3. What is Circulatory system?
• The Circulatory System is responsible
for transporting materials throughout
the entire body. It transports nutrients,
water, and oxygen to your billions of
body cells and carries away wastes
such as carbon dioxide that body cells
produce. It is an amazing highway that
travels through your entire body
connecting all your body cells.
4. What are the main parts of Circulatory System?
• The circulatory System is divided
into three major parts:
• The Heart
• The Blood
• The Blood Vessels
5. Heart
• The Heart is an amazing organ. The
heart beats about 3 BILLION times
during an average lifetime. It is a
muscle about the size of your fist.
The heart is located in the center of
your chest slightly to the left. It's
job is to pump your blood and keep
the blood moving throughout your
body.
• It is your job to keep your heart
healthy and there are three main
things you need to remember in
order to keep your heart healthy.
• Exercise on a regular basis. Get
outside and play. Keep that body
moving (walk, jog, run, bike, skate,
jump, swim).
• Eat Healthy. Remember the Food
Pyramid and make sure your eating
your food from the bottom to top.
• Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't
Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke!
6. Blood
• The blood is an amazing
substance that is constantly
flowing through our bodies.
• Your blood is pumped by your
heart.
• Your blood travels through
thousands of miles of blood
vessels right within your own
body.
• Your blood carries nutrients,
water, oxygen and waste
products to and from your body
cells.
• A young person has about a
gallon of blood. An adult has
about 5 quarts.
• Your blood is not just a red
liquid but rather is made up of
liquids, solids and small
amounts of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
9. Red Blood Cells(Erythrocytes)
• Red Blood Cells are
responsible for carrying
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Red Blood Cells pick up
oxygen in the lungs and
transport it to all the body
cells. After delivering the
oxygen to the cells it gathers
up the carbon dioxide(a
waste gas produced as our
cells are working) and
transports carbon dioxide
back to the lungs where it is
removed from the body
when we exhale(breath out).
There are about 5,000,000
Red Blood Cells in ONE drop
of blood.
10. White Blood Cells(Leukocytes)
• White Blood Cells help
the body fight off germs.
White Blood Cells attack
and destroy germs when
they enter the body. When
you have an infection
your body will produce
more White Blood Cells to
help fight an infection.
Sometimes our White
Blood Cells need a little
help and the Doctor will
prescribe an antibiotic to
help our White Blood
Cells fight a large scale
infection.
11. Platelets(Thrombocytes)
• Platelets are blood cells that
help stop bleeding. When we
cut ourselves we have
broken a blood vessel and
the blood leaks out. In order
to plug up the holes where
the blood is leaking from the
platelets start to stick to the
opening of the damaged
blood vessels. As the
platelets stick to the opening
of the damaged vessel they
attract more platelets, fibers
and other blood cells to help
form a plug to seal the
broken blood vessel. When
the platelet plug is
completely formed the
wound stops bleeding. We
call our platelet plugs scabs.
12. Plasma
• Plasma is the
liquid part of the
blood.
Approximately half
of your blood is
made of plasma.
The plasma carries
the blood cells and
other components
throughout the
body. Plasma is
made in the liver.
13. Where are the blood cells made?
• The Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells
and Platelets are made by the bone
marrow. Bone marrow is a soft tissue
inside of our bones that produces blood
cells.
14. Blood Vessels
• The blood vessels are the
part of the circulatory
system that transports
blood throughout the
human body. There are
three major types of blood
vessels: the arteries, which
carry the blood away from
the heart; the capillaries,
which enable the actual
exchange of water and
chemicals between the
blood and the tissues; and
the veins, which carry
blood from the capillaries
back toward the heart.
15. Parts of the Blood Vessels
• In class we talked
about three types of
blood vessels:
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
16. Arteries
• Arteries are blood
vessels that carry
blood AWAY from the
heart, much of which
is oxygen rich.
Remember, A A
Arteries Away, A A
Arteries Away, A A
Arteries Away.
