This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining that heart rate has long been recognized as a vital sign that provides clues about medical conditions. It describes how blood pressure is also an important vital sign and how the invention of the sphygmomanometer allowed non-invasive blood pressure measurements. The document then explains the relationship between heart rate, blood pressure, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It presents an experiment where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and after exposure to a cold water stimulus, intended to activate the sympathetic nervous system. Tables show the participants' baseline and post-stimulus blood pressure and heart rate values.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining the importance of heart rate as a medical indicator. It then describes the invention of the sphygmomanometer for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The document outlines how blood pressure is measured and the relationship between blood pressure, heart rate, and the nervous system. An experiment is described where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and during cold water immersion of the foot to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removing the foot, measurements show heart rate and blood pressure returning to normal as homeostasis is restored. The experiment demonstrates the body's physiological response to stressors and its ability to maintain normal function.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Maximum and rebound heart rates are analyzed to understand the body's response to stress and its ability to maintain homeostasis. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change acutely in a "fight or flight" situation and the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating physiological responses.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It describes how heart rate and blood pressure change in response to stressors like cold exposure, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. The experiment measures baseline heart rate and blood pressure, then heart rate and blood pressure response when a subject submerges their foot in ice water. Results show increases in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate in response to cold exposure.
The document discusses how exercise impacts heart rate and blood pressure. It found that exercise caused an increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures as well as heart rate. The subject's resting heart rate was 105 bpm and increased 58% to 180 bpm with exercise. Their recovery time of 65 seconds was longer than another student's 38 seconds, as expected given their higher maximum heart rate of 180 bpm compared to the other student's 91 bpm.
The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate and blood pressure. It describes an experiment where participants' baseline blood pressure and heart rate are measured, then measured again after exercise. Key findings include:
1. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure both increased with exercise, while diastolic pressure remained the same.
2. Cardiac output increased due to both a higher heart rate and assumed increase in stroke volume.
3. Recovery time provided information about participants' relative fitness levels.
1. The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate, blood pressure, and the cardiovascular system. It describes how the heart rate and strength of contractions increase to elevate cardiac output and blood pressure during exercise.
2. The experiment measures subjects' baseline and post-exercise heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and calculates recovery time. There are increases in all blood pressure readings and heart rate after exercise.
3. Cardiac output is calculated from changes in stroke volume and heart rate between rest and exercise. It increases with exercise as the heart pumps more blood per minute to meet skeletal muscle demands.
Methods of measurement of blood pressure in children.
Steps for accurate measurement and how to plot the measurement on charts and compare it with the normal blood pressure percentile with example.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining the importance of heart rate as a medical indicator. It then describes the invention of the sphygmomanometer for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The document outlines how blood pressure is measured and the relationship between blood pressure, heart rate, and the nervous system. An experiment is described where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and during cold water immersion of the foot to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removing the foot, measurements show heart rate and blood pressure returning to normal as homeostasis is restored. The experiment demonstrates the body's physiological response to stressors and its ability to maintain normal function.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Maximum and rebound heart rates are analyzed to understand the body's response to stress and its ability to maintain homeostasis. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change acutely in a "fight or flight" situation and the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating physiological responses.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It describes how heart rate and blood pressure change in response to stressors like cold exposure, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. The experiment measures baseline heart rate and blood pressure, then heart rate and blood pressure response when a subject submerges their foot in ice water. Results show increases in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate in response to cold exposure.
The document discusses how exercise impacts heart rate and blood pressure. It found that exercise caused an increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures as well as heart rate. The subject's resting heart rate was 105 bpm and increased 58% to 180 bpm with exercise. Their recovery time of 65 seconds was longer than another student's 38 seconds, as expected given their higher maximum heart rate of 180 bpm compared to the other student's 91 bpm.
The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate and blood pressure. It describes an experiment where participants' baseline blood pressure and heart rate are measured, then measured again after exercise. Key findings include:
1. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure both increased with exercise, while diastolic pressure remained the same.
2. Cardiac output increased due to both a higher heart rate and assumed increase in stroke volume.
3. Recovery time provided information about participants' relative fitness levels.
1. The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate, blood pressure, and the cardiovascular system. It describes how the heart rate and strength of contractions increase to elevate cardiac output and blood pressure during exercise.
2. The experiment measures subjects' baseline and post-exercise heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and calculates recovery time. There are increases in all blood pressure readings and heart rate after exercise.
3. Cardiac output is calculated from changes in stroke volume and heart rate between rest and exercise. It increases with exercise as the heart pumps more blood per minute to meet skeletal muscle demands.
Methods of measurement of blood pressure in children.
