This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removing the foot, measurements show heart rate and blood pressure returning to normal as homeostasis is restored. The experiment demonstrates the body's physiological response to stressors and its ability to maintain normal function.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Maximum and rebound heart rates are analyzed to understand the body's response to stress and its ability to maintain homeostasis. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change acutely in a "fight or flight" situation and the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating physiological responses.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining the importance of heart rate as a medical indicator. It then describes the invention of the sphygmomanometer for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The document outlines how blood pressure is measured and the relationship between blood pressure, heart rate, and the nervous system. An experiment is described where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and during cold water immersion of the foot to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It describes how heart rate and blood pressure change in response to stressors like cold exposure, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. The experiment measures baseline heart rate and blood pressure, then heart rate and blood pressure response when a subject submerges their foot in ice water. Results show increases in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate in response to cold exposure.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining that heart rate has long been recognized as a vital sign that provides clues about medical conditions. It describes how blood pressure is also an important vital sign and how the invention of the sphygmomanometer allowed non-invasive blood pressure measurements. The document then explains the relationship between heart rate, blood pressure, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It presents an experiment where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and after exposure to a cold water stimulus, intended to activate the sympathetic nervous system. Tables show the participants' baseline and post-stimulus blood pressure and heart rate values.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure responses to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersing the foot activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Maximum heart rate, time to reach maximum, and rebound heart rate are recorded from the graph. The experiment allows observation of sympathetic nervous system activation during cold exposure.
The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate and blood pressure. It describes an experiment where participants' baseline blood pressure and heart rate are measured, then measured again after exercise. Key findings include:
1. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure both increased with exercise, while diastolic pressure remained the same.
2. Cardiac output increased due to both a higher heart rate and assumed increase in stroke volume.
3. Recovery time provided information about participants' relative fitness levels.
The document discusses how exercise impacts heart rate and blood pressure. It found that exercise caused an increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures as well as heart rate. The subject's resting heart rate was 105 bpm and increased 58% to 180 bpm with exercise. Their recovery time of 65 seconds was longer than another student's 38 seconds, as expected given their higher maximum heart rate of 180 bpm compared to the other student's 91 bpm.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersion causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removal from the cold, heart rate decreases but remains elevated before gradually returning to baseline. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change during sympathetic nervous system activation in a "fight or flight" response.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded, then the subject submerges their foot in ice water while continuous measurements are taken. This causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Maximum and rebound heart rates are analyzed to understand the body's response to stress and its ability to maintain homeostasis. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change acutely in a "fight or flight" situation and the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating physiological responses.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining the importance of heart rate as a medical indicator. It then describes the invention of the sphygmomanometer for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The document outlines how blood pressure is measured and the relationship between blood pressure, heart rate, and the nervous system. An experiment is described where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and during cold water immersion of the foot to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It describes how heart rate and blood pressure change in response to stressors like cold exposure, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. The experiment measures baseline heart rate and blood pressure, then heart rate and blood pressure response when a subject submerges their foot in ice water. Results show increases in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate in response to cold exposure.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs. It begins by explaining that heart rate has long been recognized as a vital sign that provides clues about medical conditions. It describes how blood pressure is also an important vital sign and how the invention of the sphygmomanometer allowed non-invasive blood pressure measurements. The document then explains the relationship between heart rate, blood pressure, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It presents an experiment where participants' heart rate and blood pressure responses are measured before and after exposure to a cold water stimulus, intended to activate the sympathetic nervous system. Tables show the participants' baseline and post-stimulus blood pressure and heart rate values.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure responses to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersing the foot activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Maximum heart rate, time to reach maximum, and rebound heart rate are recorded from the graph. The experiment allows observation of sympathetic nervous system activation during cold exposure.
The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate and blood pressure. It describes an experiment where participants' baseline blood pressure and heart rate are measured, then measured again after exercise. Key findings include:
1. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure both increased with exercise, while diastolic pressure remained the same.
2. Cardiac output increased due to both a higher heart rate and assumed increase in stroke volume.
3. Recovery time provided information about participants' relative fitness levels.
The document discusses how exercise impacts heart rate and blood pressure. It found that exercise caused an increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures as well as heart rate. The subject's resting heart rate was 105 bpm and increased 58% to 180 bpm with exercise. Their recovery time of 65 seconds was longer than another student's 38 seconds, as expected given their higher maximum heart rate of 180 bpm compared to the other student's 91 bpm.
