The document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It discusses the nature of management including different perspectives. It outlines the key HRM functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. It explains the line and staff aspects of HRM including the responsibilities of line managers. The document defines HRM and discusses its history. It describes the objectives of HRM from organizational, personal, and societal perspectives. Several HRM models are outlined including Fombrun, Tichy & Devanna, Harvard, David Guest, Warwick, and John Storey. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of HRM.
Importance of Human Resource Management in 21st Century12inch
Human beings are the most important resource of an organization. These are the people who plan all the activities and then they carry on all the activities. And managing human beings is the toughest duty of the manager as no two persons are alike. Every individual has separate values, aspirations, motivations, assumptions, goals, etc. Today we are discuses about Importance of human resource management in 21st century
Importance of Human Resource Management in 21st Century12inch
Human beings are the most important resource of an organization. These are the people who plan all the activities and then they carry on all the activities. And managing human beings is the toughest duty of the manager as no two persons are alike. Every individual has separate values, aspirations, motivations, assumptions, goals, etc. Today we are discuses about Importance of human resource management in 21st century
Introduction to HR Management and HR Management Process for beginners. What is HR Management? Key focused areas under HR Management is discussed under the study.
Career Management for the Nervously Employed: Performing and Planning in Turb...Barry Horne
Turning up, putting your head down, and working hard are commendable actions that may led to recognition and career progression. In a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous world, however, such an approach to career management is insufficient.
This presentation offers employees who are nervously employed, and experiencing job insecurity, career management tips.
The tips are based on reflections of working with hundreds of employees who have experienced role redundancy.
Explored themes include:
* Awareness and anticipation of emerging change;
* Helpful ways of thinking about careers;
* Career management proactivity and agility;
* Engaging, contributing, and achieving at work.
Viewers are encouraged to be alert, prepared and dignified in the face of potential organisational change.
Introduction to HR Management and HR Management Process for beginners. What is HR Management? Key focused areas under HR Management is discussed under the study.
Career Management for the Nervously Employed: Performing and Planning in Turb...Barry Horne
Turning up, putting your head down, and working hard are commendable actions that may led to recognition and career progression. In a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous world, however, such an approach to career management is insufficient.
This presentation offers employees who are nervously employed, and experiencing job insecurity, career management tips.
The tips are based on reflections of working with hundreds of employees who have experienced role redundancy.
Explored themes include:
* Awareness and anticipation of emerging change;
* Helpful ways of thinking about careers;
* Career management proactivity and agility;
* Engaging, contributing, and achieving at work.
Viewers are encouraged to be alert, prepared and dignified in the face of potential organisational change.
Human Resources A Management Perspectivefccphoenix
Learning Objectives
• Effective Human Resource Planning
• Understand When and How to Recruit, Hire and Staff
• Understand Compensation and Benefits for your Work Environment
• Understand Appropriate Training & Professional Development
• Managing Time and Attendance
• When to Implement Effective Policies and Procedures
• Federal and State Compliant Recordkeeping
Complete HRM Course work for Master of Engineering in Construction Management.
Lectures are delivered and compiled by Prof. Dr. Nafees Memon and (Sajjad & Mubeen).
- Introduction to HRM
- Definitions of Human Resource Management
- Objectives of HRM
- Functions of HRM
- Characteristics of HRM
- Duties of HRM
- Changing Environment of HRM
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
2. The Nature of ManagementThe Nature of Management
Management:Management:
The science perspectiveThe science perspective
The political perspectiveThe political perspective
The control perspectiveThe control perspective
The practice perspectiveThe practice perspective
4. Management ProcessesManagement Processes
PlanningPlanning
OrganizingOrganizing
StaffingStaffing
LeadingLeading
ControllingControlling
Why is HR important to all managers?Why is HR important to all managers?
5. Line and Staff Aspects of HRMLine and Staff Aspects of HRM
Line managerLine manager
A manager who is authorized to direct theA manager who is authorized to direct the
work of subordinates and is responsible forwork of subordinates and is responsible for
accomplishing the organization’s tasksaccomplishing the organization’s tasks
Staff managerStaff manager
A manager who assists and advises lineA manager who assists and advises line
managers.managers.
6. Line Managers’ HRM ResponsibilitiesLine Managers’ HRM Responsibilities
1.1. Placing the right person on the right jobPlacing the right person on the right job
2.2. Starting new employees in the organization (orientation)Starting new employees in the organization (orientation)
3.3. Training employees for jobs that are new to themTraining employees for jobs that are new to them
4.4. Improving the job performance of each personImproving the job performance of each person
5.5. Gaining creative cooperation and developing smoothGaining creative cooperation and developing smooth
working relationshipsworking relationships
6.6. Interpreting the firm’s policies and proceduresInterpreting the firm’s policies and procedures
7.7. Controlling labor costsControlling labor costs
8.8. Developing the abilities of each personDeveloping the abilities of each person
9.9. Creating and maintaining department moraleCreating and maintaining department morale
10.10. Protecting employees’ health and physical conditionProtecting employees’ health and physical condition
7. What is HRWhat is HR
Human resources has two meanings dependingHuman resources has two meanings depending
on the context:on the context:
The original use comes from the politicalThe original use comes from the political
economy and economics, where it is calledeconomy and economics, where it is called
labourlabour, one of the three main factors of, one of the three main factors of
production. (production. (land, labour & capitaland, labour & capita))
The more modern usage within companies andThe more modern usage within companies and
businesses refers to individuals in thebusinesses refers to individuals in the
company and the portion of the company'scompany and the portion of the company's
organization that deals withorganization that deals with personnel orpersonnel or
staffstaff recruitment , training, record keepingrecruitment , training, record keeping
and other personnel issues.and other personnel issues.