Steps for accurate measurement and how to plot the measurement on charts and compare it with the normal blood pressure percentile with example.
Fundamental of Nursing 5. : Vital Signs Cont.Parya J. Ahmad
The document discusses vital signs including respiration, blood pressure, and sites for assessing temperature. It describes how to assess respiration by counting breaths per minute and evaluating rhythm and depth. Blood pressure is defined as the force required by the heart to pump blood, with systolic pressure occurring during heartbeats and diastolic pressure between beats. Methods for measuring blood pressure include the auscultatory method using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer as well as the palpatory method. Common sites for assessing temperature include the mouth, axilla, tympanic membrane, rectum, and bladder.
This document discusses vital signs, which are measurements of temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines each vital sign and how it is measured. Normal ranges for adults are provided. Vital signs can be impacted by physical, psychological, disease, infection, trauma, and environmental factors and provide important indications of a patient's well-being and bodily systems.
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Vital signs are key physiological measurements that include body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide basic information about the functioning of major organ systems and can help detect medical issues. Normal ranges vary with age, but body temperature typically ranges from 36-37°C, pulse from 60-100 beats/minute, respiration from 12-20 breaths/minute, and blood pressure from 90/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg for adults. Abnormal vital signs can indicate conditions like fever, infection, shock, or hypotension and should be monitored closely.
Vital signs provide important health information. The most common vital signs measured are temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respiration. Alterations in vital signs can indicate a need for further intervention. Personal care workers are responsible for accurately recording clients' vital signs according to workplace protocols and reporting any abnormalities to supervisors or medical professionals.
Vital signs include blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, BMI, and body temperature. Blood pressure is measured by the force of blood in the arteries and is written with the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg, while hypertension is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute and can be measured at different pulse points. Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute and is normally between 12-20 breaths per minute. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight, and normal BMI is between 18.5-24.9. Body temperature is normally around 98-100°F, with
This document defines blood pressure and describes how it is measured and interpreted. It discusses the following key points:
1. Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls, produced by the pumping of the heart.
2. It is measured using a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope to listen for systolic and diastolic sounds.
3. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg, while readings above 140/90 mmHg indicate hypertension.
This document discusses vital signs and pulse. It defines pulse as the expansion and recoil of arteries in response to heart pumping. Normal pulse is 60-100 beats/minute. Pulse is checked to assess heart rate, rhythm, and strength. Factors like age, sex, activity level can affect pulse. Common pulse sites include radial, carotid, apical. Proper technique is used to accurately count pulse for one minute.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines normal ranges and factors that can affect each vital sign. Abnormalities are identified and interventions are outlined. Assessment techniques and sites are reviewed for each vital sign.
This document discusses vital signs and provides detailed information about assessing and interpreting blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, describes the equipment used for measurement including sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes, identifies assessment sites on the body, explains Korotkoff sounds heard during measurement, outlines the procedure for taking a reading, and reviews factors that can affect blood pressure values. Abnormal readings and variations like auscultatory gaps are also addressed.
Vital signs
The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following:
Body temperature.
Pulse rate.
Respiration rate (rate of breathing)
Blood pressure
Vital signs are quick measurements that provide important information about a patient's status. The five standard vital signs are: blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, body temperature, and pain. Blood pressure measures the force of blood flow, pulse measures heart rate, respiration rate measures breathing, temperature measures body heat, and pain is assessed due to its impact on other vital signs. Licensed medical professionals determine the meaning of vital signs, but they can be measured by any healthcare worker.
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation.
Vital signs provide important information about patients’ clinical condition and inform any required interventions
Inadequate response to deterioration is the most common cause of reported critical incidents
Nurses’ compliance with observation protocols can be poor, particularly at night
Peaks in observation frequency suggests the timing of observation is often driven by ward routines
Electronic vital signs devices and early warning score charts may increase vital signs measurements, but further research is needed
This document defines common medical instruments used to take vital signs such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, weight, and height. It identifies thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, watches or clocks, scales, and pulse oximeters as the tools to measure temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, weight, and pulse oximetry. It also describes the functions of stethoscopes, thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, scales, watches, and height/weight scales when examining patients.
Vital signs provide important information about a patient's physiological status. They include level of consciousness, pupils, breathing, pulse, skin, blood pressure, and temperature. Assessing vital signs involves evaluating factors like respiratory rate and depth, pulse rate and quality, skin color and temperature, and blood pressure. Together, vital signs give medical responders insight into a patient's condition to determine the best treatment and need for transport.