This document describes an experiment that measures heart rate and blood pressure in response to cold stimulus. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure are recorded before immersing a foot in ice water. Immersion causes heart rate and blood pressure to increase through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. After removal from the cold, heart rate decreases but remains elevated before gradually returning to baseline. The experiment demonstrates how vital signs change during sympathetic nervous system activation in a "fight or flight" response.
1. The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate, blood pressure, and the cardiovascular system. It describes how the heart rate and strength of contractions increase to elevate cardiac output and blood pressure during exercise.
2. The experiment measures subjects' baseline and post-exercise heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and calculates recovery time. There are increases in all blood pressure readings and heart rate after exercise.
3. Cardiac output is calculated from changes in stroke volume and heart rate between rest and exercise. It increases with exercise as the heart pumps more blood per minute to meet skeletal muscle demands.
The lab report summarizes experiments measuring heart rate and blood pressure responses to stimuli. Baseline measurements were taken and subjects were exposed to ice water or exercise while vitals were monitored. With ice water, heart rate increased to 140 bpm within 21 seconds then fell to 109 bpm after 11 seconds. Exercise caused increases in blood pressure readings and heart rate up to 153 bpm, falling to 97 bpm within 50 seconds. Data was analyzed to understand autonomic nervous system responses and calculate changes in cardiac output.
The document is a lab report on measuring vital signs (temperature, breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure). It includes:
1) Background information on how the circulatory and respiratory systems work to transport oxygen and remove waste during rest and activity.
2) Procedures for measuring each vital sign, including expected normal ranges.
3) A table of vital signs data collected from subjects.
4) Analysis of the data, including average and standard deviation calculations for each set. Histograms are used to visualize the distributions.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs and their response to exercise. It begins by explaining that heart rate and blood pressure provide clues about a person's health and physiological state. The document then describes how measuring blood pressure became possible in the 19th century with the invention of the sphygmomanometer. Next, it defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and explains how heart rate and blood pressure are interrelated and influenced by the autonomic nervous system. The document goes on to describe an experiment where subjects' heart rate and blood pressure are measured at baseline and after exposure to a cold stimulus to observe the body's fight or flight response. Finally, it discusses how exercise increases cardiac output and the heart
The document contains data tables and analysis of changes in vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) in response to cold water immersion and exercise. Key findings include:
1) Cold water immersion caused increases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, preparing the body for "fight or flight."
2) Exercise similarly increased these vital signs. Cardiac output increased by 5,800 mL/min based on a stroke volume increase from 75 to 100 mL/beat and heart rate change.
3) Recovery heart rate returned to resting levels 20 seconds after reaching maximum, showing homeostasis mechanisms act more slowly than stress responses.
1. The data tables show the subject's baseline blood pressure and heart rate measurements, as well as measurements taken after exercising. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures all increased after exercise, as did heart rate.
2. Cardiac output increased from 2225 mL/min at baseline to 2775 mL/min after exercise due to an increase in stroke volume from 75 mL to 100 mL and a decrease in heart rate from 89 bpm to 71 bpm.
3. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, increased after exercise primarily due to an increase in stroke volume ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
Experiment 1 measured changes in blood pressure and heart rate in response to cold stimulus. Applying ice to the foot caused systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures to increase. Heart rate reached its maximum within 15 seconds then began to decrease but did not return to resting levels. Experiment 2 examined changes with exercise, finding increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, also increased due to exercise primarily affecting systolic pressure. Recovery time provided information about physical fitness levels.
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
please comment
thank you
Methods of measurement of blood pressure in children.
Steps for accurate measurement and how to plot the measurement on charts and compare it with the normal blood pressure percentile with example.