8. Basic HR ConceptsBasic HR Concepts
The bottom line ofThe bottom line of
managing:managing:
Getting resultsGetting results
HRHR creates value bycreates value by
engaging in activitiesengaging in activities thatthat
produce the employeeproduce the employee
behaviors that thebehaviors that the
companycompany needs to achieveneeds to achieve
its strategic goalsits strategic goals..
9. DefinitionDefinition
The branch of organizational science thatThe branch of organizational science that
deals with thedeals with the employment relationshipemployment relationship, along, along
with all the decisions, actions, and issueswith all the decisions, actions, and issues
involved in that relationship.involved in that relationship.
A strategic approach to managing employmentA strategic approach to managing employment
relations which emphasizes thatrelations which emphasizes that leveragingleveraging
people’speople’s capabilitiescapabilities is critical to achievingis critical to achieving
competitive advantage. This leveraging beingcompetitive advantage. This leveraging being
achieved through a distinctive set ofachieved through a distinctive set of
integratedintegrated employmentemployment policies, programs andpolicies, programs and
practicespractices
10. THE FOCUS OF HRMTHE FOCUS OF HRM
Businesses and organizations rely onBusinesses and organizations rely on three major resourcesthree major resources
physical resources, such as materials and equipmentphysical resources, such as materials and equipment
financial resources, including cash,financial resources, including cash, credit,credit, andand debt &debt &
human resources or workers.human resources or workers.
In its broadest sense, HRM refers to theIn its broadest sense, HRM refers to the management of all decisionsmanagement of all decisions within anwithin an
organization that are related to people.organization that are related to people.
In practice, however,In practice, however,
HRM is a toolHRM is a tool used to try to make optimum use of human resources, toused to try to make optimum use of human resources, to
foster individual development, and to comply with government mandates.foster individual development, and to comply with government mandates.
Larger organizations typically have an HRM department and its primaryLarger organizations typically have an HRM department and its primary
objective is making company goals compatible with employee goalsobjective is making company goals compatible with employee goals
insofar as possible.insofar as possible.
Hence, for a company to attain its goals, it must have employees who will help itHence, for a company to attain its goals, it must have employees who will help it
Attain them.Attain them.
11. HistoryHistory
Key principles & practices associated with HRM date back to the beginning ofKey principles & practices associated with HRM date back to the beginning of
mankind.mankind.
Mechanisms were developed for theMechanisms were developed for the selection of tribal leadersselection of tribal leaders, e.g: & knowledge, e.g: & knowledge
was recorded and passed on to youth about safety, health, hunting, and gathering.was recorded and passed on to youth about safety, health, hunting, and gathering.
More advanced HRM functions were developed as early as 1000 and 2000 BCMore advanced HRM functions were developed as early as 1000 and 2000 BC
e.g.e.g. Employee screening testsEmployee screening tests have been traced back to 1115 B.C. in China.have been traced back to 1115 B.C. in China.
And the earliest form of industrial education,And the earliest form of industrial education, the apprentice systemthe apprentice system, was started, was started
in ancient Greek and Babylonian civilizations before gaining prominence duringin ancient Greek and Babylonian civilizations before gaining prominence during
medieval times.medieval times.
Since the inception of modem management theory, the terminology used toSince the inception of modem management theory, the terminology used to
describe thedescribe the role and function of workersrole and function of workers has evolved fromhas evolved from "personnel" to"personnel" to
"industrial relations" to "employee relations" to "human resources.""industrial relations" to "employee relations" to "human resources."
While all of these terms remain in use,While all of these terms remain in use, "human resources""human resources" most accuratelymost accurately
represents the view of workers byrepresents the view of workers by contemporary management theorycontemporary management theory : as: as valuablevaluable
resources managed in the same manner as other valuable resourcesresources managed in the same manner as other valuable resources, according to, according to
the authors ofthe authors of Human Resource Management.Human Resource Management.
12. Cont…..Cont…..
The need for an organized form of HRMThe need for an organized form of HRM
emerged during theemerged during the industrial revolutionindustrial revolution,,
as the manufacturing process evolvedas the manufacturing process evolved
from a cottage system to factoryfrom a cottage system to factory
production.production.
As theAs the Economy shiftedEconomy shifted from anfrom an
agricultural economy to an industrialagricultural economy to an industrial
economy,economy, companies were forcedcompanies were forced toto
develop and implement effective ways ofdevelop and implement effective ways of
recruiting and keeping skilled workersrecruiting and keeping skilled workers..