17. Capillaries
• Capillaries are tiny
blood vessels as thin
or thinner than the
hairs on your head.
Capillaries connect
arteries to veins.
Food
substances(nutrients),
oxygen and wastes
pass in and out of
your blood through
the capillary walls.
21. What is Digestive System?
• The digestive system is a
series of organs that convert
food into nutrients that can
be used up by the body. The
organs also play a critical
role in the removal of
unused material from the
body. The digestive system,
also known as the
gastrointestinal tract, is
made up of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine,
rectum and the anus. Read
on to find out more about
the digestive system parts
and functions.
22. What are the parts of Digestive System?
Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of
the digestive tract; and, in
fact, digestion starts here
when taking the first bite of
food. Chewing breaks the
food into pieces that are
more easily digested, while
saliva mixes with food to
begin the process of
breaking it down into a form
your body can absorb and
use.
23. Esophagus
• Located in your throat
near your trachea
(windpipe), the
esophagus receives
food from your mouth
when you swallow. By
means of a series of
muscular
contractions called
peristalsis, the
esophagus delivers
food to your stomach.
24. Stomach
• The stomach is a hollow
organ, or "container," that
holds food while it is being
mixed with enzymes that
continue the process of
breaking down food into a
usable form. Cells in the
lining of the stomach secrete
a strong acid and powerful
enzymes that are
responsible for the
breakdown process. When
the contents of the stomach
are sufficiently processed,
they are released into the
small intestine.
25. Small intestine
• Made up of three segments — the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum —
the small intestine is a 22-foot long
muscular tube that breaks down
food using enzymes released by the
pancreas and bile from the liver.
Peristalsis also is at work in this
organ, moving food through and
mixing it with digestive secretions
from the pancreas and liver. The
duodenum is largely responsible for
the continuous breaking-down
process, with the jejunum and ileum
mainly responsible for absorption
of nutrients into the bloodstream.
• Contents of the small intestine start
out semi-solid, and end in a liquid
form after passing through the
organ. Water, bile, enzymes, and
mucous contribute to the change in
consistency. Once the nutrients
have been absorbed and the
leftover-food residue liquid has
passed through the small intestine,
it then moves on to the large
intestine, or colon.
26. Pancreas
• The pancreas secretes
digestive enzymes into
the duodenum, the first
segment of the small
intestine. These
enzymes break down
protein, fats, and
carbohydrates. The
pancreas also makes
insulin, secreting it
directly into the
bloodstream. Insulin is
the chief hormone for
metabolizing sugar.
27. Liver
• The liver has multiple functions,
but its main function within the
digestive system is to process
the nutrients absorbed from the
small intestine. Bile from the
liver secreted into the small
intestine also plays an
important role in digesting fat.
In addition, the liver is the
body’s chemical "factory." It
takes the raw materials
absorbed by the intestine and
makes all the various chemicals
the body needs to function. The
liver also detoxifies potentially
harmful chemicals. It breaks
down and secretes many drugs.
29. Colon (large intestine)
• The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube
that connects the small intestine to the
rectum. The large intestine is made up of
the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the
transverse (across) colon, the descending
(left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which
connects to the rectum. The appendix is a
small tube attached to the cecum. The large
intestine is a highly specialized organ that is
responsible for processing waste so that
emptying the bowels is easy and
convenient.
• Stool, or waste left over from the digestive
process, is passed through the colon by
means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state
and ultimately in a solid form. As stool
passes through the colon, water is removed.
Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped)
colon until a "mass movement" empties it
into the rectum once or twice a day. It
normally takes about 36 hours for stool to
get through the colon. The stool itself is
mostly food debris and bacteria. These
bacteria perform several useful functions,
such as synthesizing various vitamins,
processing waste products and food
particles, and protecting against harmful
bacteria. When the descending colon
becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its
contents into the rectum to begin the
process of elimination.
