The document provides information about the chemistry syllabus for 12th grade exams. It is divided into two sections, with Section I covering 7 units and Section II covering another 8 units. Each unit lists the maximum marks allotted, both for standard questions and for options. The document also outlines the paper format, with different types of questions and their marks. It provides examples of 1, 2, and 3 mark questions. Finally, it gives short summaries on specific topics from the syllabus, including d-block elements, coordination compounds, and biomolecules.
Organometallic Reactions and CatalysisRajat Ghalta
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
Organometallic Reactions and CatalysisRajat Ghalta
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
Physics is a very important subject for board exam. Students weak in Mathematics often find Physics very difficult and hence failed. In order to prepare Physics for Class 12 board exam you need to be more consistent with your stud
Exams today have become one of the tools that used to measure the performance of the child. We can always find pressure mounting during board exam days from parents that the child will able to reproduce the answers as per questions asked.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
Chemistry infographics by Chemistry Notes Info. You can view and download PDFs of all chemistry infographics from below chemistry website -
https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/chemistry-infographics.html
You can learn chemistry with these free chemistry infografics. These Science Chemistry Infographics are prepared by Team ChemistryNotesInfo & Jitendra Singh Sandhu.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Chemistry Section – I
Unit Unit Max. Marks
No. Marks with
Option
01 Solid State 4 6
02 Solutions and Colligative Properties 5 7
03 Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics 6 8
04 Electrochemistry 5 7
05 Chemical Kinetics 4 6
06 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of 3 5
Elements
07 P – Block Elements 8 10
Total 35 49
www . ednexa . com
3. Chemistry Section – II
Unit Unit Max. Marks
No. Marks with
Option
08 d & f – Block Elements 5 6
09 Co-ordination Compounds 3 4
10 Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes ( & Arenes) 4 6
11 Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers 4 6
12 Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic acids 5 7
13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 4 6
14 Biomolecules 4 6
15 Polymers 3 4
16 Chemistry in Everyday Life 3 4
Total 35 49
www . ednexa . com
4. Paper Format for Section I & II [ 35 marks each ]
Q – 1 ] Select and write most appropriate answer from the given
alternative for each sub – question. [7]
Q – 2 ] Answer any six [ out of eight ] of the following [ 12 ]
Q – 3 ] Answer any three [ out of four ] of the following [9]
Q – 4 ] Answer any one [ out of two ] of the following [7]
www . ednexa . com
5. 1 – Mark Questions -
Definition / Statement / Objective Questions
2 – Mark Questions
Big structures of last two topics
Two step conversion, Polymerization processes
Difference - 4 points ( example No Mark ) / Distinguish by reaction
Short Notes, Salient Features of Theory ( 4 points )
Relation between ΔH & ΔU etc
Derivations / Laws of electrolysis
Structures of oxides of Nitrogen /
www . ednexa . com
6. 2 – Mark Questions
Mfg. Processes ( Haber’s Process for ammonia/ Contact Process)
Allotropes of P or S
Oxy – acids of chlorine
Defects in crystal / limitations / Rault’s law / Diagrams
Resonating structures / Electronic Configurations
2 – point answers / Isomerism, Naming of co – ordination compounds
Numericals
3 – Mark Questions
ABC type crystal structures
Laws and Derivations
Daniel, Cell SHE, Calomel Electrode, Lead Accumulator
3 – point answers / Reaction mechanism / SN1, SN2, Optical activity
Multi step reactions ( balancing not required ) / Methods of preparation
Numericals - Calculations in same units throughout
www . ednexa . com
8. d – Block Elements :- The atoms of the elements in which the last electron enters the
d – orbital of penultimate ( last but one ) energy level are known as d – block elements.
This indicates that in these elements, last two shells are incompletely filled.
9. Electronic Configuration of first ( 3d ) Transition Series ( 21 Sc – 30 Zn )
[ Ar ] 3d 1 – 10 4 s 1 – 2
www . ednexa . com
13. Lanthanide contraction : - Lanthanide contraction is a term used in chemistry to
describe different but closely related concepts associated with smaller than expected
atomic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series.
Definition :- The decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of the lanthanide elements
with increasing atomic number is known as lanthanide contraction. Thus, the first
element lanthanum has the largest, while the last element lutetium has the smallest
radius among these elements.
www . ednexa . com
14. 12th
Chemistry
9 ] Co - ordination
Compounds
www . ednexa . com
16. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6.
Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6
( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a4 b2 ] n±
17. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6.
Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6
( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a3 b3 ] n±
18. Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6.
Stereoisomerism in metal complexes with coordination number 6
( octahedral complex ) of the type [ M a3 b3 ] n±
For example, consider a complex [ Cr ( NH3 ) 3 Cl 3 ]. The structures of cis and trans
isomers are
19. Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory
E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 +
1.Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 + is a cationic complex, oxidation state
of Co is +3 and CN = 6
Electronic configuration : 27Co [ Ar ] 3 d7 4 s2
Electronic configuration : Co 3 + [ Ar ] 3 d6 4s0 4p0
NH3 is a strong ligand, due to spin pairing effect, all the four unpaired electrons in
3d orbital are paired giving two vacant 3d orbitals.
20. Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory
E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 +
The coordination number is 6, Co 3 + ion gets six vacant orbitals by hybridisation of two
3d vacant orbitals, one 4s and three 4p orbitals forming six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals giving
octahedral geometry. It is an inner complex.
6 lone pairs of electrons from 6NH3 ligands are
accommodated in the six vacant d2sp3 hybrid orbitals.
The six hybrid orbitals of Co 3 + overlap with
filled orbitals of NH3 forming 6 coordinate bonds
giving octahedral geometry to the complex.
21. Structure of complex compounds based on valence bond theory
E ] Structure of Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion, [ CO ( NH3 ) 6 ] 3 +
Geometry of complex : Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion has a octahedral geometry due
to d2sp3 hybridisation.
Magnetic property : Hexaamminecobalt ( III ) ion has no unpaired electrons. Hence
the complex is diamagnetic. (Magnetic moment, μ = 0 )
Effect of ligands : Ammonia ligands causes 3d electrons to be shifted to 3d – orbitals
so that all the ten electrons are paired up in 3d – orbitals.
23. 12th Chemistry
Nomenclature : Common – IUPAC
Methods of preparation / Name Reactions
Chemical Properties / Action of different reagents
Physical Properties
Reaction Mechanism / Effect of Substituent
Resonating Structures
Intext & Exercise Question - MCQ’S
Exceptional Questions
www . ednexa . com
24. Exceptional Questions
What is hydride shift ? Consider the following reaction : 3 – methylbutan –
2 – ol heated with Hi to form 2 – iodo – 2 – methylbutane ( and not 2 – iodo –
3 – methylbutane ). This can be explained on the basis of hydride shift.
www . ednexa . com
26. Exceptional Questions
Secondary carbocation rearranges to a more stable tertiary carbocation by a
hydride ion shift. Nucleophile P ion attacks tertiary carbocation to give
tertiary alkyl iodide.
www . ednexa . com
27. Exceptional Questions
Phenol is therefore ortho and para directing.
These resonance structures (canonical forms) have negative charge at
ortho and para positions as shown above. Hence phenol gives
electrophilic substitution reactions at ortho or para or at both the
positions but never at meta positions. Phenol is therefore ortho and
para directing.
www . ednexa . com
28. Exceptional Questions
The ortho and para nitrophenol can be separated by steam distillation.
O – nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding
while p – nitrophenol is less volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding
which causes the association of molecules.
www . ednexa . com
29. 12th
Chemistry
14 ] Biomolecules
15 ] Polymers
16 ] Chemistry in
Every Day Life
www . ednexa . com
30. 12th Chemistry
Classification of carbohydrates, Theory, Definitions, Structures
Different classes of drugs, Uses, Side effects
Polymers, Classification, Methods of preparation, Uses
Reaction of glucose, Pyranose, Fructanose Structures.
Intext & Exercise Question - MCQ’S
Exceptional Questions
33. Peptide linkage formation
The structure of proteins show that large number of α - amino acid molecules are
linked to one another through peptide ( – CO – NH – ) linkage.
The peptide linkage is formed by elimination of water molecule from the amino
( – NH2 ) group of one α – ammo acid molecule and the – carboxylic ( – COOH )
group of the next neighbouring α - amino acid molecule.
These carboxylic ( – COOH ) and amino ( – NH2 ) groups undergo condensation
with other α – amino acids. Many peptide linkages thus formed are called polypeptide.