13. Human ResourceHuman Resource
ManagementManagement
Attract andAttract and
orient neworient new
employeesemployees
EffectiveEffective
compensationcompensation
systemssystems
EffectiveEffective
workwork
environmentenvironment
Compliance &Compliance &
proceduresprocedures
EffectiveEffective
relationshipsrelationships
HRM ActivitiesHRM Activities
15. ObjectivesObjectives
To create and utilize an able and motivated workforce, toTo create and utilize an able and motivated workforce, to
accomplish the basic organizational goals.accomplish the basic organizational goals.
To establish and maintain sound organizational structure andTo establish and maintain sound organizational structure and
desirable working relationships among all the members of thedesirable working relationships among all the members of the
organization.organization.
To secure the integration of individual or groups within theTo secure the integration of individual or groups within the
organization by coordination of the individual and group goalsorganization by coordination of the individual and group goals
with those of the organization.with those of the organization.
To create facilities and opportunities for individual or groupTo create facilities and opportunities for individual or group
development so as to match it with the growth of thedevelopment so as to match it with the growth of the
organization.organization.
To attain an effective utilization of human resources in theTo attain an effective utilization of human resources in the
achievement of organizational goals.achievement of organizational goals.
16. Cont…..Cont…..
ToTo identify and satisfy individual and group needsidentify and satisfy individual and group needs by providing adequateby providing adequate
and equitable wages, incentives, employee benefits and social securityand equitable wages, incentives, employee benefits and social security
and measures for challenging work, prestige, recognition, security,and measures for challenging work, prestige, recognition, security,
status.status.
ToTo maintain high employees moralemaintain high employees morale and sound human relations byand sound human relations by
sustaining and improving the various conditions and facilities.sustaining and improving the various conditions and facilities.
ToTo strengthen and appreciate the human assets continuouslystrengthen and appreciate the human assets continuously byby
providing training and development programs.providing training and development programs.
ToTo consider and contribute to the minimization of socio-economic evilsconsider and contribute to the minimization of socio-economic evils
such as unemployment, under-employment, inequalities in thesuch as unemployment, under-employment, inequalities in the
distribution of income and wealth and to improve the welfare of thedistribution of income and wealth and to improve the welfare of the
society by providing employment opportunities to women andsociety by providing employment opportunities to women and
disadvantaged sections of the society.disadvantaged sections of the society.
To provide an opportunity forTo provide an opportunity for expression and voice managementexpression and voice management..
To provideTo provide fair, acceptable and efficient leadership.fair, acceptable and efficient leadership.
To provideTo provide facilities and conditions of workfacilities and conditions of work and creation of favorableand creation of favorable
atmosphere for maintaining stability of employment.atmosphere for maintaining stability of employment.
20. The system of basic HRM PracticesThe system of basic HRM Practices
Selection Job Design
Specification
Performance Appraisal
Rewards
Development
HR planning
HR marketing & Employer Branding
Recruitment
Formal & informal
coaching and training
Career planning & development
Succession planning
Evaluation &
Feedback &
Objective setting
Outplacement
Promotion
Work / Life
Balance
21. Models of HRModels of HR
The management of most important resources –The management of most important resources – the peoplethe people
is of utmost importanceis of utmost importance..
Until about the 1970s the task of ‘Until about the 1970s the task of ‘finding and controllingfinding and controlling
peoplepeople’ was handled by Personnel Management which was’ was handled by Personnel Management which was
largely anlargely an administrativeadministrative function, dealing with thefunction, dealing with the
management and control of subordinatesmanagement and control of subordinates
The concept of Human Resource Management developedThe concept of Human Resource Management developed
with a morewith a more strategic level of thinkingstrategic level of thinking about the nature andabout the nature and
role of people (as total 24hr per day human beings) workingrole of people (as total 24hr per day human beings) working
inin organizations which are ‘culturesorganizations which are ‘cultures’ in their own right.’ in their own right.
22. HRM ModelsHRM Models
Recent thinking has moved from theRecent thinking has moved from the
control-based modelcontrol-based model to theto the
compliance modelcompliance model..
The soft edge of the latter involvesThe soft edge of the latter involves improving employee commitmentimproving employee commitment andand
expecting effectiveness and efficiency to follow.expecting effectiveness and efficiency to follow.
The hard edge of the latter involves ridding the organization ofThe hard edge of the latter involves ridding the organization of
unnecessary layers of middle management which, when stripped of controlunnecessary layers of middle management which, when stripped of control
functions, have very little by way of value added.functions, have very little by way of value added.
The management task is to cause the people to beThe management task is to cause the people to be
as creative and productive as possible.as creative and productive as possible.
23.
24.
25. Theoretical perspectives on HRMTheoretical perspectives on HRM
Key areas of most models of HRM include:
HR Planning and staffing (including recruitment and
selection)
Developing staff
Rewarding and motivating staff
Staff welfare (including health and safety)
Employment relations – managing conflicts
Managing change – response to competition, new
technology, laws
Evaluate contribution of HRM
26. Some ModelsSome Models
Fombrun, Tichy & Devanna Model
Harvard ModelHarvard Model
David Guest ModelDavid Guest Model
The Warwick ModelThe Warwick Model
John Storey ModelJohn Storey Model
29. Fombrun, Tichy & DevannaFombrun, Tichy & Devanna
This is a fairly basic model but
identifies Four important and
interlinked activities of HRM
But does not really provide much detail
as to how these things are or should be
done
30. HarvardHarvard
Six elements identified
Situation – workforce, management
philosophies, labour market contexts,
legal and social regulations, social
values
Stakeholders – various interests
surrounding the organization
31. The Harvard SystemThe Harvard System
Integrated modelIntegrated model
Analytical - commonly usedAnalytical - commonly used
Policy choices influenced by interestPolicy choices influenced by interest
groups and situational factorsgroups and situational factors
A prescriptive element - theA prescriptive element - the
outcomesoutcomes
Identifies limited preferred /Identifies limited preferred /
superior choices?superior choices?