Vital signs are objective measures that provide health information. The four main vital signs are temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Temperature is maintained by the hypothalamus and normal ranges are 97-99°F. Pulse is measured by feeling the radial artery and normal adult rates are 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration is measured by counting rises and falls of the chest and normal adult rates are 12-20 per minute. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and cuff and a normal reading is below 120/80 mmHg.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, and respiration. It provides details on:
- The purposes of assessing vital signs such as to evaluate organ function, patient condition and progress, and help with diagnosis.
- Normal ranges and factors that influence vital signs. Temperature is usually 97-99°F, pulse is 70-80 BPM, and respiration is 12-20 breaths per minute.
- Characteristics used to evaluate each vital sign like temperature measurement sites, pulse rate, rhythm and volume, and respiration rate and depth.
- Abnormal readings outside normal ranges and their names like fever, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea.
This document provides information on measuring and recording various vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, height and weight. It describes normal ranges for each vital sign and situations that could cause variations. Proper techniques are outlined for measuring each vital sign safely and accurately. All abnormal readings or difficulties taking measurements should be reported to the nurse.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and describes how blood pressure is measured. It lists lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and family history that can cause hypertension. The diagnostic process and studies used to diagnose and monitor hypertension are summarized. Finally, common drug classes used to treat hypertension, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, are outlined along with lifestyle changes to prevent high blood pressure.
This document analyzes blood typing results from 4 patients and determines their blood types based on agglutination reactions with different blood serum samples. It finds that patient 3, Mr. Green, has type AB blood based on agglutinating with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. The document also discusses how blood types are determined, similarities and differences between agglutinogens and agglutinins, causes of erythroblastosis fetalis, and the importance of proper blood lab procedures and sterilization to minimize disease transmission.
This document analyzes blood typing results from 4 patients and answers questions related to blood type determination and compatibility. Key information includes:
- Ms. Brown has type O- blood based on her lack of agglutination with any serum samples.
- Patient X was determined to have type A+ blood based on agglutination with anti-A serum and no agglutination with anti-B serum.
- Agglutinogens are antigens on red blood cells that cause agglutination, while agglutinins are antibodies in plasma that cause agglutination.
- Blood typing determines ABO type and Rh status by observing agglutination reactions between patient serum or red blood cells and known anti-ser
Fundamental of Nursing 5. : Vital Signs Cont.Parya J. Ahmad
The document discusses vital signs including respiration, blood pressure, and sites for assessing temperature. It describes how to assess respiration by counting breaths per minute and evaluating rhythm and depth. Blood pressure is defined as the force required by the heart to pump blood, with systolic pressure occurring during heartbeats and diastolic pressure between beats. Methods for measuring blood pressure include the auscultatory method using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer as well as the palpatory method. Common sites for assessing temperature include the mouth, axilla, tympanic membrane, rectum, and bladder.
This document discusses vital signs, which are measurements of temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines each vital sign and how it is measured. Normal ranges for adults are provided. Vital signs can be impacted by physical, psychological, disease, infection, trauma, and environmental factors and provide important indications of a patient's well-being and bodily systems.
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Vital signs are key physiological measurements that include body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. They provide basic information about the functioning of major organ systems and can help detect medical issues. Normal ranges vary with age, but body temperature typically ranges from 36-37°C, pulse from 60-100 beats/minute, respiration from 12-20 breaths/minute, and blood pressure from 90/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg for adults. Abnormal vital signs can indicate conditions like fever, infection, shock, or hypotension and should be monitored closely.
Vital signs provide important health information. The most common vital signs measured are temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respiration. Alterations in vital signs can indicate a need for further intervention. Personal care workers are responsible for accurately recording clients' vital signs according to workplace protocols and reporting any abnormalities to supervisors or medical professionals.
Vital signs include blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, BMI, and body temperature. Blood pressure is measured by the force of blood in the arteries and is written with the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg, while hypertension is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute and can be measured at different pulse points. Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute and is normally between 12-20 breaths per minute. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight, and normal BMI is between 18.5-24.9. Body temperature is normally around 98-100°F, with
This document defines blood pressure and describes how it is measured and interpreted. It discusses the following key points:
1. Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls, produced by the pumping of the heart.
2. It is measured using a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope to listen for systolic and diastolic sounds.
3. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg, while readings above 140/90 mmHg indicate hypertension.
This document discusses vital signs and pulse. It defines pulse as the expansion and recoil of arteries in response to heart pumping. Normal pulse is 60-100 beats/minute. Pulse is checked to assess heart rate, rhythm, and strength. Factors like age, sex, activity level can affect pulse. Common pulse sites include radial, carotid, apical. Proper technique is used to accurately count pulse for one minute.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines normal ranges and factors that can affect each vital sign. Abnormalities are identified and interventions are outlined. Assessment techniques and sites are reviewed for each vital sign.