The document discusses how heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs change with exercise and cold stimulus. It provides data on a subject's baseline vital signs, post-exercise vital signs, and heart rate during and after maximum exertion. The document analyzes the data, explaining how factors like increased stroke volume, withdrawal of vagal tone, and increased sympathetic tone lead to higher heart rates and blood pressures during exercise or stress. It also discusses how the autonomic nervous system and homeostatic mechanisms work to return vital signs to normal after exertion or stress.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document describes an experiment where a subject immersed their foot in ice water, measuring changes in their blood pressure and heart rate. Their systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures all increased in response to the cold stimulus. Their heart rate reached a maximum of 106 BPM after 38 seconds, then fell to a rebound rate of 94 BPM after 34 seconds as it returned to homeostasis. The document also discusses an exercise experiment where the subject's blood pressures and heart rate increased with exercise, then recovered within a minute, indicating good physical fitness.
This document describes methods for measuring blood pressure in humans. It discusses both direct measurement using needles in arteries and indirect measurement using a sphygmomanometer. The sphygmomanometer method involves inflating a cuff on the arm and listening with a stethoscope as the cuff is slowly deflated. The sounds heard, called Korotkoff sounds, correspond to systolic and diastolic pressure levels. Precise measurement of both pressures allows physicians to assess a patient's blood pressure.
This document provides information on assessing patients in pre-hospital care settings. It outlines the steps from initially arriving at the scene through transporting the patient to the hospital. These include conducting primary and secondary surveys, monitoring vital signs, providing care and continually reassessing the patient. Specific assessment techniques are described such as evaluating level of consciousness, breathing, circulation, taking a medical history and performing a physical exam including neurological checks, auscultation and measuring pulse, respiratory rate and blood pressure.
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation.
This document discusses vital signs, which are measurements of temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines each vital sign and how it is measured. Normal ranges for adults are provided. Vital signs can be impacted by physical, psychological, disease, infection, trauma, and environmental factors and provide important indications of a patient's well-being and bodily systems.
Respiration and blood pressure are both vital signs that provide important health information. Respiration is the process of breathing that involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. It is assessed by counting the breaths per minute and observing rhythm, depth, and characteristics. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood flow on artery walls and is measured using a sphygmomanometer. It has a normal range but can be impacted by factors like exercise, stress, and medication. Accurately assessing both respiration and blood pressure is important for monitoring patients and identifying any abnormalities.
Fundamental of Nursing 5. : Vital Signs Cont.Parya J. Ahmad
The document discusses vital signs including respiration, blood pressure, and sites for assessing temperature. It describes how to assess respiration by counting breaths per minute and evaluating rhythm and depth. Blood pressure is defined as the force required by the heart to pump blood, with systolic pressure occurring during heartbeats and diastolic pressure between beats. Methods for measuring blood pressure include the auscultatory method using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer as well as the palpatory method. Common sites for assessing temperature include the mouth, axilla, tympanic membrane, rectum, and bladder.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines normal ranges and factors that can affect each vital sign. Abnormalities are identified and interventions are outlined. Assessment techniques and sites are reviewed for each vital sign.
What is arterial blood pressure, types of blood pressure, instruments used to measure blood pressure, blood pressure chart, complications due to blood pressure.
The document discusses how exercise affects the cardiovascular system. It explains that exercise causes an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure as the heart works to meet the increased demand of active muscles. Key measurements taken before and after exercise include systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures as well as heart rate. Comparing these values allows inferences about how cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance change with exercise.
1. The document discusses measuring vital signs like blood pressure and pulse to examine cardiovascular status. It describes how blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
2. The procedure for measuring blood pressure involves inflating the cuff above systolic pressure until the tapping sounds of blood flow are heard, then slowly deflating to get readings for systolic and diastolic pressure.
3. Pulse is measured by feeling the radial artery in the wrist and counting beats over 15 seconds. The document concludes by having students measure blood pressure and pulse at rest and after exercise on classmates, recording the data.
1. The document discusses how exercise affects heart rate, blood pressure, and the cardiovascular system. It describes how the heart rate and strength of contractions increase to elevate cardiac output and blood pressure during exercise.
2. The experiment measures subjects' baseline and post-exercise heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and calculates recovery time. There are increases in all blood pressure readings and heart rate after exercise.
3. Cardiac output is calculated from changes in stroke volume and heart rate between rest and exercise. It increases with exercise as the heart pumps more blood per minute to meet skeletal muscle demands.