Perhaps one way communication?Perhaps one way communication?
33. Consequences
Individual – pay, rewards, identity, well being
Organizational – effectiveness, efficiency,
profits
Societal - employment, economic growth,
prosperity
Feedback – evaluation and appropriate
adjustment to policies and practices
34. David Guest ModelDavid Guest Model
Basic argument is that integrated HR practices can lead
to improved individual and organizational performance
HRM is distinctive from old style personnel management
because:
It is more tightly or closely integrated into the
organization's business strategy, not an add on.
It seeks to achieve behavioural commitment of
employees, not just compliance
Its emphasizes a unitary or common interest
between employers and employees in working towards
organizational success rather than recognizing
differing interests & Conflicts
35. It emphasises individual contribution and
efforts and links these to rewards, rather
than managing people in standard ways as a
group
Business strategy is important because it has
implications for HR strategy and practices
Outcomes of HR are :
high commitment
high quality
flexibility
37. The Warwick ModelThe Warwick Model
More analytical approach than Harvard - noMore analytical approach than Harvard - no
perscriptive elementsperscriptive elements
External influences are recognised in theExternal influences are recognised in the
context of HR strategycontext of HR strategy
Two way system of communication -Two way system of communication -
dialogue modeldialogue model
Recognises the role of personnel function inRecognises the role of personnel function in
HR strategyHR strategy
38. John Storey ModelJohn Storey Model
Demonstrates the differences betweenDemonstrates the differences between
the ‘personnel and industrials’ and thethe ‘personnel and industrials’ and the
HRM paradigm by creating an ‘ideal’HRM paradigm by creating an ‘ideal’
type.type.
Characterizes HRM as ‘anCharacterizes HRM as ‘an amalgamamalgam ofof
description, prescription, and logicaldescription, prescription, and logical
deduction’.deduction’.
42. TheThe Strategic HR Business ModelStrategic HR Business Model adopted byadopted by
Bank of Baroda incorporates itsBank of Baroda incorporates its HR Mission andHR Mission and
PhilosophyPhilosophy and is focused towardsand is focused towards attainmentattainment
of long-term organizational goals.of long-term organizational goals.
A very strongA very strong Organizational LeadershipOrganizational Leadership atat
different levels forms the key link in the Model.different levels forms the key link in the Model.
These are:These are:
Strategic Leadership - Corporate levelStrategic Leadership - Corporate level
Business Leadership - Zonal & Regional levelBusiness Leadership - Zonal & Regional level
Operational Leadership - Business unit level i.e.Operational Leadership - Business unit level i.e.
branchbranch
43. The two vital Human Resource sub-systems i.e.The two vital Human Resource sub-systems i.e.
HR Planning & Management Sub-System &HR Planning & Management Sub-System &
Competency Based HRD Sub-SystemCompetency Based HRD Sub-System
shape the very crucialshape the very crucial Performance EnvironmentPerformance Environment within the Bankwithin the Bank
whichwhich
facilitates development of enabling capabilities of people.facilitates development of enabling capabilities of people.
Through proper developmental inputs,Through proper developmental inputs, Positive AttitudePositive Attitude &&
Right MindsetRight Mindset is created among people.is created among people.
Through properThrough proper Communication Medium and an Organizational CultureCommunication Medium and an Organizational Culture
of sharing, openness, collaboration & confrontation, autonomyof sharing, openness, collaboration & confrontation, autonomy
etc., people in the organization are facilitated to give theiretc., people in the organization are facilitated to give their
best output (performance).best output (performance).
44. The Model is adequately supported by a suitableThe Model is adequately supported by a suitable
Learning PlatformLearning Platform, which imparts proper, which imparts proper
KnowledgeKnowledge and enhancesand enhances LearningLearning among peopleamong people
(functional, behavioural etc) so that their(functional, behavioural etc) so that their
CompetenceCompetence increases and their potential couldincreases and their potential could
be properly leveraged forbe properly leveraged for greatergreater IndividualIndividual
And Organizational EffectivenessAnd Organizational Effectiveness..
These create properThese create proper Employee MotivationEmployee Motivation,,
which ultimately facilitateswhich ultimately facilitates Goal AchievementGoal Achievement..
45. Assumptions about HRMAssumptions about HRM
R. Wayne Pace, writing inR. Wayne Pace, writing in Human Resource Development,Human Resource Development, identifies sevenidentifies seven
underlying assumptions that provide a foundation and direction for HRM.underlying assumptions that provide a foundation and direction for HRM.
First is theFirst is the acknowledgment of individual worthacknowledgment of individual worth, suggesting that companies recognize, suggesting that companies recognize
and value individual contributions.and value individual contributions.