30. Rectum
• The rectum (Latin for "straight") is
an 8-inch chamber that connects
the colon to the anus. It is the
rectum's job to receive stool from
the colon, to let the person know
that there is stool to be evacuated,
and to hold the stool until
evacuation happens. When
anything (gas or stool) comes into
the rectum, sensors send a
message to the brain. The brain
then decides if the rectal contents
can be released or not. If they can,
the sphincters relax and the rectum
contracts, disposing its contents. If
the contents cannot be disposed,
the sphincter contracts and the
rectum accommodates so that the
sensation temporarily goes away.
31. Anus
• The anus is the last part of the
digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long
canal consisting of the pelvic floor
muscles and the two anal
sphincters (internal and external).
The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal
contents. It lets you know whether
the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid. The anus is surrounded by
sphincter muscles that are
important in allowing control of
stool. The pelvic floor muscle
creates an angle between the
rectum and the anus that stops
stool from coming out when it is not
supposed to. The internal sphincter
is always tight, except when stool
enters the rectum. It keeps us
continent when we are asleep or
otherwise unaware of the presence
of stool. When we get an urge to go
to the bathroom, we rely on our
external sphincter to hold the stool
until reaching a toilet, where it then
relaxes to release the contents.
34. What is Endocrine System?
• The endocrine system is the
collection of glands that
produce hormones that
regulate metabolism, growth
and development, tissue
function, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and
mood, among other things.
• The endocrine system is
made up of the pituitary
gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, ovaries (in
females) and testicles (in
males), the Mayo Clinic
notes.
35. Endocrine Glands and Types of Hormones
• Glands are located throughout various parts of the human
body. These glands take on the critical task of releasing
hormones, and as a whole, they are most commonly referred to
as the endocrine system.
• The following glands make up the endocrine system:
• Pituitary Gland
• Hypothalmus
• Thymus
• Pineal Gland
• Testes
• Ovaries
• Thyroid
• Adrenal Glands
• Parathyroid
• Pancreas
36. Pituitary Gland
• This gland is often
referred to as the
"master gland." It
greatly influences other
organs in the body, and
its function is vital to
the overall well-being of
a person. The pituitary
gland produces several
hormones. In fact, the
front part of it,
commonly called the
anterior pituitary,
produces the following
types of hormones:
37. • -Growth hormone: This hormone promotes growth in
childhood. For adults, it helps to maintain healthy
muscle and bone mass.
• -Prolactin: In women, it stimulates milk production.
In males, low levels are linked to sexual problems;
however, most males make no use of the hormone.
• -Adrenocorticotropic: This hormone promotes the
production of cortisol, which helps to reduce stress,
maintain healthy blood pressure and more.
• -Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Just as the name
implies, this hormone helps to regulate the body's
thyroid, which is crucial in maintaining a healthy
metabolism.
38. • -Luteinizing hormone: In women, this hormone
regulates estrogen. In men, it regulates testosterone.
• -Follicle-stimulating hormone: Found in both men
and women. It stimulates the releasing of eggs in
women and helps ensure the normal function of
sperm production in men.
• The back part of the pituitary gland is called the
posterior pituitary. It produces the following two
hormones:
• -Oxytocin: This hormone causes pregnant women to
start having contractions at the appropriate time and
also promotes milk flow in nursing mothers.
• -Antidiuretic hormone: Commonly referred to as
vasopressin, this hormone helps to regulate water
balance in the body.
39. Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus
is in control of
pituitary hormones
by releasing the
following types of
hormones:
• - Thyrotrophic-
releasing hormone
• - Growth hormone-
releasing hormone
• - Corticotrophin-
releasing hormone
• - Gonadotropin-
releasing hormone
40. Thymus
• This gland secretes
hormones that are
commonly referred
to as humoral
factors and are
important during
puberty. The role of
these hormones is
to make sure a
person develops a
healthy immune
system.
41. Pineal Gland
• The pineal gland
releases melatonin,
which helps the
body recognize
when it is time to go
to sleep.