If the molecular weight of such peptides is up to 10,000 then, it is known as
polypeptide and those having molecular weight above 10,000 are known as protein.
34. Vitamins
Some important Vitamins, their Sources and their Deficiency Diseases
No Name of Vitamines Sources Deficiency diseases
.
1. Vitamin A Fish liver oil, carrots, butter Xerophthalmia ( hardening of cornea of eye )
and milk Night blindness
2. Vitamin B1 Yeast, milk, green Beri beri ( loss of appetite, retarded growth )
( Thiamine ) vegetables and cereals
3. Vitamin B2 Milk, eggwhite, liver, Cheilosis ( fissuring at corners of mouth and lips
( Riboflavin ) kidney ), digestive disorders and burning sensation of
the skin.
4. Vitamin B6 Yeast, milk, egg yolk, Convulsions
( Pyridoxine ) cereals and grams
5. Vitamin B12 Meat, fish, egg and curd Pernicious anaemia
( RBC deficient in haemoglobin )
6. Vitamin C Citrus fruits, amla and Scurvy ( bleeding gums )
( Ascorbic acid ) green leafy vegetables
7. Vitamin D Exposure to sunlight, fish Rickets (bone deformities in children )
and egg yolk And osteomalacia
( soft bones and joint pain in adults )
8. Vitamin E Vegetable oils like wheat Increased fragility of RBCs and muscular
germ oil, sunflower oil, etc. weakness
9. Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables Increased blood clotting time
35. Preparation of some important addition polymers
Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN or Orlon ) : -
The addition polymerization of acrylonitrile in
presence of a peroxide catalyst leads to the formation
of polyacrylonitrile.
Polyacrylonitrile is used as a substitute for wool in
making commercial fibres as orlon or acrilan.
www . ednexa . com
36. Antiseptics : The chemical substances which either kill or prevent the growth of
micro-organisms are called antiseptics. They are safe to be applied on to the living
tissues. e.g. Dettol, iodine, iodoform, boric acid etc.
General uses of antiseptics :
These are not harmful to living tissues and can be safely
applied to wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces
These are used to reduce odors, resulting from bacterial
decomposition of the body or in mouth.
Therefore they are mixed with face powders, deodorants
and breath purifiers.
These are used in antiseptic cream like soframycin and
furacin.
www . ednexa . com
37. Examples of Antiseptics
Phenol : They are used for dressing of small wounds. It causes severe burns,
hence other phenolic compounds are used.
Dettol : It is solution of chloro - xylenol is
used in antiseptic cream and for disinfecting
surgical instruments.
Bithional : It is a bacteriostatic agent (inhibits the
growth of micro organisms), used as an agricultural
fungicide. It is used as an anti-infective in deodorants,
shampoos & surgical soaps. lt can cause skin allergy
when exposed sunlight hence not used in cosmetics.
www . ednexa . com
38. Examples of Antiseptics
Iodine ( I2) : Tincture of iodine is used as a topical antiseptic to kill bacteria. It is
also used in cleaning wounds and sterilizing skin before surgery. It is also used for
disinfection of water, air and sanitization of food utensils.
Iodoform ( CHI3 ): It is used as an external antiseptic for wounds.
Boric acid ( H3BO3 ) : It is a mild antiseptic, used by swimmers as ear drops to
destroy fungal growth. It is also used for eyewash and also as a food preservative
Hydrogen peroxide : It is used as a mild antiseptic, for cleaning ears, sterilizing
surgical or medical instruments. It is also used in treating skin spots, killing the
fungus, dental hygiene and for avoiding contagious diseases. It is used as
germicidal due to release or nascent oxygen.
www . ednexa . com
39. Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents.
Mechanism of cleansing action of soaps and detergents : -
Soap and detergents have two parts, a long chain of hydrocarbon tail soluble in oil
and other part (head) soluble in water.
When soap is added to an oily part of cloth or vessel, the hydrocarbon part of soap
dissolves in oil and ionic end of soap dissolves in water.
The soap molecules form micelles where one of the molecules is towards the oil
droplet while ionic end faces out side.
This results in an emulsion in water. The soap micelle assist in dissolving the dirt in
water, thus we can wash our clothes.
www . ednexa . com