Second is thatSecond is that employees are resources who can learn new skills and ideasemployees are resources who can learn new skills and ideas and can beand can be
trained to occupy new positions in the organization.trained to occupy new positions in the organization.
Third is thatThird is that quality of work lifequality of work life is a legitimate concern, and that employees have ais a legitimate concern, and that employees have a
right to safe, clean, and pleasant surroundings.right to safe, clean, and pleasant surroundings.
Fourth assumption is theFourth assumption is the need for continuous learningneed for continuous learning; talents and skills must be; talents and skills must be
continually refined in the long-term interests of the organization.continually refined in the long-term interests of the organization.
Fifth assumption supporting the existence of an organized HRM within a company orFifth assumption supporting the existence of an organized HRM within a company or
institution is thatinstitution is that opportunities are constantly changingopportunities are constantly changing and companies need methodsand companies need methods
to facilitate continual worker adaptation.to facilitate continual worker adaptation.
Sixth isSixth is employee satisfactionemployee satisfaction, which implies that humans have a right to be satisfied, which implies that humans have a right to be satisfied
by their work and that employers have a responsibility and profit motivation to try toby their work and that employers have a responsibility and profit motivation to try to
match a worker's skills with his or her job.match a worker's skills with his or her job.
Seventh and final assumption is that HRM encompasses a much broader scope thanSeventh and final assumption is that HRM encompasses a much broader scope than
technical training—employeestechnical training—employees need to know more than the requirements of a specificneed to know more than the requirements of a specific
tasktask in order to make their maximum contribution.in order to make their maximum contribution.
46. THE ROLE, POSITION, AND STRUCTURETHE ROLE, POSITION, AND STRUCTURE
OF HRM DEPARTMENTSOF HRM DEPARTMENTS
InIn Personnel Management,Personnel Management, Paul S. Greenlaw and John P. Kohl describe threePaul S. Greenlaw and John P. Kohl describe three
distinct,distinct, interrelated fields of interestinterrelated fields of interest addressed by the HRM discipline:addressed by the HRM discipline:
human relations,human relations,
organization theory,organization theory, andand
decision areas.decision areas.
..
..
..
Human relationsHuman relations
individual motivation,individual motivation,
leadership,leadership,
& group relationships& group relationships
Organization theoryOrganization theory
job design,job design,
managerial control &managerial control &
work flowwork flow
through the organizationthrough the organization
Decision areasDecision areas
interests related tointerests related to
acquisition, development,acquisition, development,
Compensation &Compensation &
maintenance ofmaintenance of
human resourceshuman resources
HRM
47.
48. Structure of HRM departmentsStructure of HRM departments
The departments differ according to theThe departments differ according to the type and sizetype and size of the organizationof the organization
that they serve.that they serve.
But many large organizations (including governments, institutions,But many large organizations (including governments, institutions,
manufacturing companies, and service firms) organize HRM employeemanufacturing companies, and service firms) organize HRM employee
development functions around various clusters of workers—theydevelopment functions around various clusters of workers—they conductconduct
recruiting, administrative, and other duties in arecruiting, administrative, and other duties in a central locationcentral location..
Different employee development groupsDifferent employee development groups for each department arefor each department are
necessary to train and develop employees innecessary to train and develop employees in specializedspecialized areas, such asareas, such as
sales, engineering, marketing, or executive education.sales, engineering, marketing, or executive education.
In contrast, someIn contrast, some HRM departments are completely independentHRM departments are completely independent and areand are
organized purely by function. The same training department, for example,organized purely by function. The same training department, for example,
serves all divisions of the organization.serves all divisions of the organization.
49. HRM department responsibilitiesHRM department responsibilities
Individual managementIndividual management
This entailsThis entails helping employees identify their strengths andhelping employees identify their strengths and
weaknessesweaknesses, correct their shortcomings, and then make their best, correct their shortcomings, and then make their best
contribution to the enterprise. These duties are carried outcontribution to the enterprise. These duties are carried out
through a variety of activities such as performance reviews,through a variety of activities such as performance reviews,
training, and testing.training, and testing.
Organizational developmentOrganizational development
This focuses on fosteringThis focuses on fostering a successful systema successful system that maximizesthat maximizes
human, and other, resources. This important duty also includes thehuman, and other, resources. This important duty also includes the
creation and maintenance of a change program, which allows thecreation and maintenance of a change program, which allows the
organizationorganization to respond to evolving outside and internal influencesto respond to evolving outside and internal influences..
Career AreasCareer Areas
The third responsibility,The third responsibility, career developmentcareer development, involves matching, involves matching
individuals with the most suitable jobs and career paths.individuals with the most suitable jobs and career paths.
50. Positioning of HRM DepartmentsPositioning of HRM Departments
In larger organizations the HRM function might be headed by aIn larger organizations the HRM function might be headed by a
vice president,vice president, while smaller entities will have a middle-level managerwhile smaller entities will have a middle-level manager
as head of HRM.as head of HRM.
In any case, because the HRM department is charged with managingIn any case, because the HRM department is charged with managing
thethe productivity and development of workers at all levelsproductivity and development of workers at all levels, the top, the top
HRM manager ideally has access to, and the support of, key decisionHRM manager ideally has access to, and the support of, key decision
makers.makers.