This document discusses vital signs and provides detailed information about assessing and interpreting blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, describes the equipment used for measurement including sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes, identifies assessment sites on the body, explains Korotkoff sounds heard during measurement, outlines the procedure for taking a reading, and reviews factors that can affect blood pressure values. Abnormal readings and variations like auscultatory gaps are also addressed.
Vital signs
The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following:
Body temperature.
Pulse rate.
Respiration rate (rate of breathing)
Blood pressure
Vital signs are quick measurements that provide important information about a patient's status. The five standard vital signs are: blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, body temperature, and pain. Blood pressure measures the force of blood flow, pulse measures heart rate, respiration rate measures breathing, temperature measures body heat, and pain is assessed due to its impact on other vital signs. Licensed medical professionals determine the meaning of vital signs, but they can be measured by any healthcare worker.
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation.
Vital signs provide important information about patients’ clinical condition and inform any required interventions
Inadequate response to deterioration is the most common cause of reported critical incidents
Nurses’ compliance with observation protocols can be poor, particularly at night
Peaks in observation frequency suggests the timing of observation is often driven by ward routines
Electronic vital signs devices and early warning score charts may increase vital signs measurements, but further research is needed
This document defines common medical instruments used to take vital signs such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, weight, and height. It identifies thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, watches or clocks, scales, and pulse oximeters as the tools to measure temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, weight, and pulse oximetry. It also describes the functions of stethoscopes, thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, scales, watches, and height/weight scales when examining patients.
Vital signs provide important information about a patient's physiological status. They include level of consciousness, pupils, breathing, pulse, skin, blood pressure, and temperature. Assessing vital signs involves evaluating factors like respiratory rate and depth, pulse rate and quality, skin color and temperature, and blood pressure. Together, vital signs give medical responders insight into a patient's condition to determine the best treatment and need for transport.
Vital signs are objective measures that provide health information. The four main vital signs are temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Temperature is maintained by the hypothalamus and normal ranges are 97-99°F. Pulse is measured by feeling the radial artery and normal adult rates are 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration is measured by counting rises and falls of the chest and normal adult rates are 12-20 per minute. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and cuff and a normal reading is below 120/80 mmHg.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, and respiration. It provides details on:
- The purposes of assessing vital signs such as to evaluate organ function, patient condition and progress, and help with diagnosis.
- Normal ranges and factors that influence vital signs. Temperature is usually 97-99°F, pulse is 70-80 BPM, and respiration is 12-20 breaths per minute.
- Characteristics used to evaluate each vital sign like temperature measurement sites, pulse rate, rhythm and volume, and respiration rate and depth.
- Abnormal readings outside normal ranges and their names like fever, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea.
This document provides information on measuring and recording various vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, height and weight. It describes normal ranges for each vital sign and situations that could cause variations. Proper techniques are outlined for measuring each vital sign safely and accurately. All abnormal readings or difficulties taking measurements should be reported to the nurse.
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and describes how blood pressure is measured. It lists lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and family history that can cause hypertension. The diagnostic process and studies used to diagnose and monitor hypertension are summarized. Finally, common drug classes used to treat hypertension, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, are outlined along with lifestyle changes to prevent high blood pressure.
This document analyzes blood typing results from 4 patients and determines their blood types based on agglutination reactions with different blood serum samples. It finds that patient 3, Mr. Green, has type AB blood based on agglutinating with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. The document also discusses how blood types are determined, similarities and differences between agglutinogens and agglutinins, causes of erythroblastosis fetalis, and the importance of proper blood lab procedures and sterilization to minimize disease transmission.
This document analyzes blood typing results from 4 patients and answers questions related to blood type determination and compatibility. Key information includes:
- Ms. Brown has type O- blood based on her lack of agglutination with any serum samples.
- Patient X was determined to have type A+ blood based on agglutination with anti-A serum and no agglutination with anti-B serum.
- Agglutinogens are antigens on red blood cells that cause agglutination, while agglutinins are antibodies in plasma that cause agglutination.
- Blood typing determines ABO type and Rh status by observing agglutination reactions between patient serum or red blood cells and known anti-ser
This document contains a blood typing analysis worksheet. It provides the results of agglutination tests using anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh sera on four patient samples. The worksheet shows that patient 3 (Mr. Green) had agglutination with all three sera, indicating their blood type is AB. The document then provides multiple choice and short answer questions to help understand blood typing and ABO incompatibility. It covers topics like agglutinogens and agglutinins, determining blood type in a lab, situations where blood typing is used, and minimizing disease risk in blood collection.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients and determines their blood types based on whether their blood agglutinates or does not agglutinate in the presence of various antibodies. It finds that Mr. Smith has blood type A, discusses how blood types are determined, explains the process of blood typing and why multiple samples are taken, lists some uses for blood typing, and discusses risks and potential advances in blood transfusion and disease prevention.
