This document provides information on physical, cognitive, language, and psychosocial development in toddlers from 12-36 months of age. It includes details on typical growth patterns, motor milestones, vocabulary skills, social behaviors, and developmental expectations during each 6-month period in early childhood. Formulas are also presented for calculating normal weight, height, and head circumference for toddlers based on age.

1. QURATULAIN MUGHAL
BATCH IV
DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL
THERAPY
ISRA UNIVERSITY
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2. EARLY CHILDHOOD
Toddler
- 1-3 years
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3. Safety becomes a problem as
the toddler becomes more
mobile.
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4. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT
G & D proceed in regular related
directions(GROWTH PATTERN) :
Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes)
 Proximodistal (center of the body to the
peripheral)
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5. TYPES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Types of growth:
 Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference)
 Physiological growth (vital signs …)
Types of development:
 Motor development
 Cognitive development
 Emotional development
 Social development
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6. PHYSICAL GROWTH
WEIGHT
The toddler's average weight gain is 1.8 to 2.7 kg/year.
Formula to calculate normal weight of children over 1
year of age is
Age in years X 2+8 = ….. kg.
e.g., The weight of a child aging 4 years
= 4 X 2 + 8 = 16 kg
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7. HEIGHT
• During 1–2 years, the child's height increases by
1cm/month.
• The toddler's height increases about 10 to
12.5cm/year.
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8. FORMULA TO CALCULATE
NORMAL HEIGHT
Age in years X 5 + 80 = cm.
e.g., the length of 2 years old child
= 2 X 5 + 80 = 90cm
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9. HEAD AND CHEST
CIRCUMFERENCE:
• The head increases 10 cm only from the age of 1 year to
adult age.
• During toddler years, chest circumference continues to
increase in size and exceeds head circumference.
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10. TEETHING
• By 2 years of age, the toddler has 16 temporary
teeth.
• By the age of 30 months (2.5 years), the
toddler has 20 teeth
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11. PHYSIOLOGICAL GROWTH
Pulse: 80–130 beats/min (average 110/min).
Respiration: 20–30C/min.
Bowel and bladder control:
Daytime control of bladder and bowel control by
24–30 months.
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12. TODDLER YEARS: 12–18 MONTHS OLD
 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Gross Motor
 12–18 Months
 Walks alone
 Stoops and
 stands up again
 Climbs up on furniture
 Walks up stairs with help
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13. FINE MOTOR 12–18 MONTHS
 Builds tower of 2 cubes
 Scribbles spontaneously or by imitation
 Holds cup
 Puts raisin or pellet in bottle
 Turns book pages, 2–3 at a time
 Holds spoon
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14. SELF-HELP
 Feeds self with fingers
 Removes hat, shoes, and socks
 Inhibits drooling.
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15. 15–18 Months
 Chews most foods well
 Opens closed doors
 Holds cup and drinks with some spilling.
 Imitates housework.
 Brings familiar object upon request
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16. COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
 12–15 Months
 Jabbers expressively
 Communicates by gesture
 Vocalizes more than cries for attention.
 Understands word “no.”
 Shakes head to indicate no
 Says 2–3 “words” other than “ma-ma” or “da-da.”
 Looks in appropriate place when asked (e.g., “Where is
the book)
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17. 15–18 Months
 Vocalizes “no.”
 Has vocabulary of 10–15 words.
 Fluently uses jargon.
 Points and vocalizes to indicate wants.
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18. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 12–15 Months
 Shows strong dependence on primary caregiver with
increasing difficulty separating.
 Shows difficulty quieting and relaxing into sleep.
 Wants to have caregiver nearby all the time.
 Gives toy to adult on request.
 Shows sense of “me” and “mine.”
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19. 15–18 MONTHS
 Begins to distinguish “you” and “me.”
 Imitates adult activities.
 Interested in strangers, but wary.
 Does not respond well to sharp discipline.
 Does not respond to verbal persuasion and scolding.
 Expressed autonomy through defiance.
 Plays alone or beside other children.
 Strongly claims “mine.”
 Follows simple requests.
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20. TODDLER YEARS: 18–24 MONTHS OLD
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Gross Motor:
 Runs stiffly.
 Pushes and pulls large objects.
 Carries large teddy bear while walking
 Comes downstairs on bottom or abdomen.
 Seats self in small chair
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21. FINE MOTOR 18–24 MONTHS
 Builds tower of 4–6 cubes.
 Tries to fold paper imitatively.
 Wiggles thumb.
 Places rings on spindle toy.
 Turns pages singly.
 Turns knobs (television).
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22. SELF-HELP 18–24 MONTHS
 Helps dress and undress self.
 May indicate wet or soiled diapers.
 Pulls person to show.
 Asks for food and drink by vocalizing and gesturing.
 Uses spoon with little spilling.
 Replaces some objects where they belong.
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23. COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
 Points to pictures in books.
 Points to one body part on request.
 Has vocabulary of 20 words—mostly nouns.
 Understands “yours” versus “mine.”
 Uses the words “me” and “mine.”
 Enjoys simple stories.
 Speaks in 2-word sentences (e.g., “juice gone”).
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24. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Moves about house without constant supervision.
 Plays primarily alongside children but not with them.
 Has temper tantrums in situations of frustration.
 Is conscious of family as a group.
 Enjoys role playing.
 Mimics real-life situations during play.
 Claims and defends ownership of own things.
 Begins to call self by name
 Discriminates between edible and inedible substances.
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25. TODDLER YEARS: 24–30 MONTHS OLD
 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
 Gross Motor
 Jumps in place.
 Walks on tiptoe (imitation).
 Walks up and down steps, both feet on each step.
 Walks backward.
 Runs headlong.
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26. FINE MOTOR
 Holds pencil with thumb and forefingers.
 Zips and unzips.
 Builds tower of 6–8 cubes.
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27. SELF-HELP
 Learning to use buttons, zippers, and buckles.
 Pulls on socks.
 Pulls on pants or shorts.
 Drinks from cup without spilling.
 Helps put things away.
 Toilet training in progress.
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28. COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
 Often calls self by first name.
 Speaks 50 or more words.
 Has vocabulary of 300 words.
 Uses phrases and 3- to 4-word sentences.
 Understands and asks for “another.”
 Points to 4 body parts.
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29. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Initiates own play activities.
 Want routines “just so.”
 Does not like change in routine.
 Cannot wait or delay gratification.
 Does not share.
 Knows identity in terms of sex and place in the family.
 Observes other children at play and joins in for a few
minutes.
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30. TODDLER YEARS: 30–36
MONTHS OLD
 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
 Gross Motor
 Builds tower of 6–8 cubes.
 Completes 3-piece form board
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31. FINE MOTOR
 Turns book pages singly.
 Holds pencil with thumb and forefingers.
 Can zip and unzip.
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32. SELF-HELP
 Toilet training in progress.
 Dresses with supervision.
 Eats with fork and spoon.
 Pours from one container to another.
 Gets drink unassisted.
 Avoids simple hazards
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33. COGNITIVE/LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
 Verbalizes toilet needs.
 Uses plural.
 Increases use of verbs.
 Begins using adjectives and prepositions.
 Has vocabulary of 900– 1,000 words (36 months).
 Uses verbal commands.
 Gives full name when asked.
 Asks “What’s that?”
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34. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Begins playing “with,” as opposed to “next to,” others.
 Names or points to self in photos.
 Joins in nursery rhymes and songs.
 Likes praise.
 Dawdles.
 Has auditory fears (noises).
 Shows sympathy, pity, modesty, and shame.
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36. REFERENCES
 http://wcwts.wisc.edu/

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