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The dermis is a connective tissue layer that
contains many elastin fibers (for stretch),
collagen fibers (for strength), an abundance
of blood vessels, and nerve endings. The
dermal blood vessels not only supply both
the dermis and the epidermis but also play a
major role in temperature regulation.
Efferent nerve endings control blood vessel
caliber, hair erection, and secretion by the
skin exocrine glands.
DERMIS
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SKIN EXOCRINE GLANDS AND HAIR
FOLLICLES
Sweat glands release a dilute salt solution
through small openings, the sweat pores, onto
the skin surface. Evaporation of this sweat cools
the skin and is important in regulating
temperature. A person often sweats when
nervous – the amount of sweat produced is
depends on emotional factors, environmental
temperature, and the amount of heat generating
skeletal muscle activity.

7. FUNCTIONS OF
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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SENSATION
The combination of simulations result in the sensation of itching, burning and tickling.
Receptor sites for changes in:
i) Temperature --> hot and cold
ii) Pressure --> pleasure and pain are found in skin

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PROTECTION
Skin will prevents the entrance of harmful physical and chemical agents into the body. Moreover,
melanin will protect us from harmful UV rays of the sun whilst hair will acts as an insulator to protect our eyes and
also filters out the foreign particles in our nose.
SECRETION
Sebum has antifungal and also bacterial properties. The skin will help manufacture vitamin D through exposure UV
rays of the sun. Moreover, sweat contains waste products such as urea, uric acid and ammonia which also an
excretion. While sweating, an evaporation process occurs and helps in cooling the body.

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