In addition, the HRM department should be situated in such a wayIn addition, the HRM department should be situated in such a way
thatthat it has horizontal accessit has horizontal access, or, or is able to communicate effectivelyis able to communicate effectively
with all divisions within the company.with all divisions within the company.
Horizontal access allows HRMHorizontal access allows HRM to integrate, educate, and train theto integrate, educate, and train the
workforceworkforce, and, and to facilitate changesto facilitate changes that affect one division andthat affect one division and
indirectly influence other segments of the company or institution.indirectly influence other segments of the company or institution.
51. HRM IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIESHRM IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES
To fulfill their basic role and achieve their goals,To fulfill their basic role and achieve their goals,
HRM professionals and departments engage in aHRM professionals and departments engage in a
variety of activities in order to execute theirvariety of activities in order to execute their
human resource plans.human resource plans.
HRM implementation activities fall intoHRM implementation activities fall into fourfour
functional groups, each of which includesfunctional groups, each of which includes
related legal responsibilities:related legal responsibilities:
acquisition,acquisition,
development,development,
compensation, andcompensation, and
maintenance.maintenance.
52. Today’s Workforce Realities:Today’s Workforce Realities:
A Pressure Cooker about to Blow?A Pressure Cooker about to Blow?
Decade of boom & bust leaves working families withDecade of boom & bust leaves working families with::
Stagnant, declining incomesStagnant, declining incomes
Increased inequalityIncreased inequality
Longer working hoursLonger working hours
Less retirement savings; fewer health care benefitsLess retirement savings; fewer health care benefits
Broader job insecurityBroader job insecurity
Loss of worker voice in societyLoss of worker voice in society
Current government policies producing:Current government policies producing:
Further cuts in services & jobsFurther cuts in services & jobs
Tax policies that further increase inequalityTax policies that further increase inequality
Deep divisions over war policiesDeep divisions over war policies
Direct attacks on workers, unions, and core valuesDirect attacks on workers, unions, and core values
53. FORCES CHANGING HRMFORCES CHANGING HRM
Information technologyInformation technology—brought about the—brought about the decentralization of communicationsdecentralization of communications and theand the
shake-up of existing paradigms of human interaction and organizational theory. Satelliteshake-up of existing paradigms of human interaction and organizational theory. Satellite
communications,communications, computerscomputers and networking systems, fax machines, and other devicesand networking systems, fax machines, and other devices
were facilitating rapid changewere facilitating rapid change
Decentralized management systems-Decentralized management systems---(scrapping traditional, hierarchical organizational--(scrapping traditional, hierarchical organizational
structures)structures) teamteam approach to managementapproach to management
GlobalizationGlobalization------To compete abroad, companies were looking to their HRM professionalsTo compete abroad, companies were looking to their HRM professionals
to augment initiatives related to quality, productivity, and innovationto augment initiatives related to quality, productivity, and innovation
Cultural changesCultural changes
Concern for employee rightsConcern for employee rights
Changing attitude towards workChanging attitude towards work
Balancing work and familyBalancing work and family
Demographic (population related) and Employee concernsDemographic (population related) and Employee concerns
Demographic changesDemographic changes
Diversity of backgroundsDiversity of backgrounds
Age distributionsAge distributions
Gender distributionGender distribution
Rising level of educationRising level of education
54. Meeting the challengeMeeting the challenge
Critical Issues & OpportunitiesCritical Issues & Opportunities
Building Knowledge Based OrganizationsBuilding Knowledge Based Organizations
Knowledge WorkersKnowledge Workers
Knowledge Based Work SystemsKnowledge Based Work Systems
The Dual Agenda: Work & Family OutcomesThe Dual Agenda: Work & Family Outcomes
Building/Sustaining Productive Labor ManagementBuilding/Sustaining Productive Labor Management
PartnershipsPartnerships
How to Get ThereHow to Get There
Rebuilding External AlliancesRebuilding External Alliances
Becoming More AnalyticalBecoming More Analytical
Rebuilding Trust through Openness & TransparencyRebuilding Trust through Openness & Transparency
55.
56. Steps in Strategic HRMSteps in Strategic HRM
EnvironmentalEnvironmental
AnalysisAnalysis
EnvironmentalEnvironmental
AnalysisAnalysis
OrganizationalOrganizational
Mission &Mission &
GoalsGoals
AnalysisAnalysis
OrganizationalOrganizational
Mission &Mission &
GoalsGoals
AnalysisAnalysis
Analysis ofAnalysis of
OrganizationalOrganizational
Strengths &Strengths &
CultureCulture
Analysis ofAnalysis of
OrganizationalOrganizational
Strengths &Strengths &
CultureCulture
Analysis ofAnalysis of
OrganizationalOrganizational
StrategiesStrategies
Analysis ofAnalysis of
OrganizationalOrganizational
StrategiesStrategies
Choice &Choice &
ImplementationImplementation
Of HROf HR
StrategiesStrategies
Choice &Choice &
ImplementationImplementation
Of HROf HR
StrategiesStrategies
Review &Review &
EvaluationEvaluation
of HRof HR
StrategiesStrategies
Review &Review &
EvaluationEvaluation
of HRof HR
StrategiesStrategies
57.