This document summarizes a blood typing analysis experiment involving 4 patients. It provides the results of testing each patient's blood against anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum and determining their blood type. It then asks questions about identifying blood types from the results and understanding concepts like agglutinogens, agglutinins, and erythroblastosis fetalis.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients: Mr. Green, Mr. Jones, Mrs. Smith, and Ms. Brown. For patient Mr. Green, the analysis found agglutination for anti-A serum, anti-B serum, and anti-Rh serum, indicating blood type AB. The document also discusses agglutinogens and agglutinins, how blood typing is performed, situations where blood typing is used, and erythroblastosis fetalis.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides average values for these measurements in males and females. Males generally have larger lung capacities than females. Occupational hazards like dusts and asbestos can cause lung fibrosis, decreasing total lung capacity and vital capacity. Emphysema reduces lung recoil, decreasing vital capacity but not total lung capacity. Expiratory reserve volume increases when treading water due to higher oxygen needs.
The document analyzes blood typing results from 4 patients - Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green, and Ms. Brown. It determines their blood types (A, B, AB, and O respectively) based on whether their blood agglutinated or remained clear when mixed with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. It also discusses which blood types each patient could donate to or receive transfusions from safely.
This document describes an experiment that examines how the respiratory system responds to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were designed to alter carbon dioxide levels in order to stimulate changes in respiration. Data on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation were collected before, during, and after each challenge and analyzed in relation to carbon dioxide levels and respiratory drive. The findings showed that breath holding decreased respiration while rapid breathing and exercise increased respiration in response to changes in carbon dioxide.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients and determines their blood types based on whether their blood agglutinates or does not agglutinate with different serum samples. It finds that Mr. Smith has blood type A, discusses how blood types are determined, explains the process of blood typing and why multiple samples are important. It also discusses erythroblastosis fetalis and ways to minimize disease transmission in blood labs.
This document analyzes blood typing results from four patients - Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green, and Ms. Brown. It identifies Mr. Green's blood type as AB+ based on agglutination results with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh sera. It discusses blood type compatibility and transfusion requirements. The document also covers topics like agglutinogens vs. agglutinins, uses of blood typing, erythroblastosis fetalis, creating a personal ad as a type A erythrocyte, importance of multiple blood samples, minimizing risk of bloodborne diseases, and potential future advances in blood and disease studies.
This document analyzes blood typing results from four patients: Mrs. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green, and Ms. Brown. Table 1 shows their results when tested with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. Ms. Brown's results showed no agglutination with any of the serums, indicating her blood type is O- and she can only receive O- blood in a transfusion. The document also discusses determining blood types, defining erythroblastosis fetalis as severe anemia in newborn babies caused when a mother's antibodies attack her Rh+ baby's red blood cells, and the importance of taking multiple blood samples to get accurate results for diagnosis and treatment.
This document provides instructions for a blood typing lab. The objectives are to learn how to determine blood types and identify compatible blood donors. The lab uses four blood samples, three antiserum reagents, micropipettes, blood typing slides, mixing sticks, and a biohazard container. Students will deposit each blood sample onto individual typing slides, add the antiserum reagents to the corresponding wells, time the reactions for 30 seconds, and record their observations. The document does not include the data, analysis, or conclusion sections of the lab report.
The document discusses homeostasis and the roles of the liver and kidneys in maintaining it. The liver regulates blood composition, stores glucose as glycogen, and creates the nitrogenous waste urea. It will test blood vessels involved in digestion for glucose levels before and after eating, hypothesizing the hepatic portal vein will have higher levels after eating. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate water and salt levels through processes like filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in nephrons.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure responses to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersing the foot activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Maximum heart rate, time to reach maximum, and rebound heart rate are recorded from the graph. The experiment allows observation of sympathetic nervous system activation during cold exposure.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersion causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removal from the cold, heart rate decreases but remains elevated before gradually returning to baseline. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change during sympathetic nervous system activation in a "fight or flight" response.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs and their response to exercise. It begins by explaining that heart rate and blood pressure provide clues about a person's health and physiological state. The document then describes how measuring blood pressure became possible in the 19th century with the invention of the sphygmomanometer. Next, it defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and explains how heart rate and blood pressure are interrelated and influenced by the autonomic nervous system. The document goes on to describe an experiment where subjects' heart rate and blood pressure are measured at baseline and after exposure to a cold stimulus to observe the body's fight or flight response. Finally, it discusses how exercise increases cardiac output and the heart
The document discusses how exercise affects the cardiovascular system. It explains that exercise causes an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure as the heart works to meet the increased demand of active muscles. Key measurements taken before and after exercise include systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures as well as heart rate. Comparing these values allows inferences about how cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance change with exercise.