The lab report summarizes experiments measuring heart rate and blood pressure responses to stimuli. Baseline measurements were taken and subjects were exposed to ice water or exercise while vitals were monitored. With ice water, heart rate increased to 140 bpm within 21 seconds then fell to 109 bpm after 11 seconds. Exercise caused increases in blood pressure readings and heart rate up to 153 bpm, falling to 97 bpm within 50 seconds. Data was analyzed to understand autonomic nervous system responses and calculate changes in cardiac output.
The document is a lab report on measuring vital signs (temperature, breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure). It includes:
1) Background information on how the circulatory and respiratory systems work to transport oxygen and remove waste during rest and activity.
2) Procedures for measuring each vital sign, including expected normal ranges.
3) A table of vital signs data collected from subjects.
4) Analysis of the data, including average and standard deviation calculations for each set. Histograms are used to visualize the distributions.
This document discusses heart rate and blood pressure as vital signs and their response to exercise. It begins by explaining that heart rate and blood pressure provide clues about a person's health and physiological state. The document then describes how measuring blood pressure became possible in the 19th century with the invention of the sphygmomanometer. Next, it defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and explains how heart rate and blood pressure are interrelated and influenced by the autonomic nervous system. The document goes on to describe an experiment where subjects' heart rate and blood pressure are measured at baseline and after exposure to a cold stimulus to observe the body's fight or flight response. Finally, it discusses how exercise increases cardiac output and the heart
The document contains data tables and analysis of changes in vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) in response to cold water immersion and exercise. Key findings include:
1) Cold water immersion caused increases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, preparing the body for "fight or flight."
2) Exercise similarly increased these vital signs. Cardiac output increased by 5,800 mL/min based on a stroke volume increase from 75 to 100 mL/beat and heart rate change.
3) Recovery heart rate returned to resting levels 20 seconds after reaching maximum, showing homeostasis mechanisms act more slowly than stress responses.
1. The data tables show the subject's baseline blood pressure and heart rate measurements, as well as measurements taken after exercising. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures all increased after exercise, as did heart rate.
2. Cardiac output increased from 2225 mL/min at baseline to 2775 mL/min after exercise due to an increase in stroke volume from 75 mL to 100 mL and a decrease in heart rate from 89 bpm to 71 bpm.
3. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, increased after exercise primarily due to an increase in stroke volume ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
Experiment 1 measured changes in blood pressure and heart rate in response to cold stimulus. Applying ice to the foot caused systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures to increase. Heart rate reached its maximum within 15 seconds then began to decrease but did not return to resting levels. Experiment 2 examined changes with exercise, finding increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, also increased due to exercise primarily affecting systolic pressure. Recovery time provided information about physical fitness levels.
this is a detailed study on blood pressure measurement on clinical watching , methods , equipment's , common problems ,and all major aspects of blood pressure measurement is mentioned in detail .
please comment
thank you
Methods of measurement of blood pressure in children.
Steps for accurate measurement and how to plot the measurement on charts and compare it with the normal blood pressure percentile with example.
The document discusses how heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs change with exercise and cold stimulus. It provides data on a subject's baseline vital signs, post-exercise vital signs, and heart rate during and after maximum exertion. The document analyzes the data, explaining how factors like increased stroke volume, withdrawal of vagal tone, and increased sympathetic tone lead to higher heart rates and blood pressures during exercise or stress. It also discusses how the autonomic nervous system and homeostatic mechanisms work to return vital signs to normal after exertion or stress.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which includes an inflatable cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the artery is compressed. As the cuff deflates slowly, sounds known as Korotkoff sounds can be heard through the stethoscope. The first sound indicates systolic pressure when the heart contracts, and the disappearance of sounds indicates diastolic pressure when the heart relaxes. Blood pressure provides important health information and is used to diagnose and monitor conditions like hypertension.
The document describes an experiment where a subject immersed their foot in ice water, measuring changes in their blood pressure and heart rate. Their systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures all increased in response to the cold stimulus. Their heart rate reached a maximum of 106 BPM after 38 seconds, then fell to a rebound rate of 94 BPM after 34 seconds as it returned to homeostasis. The document also discusses an exercise experiment where the subject's blood pressures and heart rate increased with exercise, then recovered within a minute, indicating good physical fitness.