58. Changes… leads to….Changes… leads to….
More consumer choiceMore consumer choice
Merger and acquisitionsMerger and acquisitions
Joint venturesJoint ventures
More complexityMore complexity
Short product life cyclesShort product life cycles
Market fragmentationMarket fragmentation
More uncertainty for managersMore uncertainty for managers
Record number of business failuresRecord number of business failures
59. So.. The companies must be…So.. The companies must be…
FAST, RESPONSIVE, COST-EFFECTIVEFAST, RESPONSIVE, COST-EFFECTIVE::
*Flat organization *Downsized*Flat organization *Downsized
*Quality-conscious *Empowered*Quality-conscious *Empowered
*Smaller units *Decentralized*Smaller units *Decentralized
*Human-capital oriented *Boundary less*Human-capital oriented *Boundary less
*Values- and vision-oriented *Team-based*Values- and vision-oriented *Team-based
60. HRM-Indian ContextHRM-Indian Context
Innovative HRM practices are being adopted by Indian firms to brace competition in the
post liberalization scenario:
HRM plays a vital role in crafting creative business strategies
HRM plays a critical role during organizational restructuring
Adoption of innovative HRM practices in creating social networks
HRM's role in strategy formulation
Innovative HRM invokes new challenges, new skills, new programs and new
technologies
Innovative HRM shifts from an uni-dimesional to a multi-dimensional approach
Effective HRM and strong leadership can enable Indian companies to go global
Innovative HRM practices can help the company to break away from traditional
shackles
Innovative and proactive HRM can lead to superior performance
61.
62. HRM –Global ContextHRM –Global Context
HR and the Internationalization of businessHR and the Internationalization of business
The HR Challenges of international businessThe HR Challenges of international business
How inter country differences influence HRMHow inter country differences influence HRM
Cultural factorsCultural factors
Economic systemsEconomic systems
Legal and industrial relations factorsLegal and industrial relations factors
63. A Case StudyA Case Study
Dell’s dual HR roles
Deals with staff
- benefits
- compensation
- call center
Deals with management
- education
- recruitment
- planning
- training
- personnel needs
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
65. Consequences of these basic trendsConsequences of these basic trends
Technology
Global expansion
Strengths and
Weaknesses
Uncertainty,
Turbulence,
Rapid
Change,
Changing
power
bases
Companies
must be
Fast,
Responsive,
and
Cost-
effective
Improved competition
66. HR’s evolving roleHR’s evolving role
Protector
and
Screener
Strategic Partner
Change Agent
67. Technology can be the Human ResourcesTechnology can be the Human Resources
engine of changeengine of change
68. HR and technologyHR and technology
Basic HR systems demand paperworkBasic HR systems demand paperwork
70% of HR’s employees time = paperwork70% of HR’s employees time = paperwork
Off the shelf forms from Office Depot/OfficemaxOff the shelf forms from Office Depot/Officemax
Online formsOnline forms
Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS)Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS)
HR on the InternetHR on the Internet
70. HR means performanceHR means performance
Can HR have a measurableCan HR have a measurable
impact on a company’simpact on a company’s
bottom line?bottom line?
Better HRM translates intoBetter HRM translates into
improved employeeimproved employee
attitudes and motivationattitudes and motivation
(e.g., working at home)(e.g., working at home)
Well run HR programs driveWell run HR programs drive
employee commitmentemployee commitment TOYOTA
71. Things to Remember as We Move intoThings to Remember as We Move into
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HR management: theHR management: the
responsibility ofresponsibility of everyevery managermanager
HR practices today mustHR practices today must
address several basic issuesaddress several basic issues
includingincluding
Improving competitivenessImproving competitiveness
GlobalizingGlobalizing
Technology and internet-basedTechnology and internet-based
advancesadvances
Contributing to strategic successContributing to strategic success
Editor's Notes
From its start in Michael Dell’s college dorm room, Dell Computer’s competitive strategy was always to be the PC industry’s low-cost leader. While others like Apple competed based on differentiating features like multimedia software, Dell stripped away the retailers’ profit and drove its costs down by selling direct and relentlessly slashing costs. That’s why it was,and is, the industry’s low-cost leader.
Dell’s HR managers have found a variety of other, ongoing ways to help Dell’s top management execute the firm’s low-cost leader strategy. For one thing—and as you might imagine—Dell now delivers most of its HR services via the Web.
Globalization of markets is perhaps the most obvious: Sony, Calvin Klein, The Gap, Nike, and Mercedes-Benz are some of the firms that market all over the world. Firms are globalizing their production, too, by putting facilities where they’ll be most advantageous. Toyota produces its Camry in Georgetown, Kentucky, with almost 80% U.S.-made parts, for instance. And with globalized markets and production, globalized ownership increasingly makes more sense: Four out of five “American” textbook publishers, for example—Prentice Hall, Harcourt, Houghton Mifflin, and Wiley—are owned by firms outside America (Britain’s Pearson owns Prentice Hall).
ASK STUDENTS:
What other solutions could a small operation engage in to keep costs down yet compete overseas as in the video?