1. The document discusses measuring vital signs like blood pressure and pulse to examine cardiovascular status. It describes how blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
2. The procedure for measuring blood pressure involves inflating the cuff above systolic pressure until the tapping sounds of blood flow are heard, then slowly deflating to get readings for systolic and diastolic pressure.
3. Pulse is measured by feeling the radial artery in the wrist and counting beats over 15 seconds. The document concludes by having students measure blood pressure and pulse at rest and after exercise on classmates, recording the data.
The force of circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is taken using two measurements: systolic (measured when the heart beats, when blood pressure is at its highest) and diastolic (measured between heart beats, when blood pressure is at its lowest).A blood pressure measurement is a test that measures the force (pressure) in your arteries as your heart pumps. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers: Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats.
The document contains data tables and analysis of changes in vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) in response to cold water immersion and exercise. Key findings include:
1) Cold water immersion caused increases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, preparing the body for "fight or flight."
2) Exercise similarly increased these vital signs. Cardiac output increased by 5,800 mL/min based on a stroke volume increase from 75 to 100 mL/beat and heart rate change.
3) Recovery heart rate returned to resting levels 20 seconds after reaching maximum, showing homeostasis mechanisms act more slowly than stress responses.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document provides information on measuring blood pressure, including:
- Defining systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the pressure when the heart contracts and relaxes. Normal ranges are less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Explaining methods of measurement, including using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope on the brachial artery. Factors that can affect readings are also discussed."
The document contains data tables and analysis of blood pressure and heart rate responses to exercise. Table 1 shows baseline blood pressure readings. Table 2 shows increases in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure after exercise. Table 3 lists heart rates at rest, maximum exertion, and recovery. Analysis explains trends of increased blood pressure and heart rate in response to exercise to increase cardiac output. Pulse pressure increases due to higher systolic pressure from exercise. Recovery time relates to fitness level. Congestive heart failure causes faster heart rates to compensate for weaker pumping. Medicines can regulate abnormal heart rates.
The document contains data tables and analysis of blood pressure and heart rate responses to exercise. Table 1 shows baseline blood pressure readings. Table 2 shows readings after exercise, with increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. Table 3 lists heart rates at rest, maximum, and recovery. Analysis calculates changes in cardiac output and pulse pressure with exercise. It compares the subject's heart rates and recovery time to classmates and discusses expected responses in heart conditions like congestive heart failure.
Experiment 1 measured changes in blood pressure and heart rate in response to cold stimulus. Applying ice to the foot caused systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures to increase. Heart rate reached its maximum within 15 seconds then began to decrease but did not return to resting levels. Experiment 2 examined changes with exercise, finding increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, also increased due to exercise primarily affecting systolic pressure. Recovery time provided information about physical fitness levels.
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
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This lab examines cardiovascular and respiratory variables like heart sounds and blood pressure. Students will listen to their partner's heart sounds at different areas of the chest to identify the four major sounds. They will also measure their partner's blood pressure using both palpation and auscultation methods at rest and while changing positions to observe postural effects. The document provides background on heart sounds, blood pressure components, and procedures for accurately measuring blood pressure.
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
This document provides instructions on measuring and interpreting vital signs including temperature, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure. Key steps are outlined for properly measuring each vital sign, such as counting respirations for 15 seconds and multiplying by 4. Normal ranges are given for each sign with notes on abnormal readings. Blood pressure classification ranges from normal to hypertensive are also provided.
This document describes an experiment to measure changes in respiratory parameters in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The experiment uses a spirometer interfaced with a computer to collect tidal volume data before, during, and after each challenge. Key respiratory measurements - tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation - are recorded and compared between the different conditions to observe how respiration is altered to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels.
This document discusses blood pressure measurement. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the maximum and minimum pressures in the arteries. It describes Korotkoff sounds which are used to measure blood pressure. It explains the normal blood pressure range and the different methods for measuring blood pressure directly and indirectly. It emphasizes the importance of properly maintaining equipment and using appropriate techniques for accurate measurement.