Researchers
continue to learn
more about this
gland.
42. Testes
• Found in men, this gland
produces testosterone,
which promotes the growth
of the penis as a male gets
older as well as facial and
body hair. It also deepens
the voice of a male at a
certain age. Other functions
of testosterone include:
• - Promoting production of
sperm
• - Maintaining healthy levels
of muscle and bone mass
43. Ovaries
• Found in women,
this gland produces
both estrogen and
progesterone, which
promote the
development of
breasts. They also
help a woman
maintain healthy
menstrual periods.
44. Thyroid
• Found in both
women and men,
the thyroid
controls a
person's
metabolism. It is
located in the
front of the neck.
45. Adrenal Glands
• This gland helps to control
blood sugar. In addition, also
helps your body do the
following:
• - Promoting proper
cardiovascular function
• - Properly utilizing
carbohydrates and fats
• - Helps distribute stored fat
• - Promotes healthy
gastrointestinal functions
46. Parathyroid
• This gland is vital to
proper bone
development
because it helps
control both calcium
and phosphorous
levels in the body.
The parathyroid
gland is actually a
group of four small
glands located
behind the thyroid
gland.
47. Pancreas
• The main
function of the
pancreas is to
maintain
healthy blood
sugar levels. It
is a large gland
located behind
the stomach.
50. DIRECTION:Choose the letter of the
correct answer.
1.What is the circulatory system?
A. The body's breathing system
B. The body's system of nerves
C. The body's food-processing
system
D. The body's blood-transporting
system
51. 2.From what source do cells get their food?
A.Blood
B.Oxygen
C.Other cells
D.Carbon dioxide
3.Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from
the heart?
A.Veins
B.Arteries
C.Capillaries
D.Arteries, veins and capillaries
52. 4.What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the
blood?
A.To clot blood
B.To fight disease
C.To transport oxygen to the body's cells
and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells
D.To transport carbon dioxide to the body's cells and
carry away oxygen from the cells
53. 5.Which of the following can best be
compared to soldiers?
A.Lungs
B.Capillaries
C.Red blood cells
D.White blood cells
54. 6.What is the digestive system?
A.The body's breathing system
B.The body's system of nerves
C.The body's food-processing system
D.The body's blood-transporting system
55. 7.The digestive system processes food into
usable and unusable materials. The usable
materials are sent to the body's cells as food.
What happens to unusable materials?
A. It goes into the pancreas to await disposal.
B. It goes to the right ventricle to await
disposal.
C.It goes into the large intestine to await
disposal.
D. It goes into the small intestine to await
disposal.
56. 8.The liver is located in the abdomen and
performs many functions. Which of the
following is NOT a function of the liver?
A.Storing food
B.Manufacturing insulin
C.Producing digestive juices
D.Healing itself when it is damaged
57. 9.Digestion begins in the mouth. Which
of the following statement is
INCORRECT?
A.The tongue aids in the digestion of the
food.
B.The saliva changes some of the
starches in the food to sugar.
C.The tongue keeps the food in place in
the mouth
while the food is being chewed.
D.The digestive juices can react more
easily with the food when chewed.
58. 10.Digestion takes place in a long tube-like
canal called the alimentary canal, or the
digestive tract. Food travels through these
organs in the following order:
A.Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine and rectum
B.Mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine,
small intestine and rectum
C.Mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine,
large intestine and rectum
D.Mouth, stomach,esophagus, small intestine,
large intestine and rectum
59. 11.This links the nervous system to the
endocrine system via the pituitary
gland.
A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Adrenal
12. This affects wake/sleep patterns and
seasonal functions.
A. Pineal B. Adrenal C. Thyroid
60. 13.The master gland that controls many
bodily functions.
A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus
C. Pituitary
14.These release hormones in
conjunction with stress.
A. Adrenal B. Pituitary C. Thyroid
61. 15.These glands control the amount
of calcium in the blood and bones.
A. Pituitary
B. Parathyroid
C. Thyroid