Answers will vary but having a serious discussion with their representative in London could help keep expenses down. Also, they should investigate the amount of revenue this person is generating against his expenses. Perhaps it is worth the investment. Also, they could tie part of his compensation to more effective cost management.
Managers have to craft strategies that balance opportunities and threats like those above with their firm’s strengths and weaknesses, and this has produced the strategies and organizational changes with which you’re already probably familiar.
Improved competitiveness is another popular strategy, one aimed at buttressing the firm’s strengths and reducing its weaknesses. This strategy manifests itself in many ways: in downsizing, to boost productivity; in mergers, to achieve increased size while stripping redundant costs; in programs aimed at continuously improving operations; and in using the Web.
Global expansion and improved competitiveness are in turn driving other, organizational changes. Rather than pyramidal chains
with 9 or 10 levels, firms are flat; self-directed teams of empowered employees, close to the customers, now make decisions that once had to be shifted up for managerial review. Boundaryless decision making means employees interact freely across departmental and level boundaries to get the information and decisions they need quickly.
The bases of power are also therefore changing.
Human capital
The knowledge, education,training, skills, and expertise of a firm’s workers are critical to speed, responsiveness and cost-effectiveness.
Today, HR’s role is shifting from protector and screener to strategic partner and change agent. The metamorphosis of “personnel” into “human resource management” reflects that. In today’s flattened, downsized, and high-performing organizations, trained and committed employees—not machines—are the firm’s competitive key.
Indeed, technology can be an engine of strategic change. At IBM, for instance, creating a centralized HR call center did more than save the company $180 million.
Basic HR Systems HR can be an enormously paper-intensive process. For example, just recruiting and hiring an employee might require a Notice of Available Position, a help wanted advertising listing, an employment application, an interviewing checklist, and a telephone reference checklist. You then need an employment agreement, a confidentiality and non-compete agreement, and a hiring authorization form and employee background verification. To keep track of the employee once he or she is on board, you’d need—just to start—an employee change form, personnel data sheet, and daily or weekly time records. Then come the performance appraisal forms, notice of probation, and dozens of other, similar forms—and this list doesn’t even scratch the surface. Where do forms and systems like these come from? For a start-up business, office supply stores such as Office Depot and OfficeMax sell paper-and-pencil forms.
Instructor’s Note: The IHRIM link shown on the slide takes you to a white paper that discusses how online benefits enrollment provides substantial savings to employers.
Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) As companies grow, they integrate their separate HR systems into human resource information systems (HRIS). An HRIS is “interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and
disseminate information to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of an organization’s human resource management activities.”
HR and the Internet The Internet triggered a revolution in what HR departments do and how they do it. First, the Internet enabled any HR department to shift some activities to specialized online HR service providers. Yet, while turning to specific online services like these is beneficial, it’s the movement to HR portals that prompted the most striking changes in what HR does and how it does it.
Instructor’s Note: Click on the HR.net link above or just go to www.hr.net and click on log in without using a password or user name. This will take you to a sample listing of jobs.
The HR Portal HR portals, usually hosted on a company’s intranet, provide employees with a single access point or “gateway” to all HR information. They let the firm’s employees, managers, and executives interactively (and selectively) access and modify HR information. They thereby streamline the HR process and enable HR managers to focus more on strategic issues.
Instructor’s Note: Click on the link to take you to the home page of a company that provides such a service.
Improvements in key HR practices correlate with an increase in a companies market value.
It is one thing to argue that HR can help create competitive advantage; the real question is: “Can HR have a measurable impact on a company’s bottom line?” There is evidence that the answer is yes. A study by HR consulting firm Watson Wyatt Worldwide of Bethesda, Maryland, found that significant improvements in key HR management practices correlated with significant increases in market value in the 405 publicly traded firms studied.
Employee behavior (and therefore HR) is especially important in service firmslike banks and retail stores.
Many firms today know they need employees to work “as if they own the company.” At Toyota Motor
Manufacturing in Georgetown, Kentucky, employee commitment helps explain the firm’s superior performance and product quality.
Toyota instituted an HR system that cultivates commitment. For example, Toyota has programs that guarantee fair treatment of employees’ grievances and disciplinary concerns. It also has programs that help ensure employees can use all their skills and gifts at work, such as career-oriented performance appraisal procedures and extensive training and development opportunities.
Commitment: An employee’s identification with and agreement to pursue the company’s or the unit’s mission.
Instructor’s Notes: Click on the Watson Wyatt link for a paper on the study. Click on the photo for ITAC (International Telework Association and Council) for a description of telework essentials. The Toyota link will take you to an area that allows you to discuss what it is like working at Toyota.
For current and future managers, the best advice seems to be to learn as much as possible about the HR practices we’ll discuss in the following chapters, and then design a practice that’s consistent with what your company wants to achieve. The corollary is that flexibility is advisable: You may have to modify an HR practice (such as a compensation plan) as competitive conditions cause you to modify your firm’s business strategy. You’ll therefore find an emphasis on practical material that you as a manager will need to carry out your day-to-day management responsibilities. HR practices today must address several basic issues, including improving competitiveness, globalizing the firm’s operations, implementing technological and Internet-based advances, and contributing
to the firm’s strategic success.