1. Computer
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
as Vital Signs
10
Since the earliest days of medicine heart rate has been recognized as a vital sign—an indicator of
health, disease, excitement, and stress. Medical personnel use the heart rate to provide clues as to
the presence of many medical conditions. Reflex changes in heart rate are one of the body’s most
basic mechanisms for maintaining proper perfusion to the brain and other tissues. Low blood
volume caused by bleeding or dehydration results in the heart beating faster as it attempts to
maintain adequate blood pressure. Excitement, stress, and anxiety activate the nervous system,
which may also speed the heart rate and raise blood pressure.
By the second half of the 19th century a non-invasive method for measuring blood pressure had
been invented. Called a sphygmomanometer, this instrument is still in use today allowing us to
measure this important vital sign.
Blood pressure is a measure of the changing fluid pressure within the circulatory system. It
varies from a peak pressure produced by contraction of the left ventricle, to a low pressure,
which is maintained by closure of the aortic valve and elastic recoil of the arterial system. The
peak pressure is called systole, and the pressure that is maintained even while the left ventricle is
relaxing is called diastole.
Blood pressure and heart rate are interrelated, and both are influenced by the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic activation raises blood pressure in addition to
pulse. After an initial activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the increase in blood
pressure stretches nerve fibers in the baroreceptors (see Figure 1). This results in a reflex
activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which, through actions opposite to those of the
sympathetic nervous system, helps to restore homeostasis.
In this experiment, you will observe how the heart and circulatory system respond to cold
stimulus applied peripherally. Cold will act as a noxious stimulus, activating the ―fight or flight‖
response through the sympathetic nervous system.
Figure 1
OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 1
2. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
Obtain graphical representation of heart rate and blood pressure.
Compare heart rate and blood pressure before and after exposure to cold stimulus.
Observe an example of sympathetic nervous system activation (―fight or flight response‖).
MATERIALS
computer Vernier Blood Pressure Sensor
Vernier computer interface ice water bath
Logger Pro towel
Vernier Hand-Grip Heart Rate Monitor or saline solution in dropper bottle
Vernier Exercise Heart Rate Monitor (only for use with Exercise HR Monitor)
PROCEDURE
Part I Baseline Blood Pressure Determination
1. Connect the Blood Pressure Sensor to Channel 1 of the Vernier computer interface. There are
two rubber tubes connected to the pressure cuff. One tube has a black Luer-lock connector at
the end and the other tube has a bulb pump attached. Connect the Luer-lock connector to the
stem on the Blood Pressure Sensor with a gentle half turn if it is not already attached.
2. Open the file ―10a Heart Rate and BP‖ from the Human Physiology with
Vernier folder.
3. Attach the Blood Pressure cuff firmly around the upper arm, approximately
2 cm above the elbow. The two rubber hoses from the cuff should be
positioned over the biceps muscle (brachial artery) and not under the arm
(see Figure 2).
4. Have the subject sit quietly in a chair with forearms resting on his/her lap,
or on a table surface. The person having his or her blood pressure
measured must remain still during data collection; there should be no
movement of the arm or hand during measurements.
Figure 2
5. Click to begin data collection. Immediately begin to pump until the
cuff pressure reaches at least 160 mm Hg. Stop pumping. The cuff will slowly deflate and the
pressure will fall. During this time, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and the
pulse will be calculated by the software. These values will be displayed on the computer
screen. When the cuff pressure drops below 50 mm Hg, the program will stop calculating
blood pressure. At this point, you can terminate data collection by clicking . Release
the pressure from the cuff, but do not remove it.
6. Enter the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures in Table 1.
Part II Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Cold
7. Connect the receiver module of the Heart Rate Monitor to Channel 2 of the Vernier computer
interface. Open the file ―10b Heart Rate and BP‖ from the Human Physiology with
Vernierfolder.
8. Set an ice water bath on the floor, next to the subject’s feet.
9. Prepare to collect data.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 2
3. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
a. Sit in a chair.
b. Prepare to submerge your foot in the ice water bath by removing your shoe and sock.
c. Position your foot adjacent to the ice water bath, but do not put it in the bath yet.
10. Set up the Heart Rate Monitor. Follow the directions for your type of Heart Rate Monitor.
Using a Hand-Grip Heart Rate Monitor
a. The receiver and one of the handles are marked with a
white alignment arrow as shown in Figure 3. Locate
these two arrows.
b. Have the subject grasp the handles of the Hand-Grip
Heart Rate Monitor so that their fingers are in the
reference areas indicated in Figure 4. Hold the handles
vertically.
c. Have someone else hold the receiver near the handles
so that the two alignment arrows are pointing in the
same direction and are at approximately the same Figure 3 Figure 4
height as shown in Figure 3.Note: The receiver must
stay within 60 cm of the handles during data collection.
11. With the subject sitting quietly, click to begin data collection.
a. At 40 s, instruct the subject to submerge his/her foot in the ice water bath.
b. Immediately pump the bulb pump of the Blood Pressure Sensor until the cuff pressure
reaches at least 160 mm Hg. Stop pumping.
c. At 70 s instruct the subject to remove his/her foot from the ice water bath.
d. As data collection continues, the cuff will slowly deflate and the pressure will fall. During
this time, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures will be calculated by the
software. When the cuff pressure drops below 50 mm Hg, the program will stop
calculating blood pressure.
e. The subject should remain seated and allow data collection to continue for the full 240 s
data-collection period.
12. Enter the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures in Table 2.
13. Click and drag over the area of the heart rate graph where the resting (―baseline‖) heart rate
is displayed (15–40 s). Click the Statistics button, . The Statistics box will appear with the
statistics calculated for the selected region. Record the mean resting heart rate, to the nearest
whole number, in Table 3.
14. Move the statistics brackets to highlight the region of the graph beginning at 40 s (when the
foot was immersed in the ice water bath) and ending at the first peak (see Figure 6). Record
the maximum heart rate value to the nearest whole number in Table 3. In the corresponding
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 3
Figure 6 Figure 7
4. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
Time column record (to the nearest whole number) the x value displayed at the lower left
corner of the graph.
15. Move the Statistics brackets to enclose the region of the graph beginning at the first peak and
ending at the lowest point in the valley that follows (see Figure 7). Record the minimum
heart rate value to the nearest whole number as the Rebound heart rate in Table 3. Record the
x value in the corresponding Time column.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 4
5. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
DATA
Table 1–Baseline Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure
(mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
119 mm Hg 78 mm Hg 135 mm Hg
Table 2–Blood Pressure Response to Cold
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure
(mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
160 101 109
Table 3
Heart rate Time
Condition
(bpm) (s)
Resting heart rate 100 35
Maximum heart rate 140 126
Rebound heart rate 116 138
DATA ANALYSIS
1. Describe the trends that occurred in the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial
pressure, and heart rate with cold stimulus. How might these responses be useful in a
―fight or flight‖ situation?
The systolic pressure trend from just sitting to putting your foot in the cold water was
41mm Hg higher when my foot was in the cold water. Diastolic pressure 23 mm Hg and
mean arterial pressure went down 26mm Hg. This shows that the systolic and diastolic
pressures went up to where the mean arterial pressure went down this would be useful in
fight of flight situations because humans do better with things and are healthier in warm
temperatures.
2. As a vital sign, blood pressure is an indicator of general health. A high blood pressure
(140/90 or higher) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and strokes. Collect the
systolic and diastolic pressures for the class and calculate the average for each. Rate the class
average blood pressure using the follow scale:
Blood Pressure Category
140/90 or higher High
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 5
6. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
120–139/80–89 Pre-hypertension
119/79 or below Normal
The systolic pressure was averaged as 139.5 mm Hg which is a Pre-hypertension.
The Diastolic pressure was averaged as 89.5 mm Hg which is a normal blood pressure.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 6
7. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
3. How long after immersion did your heart rate reach its maximum value? Explain the
physiologic mechanism that led to this change in heart rate.
126 seconds it took to reach the maximum heart rate because your foot built up pressure and kept
getting colder and colder and whenever you take your foot out of the cold water it has to release
the pressure which makes your heart rate go up.
4. Describe the changes in heart rate that occurred after the maximum value. How can you
explain the minimum heart rate value? How would you explain the heart rate variations seen
in the remainder of the experiment?
The minimum heart rate was 100 bpm which was before your foot goes into the water and is
getting ready for the dramatic change in temperature.
5. How long after the maximum heart rate did it take to arrive at your rebound heart rate? What
can you say about the relative speed of physiologic response to a stimulus vs. the speed of
mechanisms that are designed to maintain homeostasis?
It took 12 seconds to get back to the rebound heart rate because the foot couldn’t go from cold to
warm again in less than a couple seconds it had to maintain homeostasis but it took a little
longer to do so.
6. If the heart rate is too slow there is inadequate blood pressure to maintain perfusion to the
brain. This can lead to loss of consciousness (fainting). Keeping in mind the autonomic
nervous system responses that you observed in this experiment, explain the sequence of
events that results in a severely frightened person fainting.
The heart rate starts as normal but builds up to get ready for the change in temperature this leads
to the foot needing to maintain homeostasis and having to warm back up after the foot is out.
Sometimes this doesn’t happen which leads someone into fainting.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 7