This document describes methods for measuring blood pressure in humans. It discusses both direct measurement using needles in arteries and indirect measurement using a sphygmomanometer. The sphygmomanometer method involves inflating a cuff on the arm and listening with a stethoscope as the cuff is slowly deflated. The sounds heard, called Korotkoff sounds, correspond to systolic and diastolic pressure levels. Precise measurement of both pressures allows physicians to assess a patient's blood pressure.
This document provides information on assessing patients in pre-hospital care settings. It outlines the steps from initially arriving at the scene through transporting the patient to the hospital. These include conducting primary and secondary surveys, monitoring vital signs, providing care and continually reassessing the patient. Specific assessment techniques are described such as evaluating level of consciousness, breathing, circulation, taking a medical history and performing a physical exam including neurological checks, auscultation and measuring pulse, respiratory rate and blood pressure.
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation.
This document discusses vital signs, which are measurements of temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines each vital sign and how it is measured. Normal ranges for adults are provided. Vital signs can be impacted by physical, psychological, disease, infection, trauma, and environmental factors and provide important indications of a patient's well-being and bodily systems.
Respiration and blood pressure are both vital signs that provide important health information. Respiration is the process of breathing that involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. It is assessed by counting the breaths per minute and observing rhythm, depth, and characteristics. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood flow on artery walls and is measured using a sphygmomanometer. It has a normal range but can be impacted by factors like exercise, stress, and medication. Accurately assessing both respiration and blood pressure is important for monitoring patients and identifying any abnormalities.
Fundamental of Nursing 5. : Vital Signs Cont.Parya J. Ahmad
The document discusses vital signs including respiration, blood pressure, and sites for assessing temperature. It describes how to assess respiration by counting breaths per minute and evaluating rhythm and depth. Blood pressure is defined as the force required by the heart to pump blood, with systolic pressure occurring during heartbeats and diastolic pressure between beats. Methods for measuring blood pressure include the auscultatory method using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer as well as the palpatory method. Common sites for assessing temperature include the mouth, axilla, tympanic membrane, rectum, and bladder.
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It defines normal ranges and factors that can affect each vital sign. Abnormalities are identified and interventions are outlined. Assessment techniques and sites are reviewed for each vital sign.
What is arterial blood pressure, types of blood pressure, instruments used to measure blood pressure, blood pressure chart, complications due to blood pressure.
The document discusses how exercise affects the cardiovascular system. It explains that exercise causes an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure as the heart works to meet the increased demand of active muscles. Key measurements taken before and after exercise include systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures as well as heart rate. Comparing these values allows inferences about how cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance change with exercise.
1. The document discusses measuring vital signs like blood pressure and pulse to examine cardiovascular status. It describes how blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
2. The procedure for measuring blood pressure involves inflating the cuff above systolic pressure until the tapping sounds of blood flow are heard, then slowly deflating to get readings for systolic and diastolic pressure.
3. Pulse is measured by feeling the radial artery in the wrist and counting beats over 15 seconds. The document concludes by having students measure blood pressure and pulse at rest and after exercise on classmates, recording the data.
The document contains data tables and analysis of blood pressure and heart rate responses to exercise. Table 1 shows baseline blood pressure readings. Table 2 shows increases in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure after exercise. Table 3 lists heart rates at rest, maximum exertion, and recovery. Analysis explains trends of increased blood pressure and heart rate in response to exercise to increase cardiac output. Pulse pressure increases due to higher systolic pressure from exercise. Recovery time relates to fitness level. Congestive heart failure causes faster heart rates to compensate for weaker pumping. Medicines can regulate abnormal heart rates.
The document contains data tables and analysis of blood pressure and heart rate responses to exercise. Table 1 shows baseline blood pressure readings. Table 2 shows readings after exercise, with increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. Table 3 lists heart rates at rest, maximum, and recovery. Analysis calculates changes in cardiac output and pulse pressure with exercise. It compares the subject's heart rates and recovery time to classmates and discusses expected responses in heart conditions like congestive heart failure.
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Get This Book!.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Get This Book!
Page by: OpenStax
Summary
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· Distinguish between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure
· Describe the clinical measurement of pulse and blood pressure
· Identify and discuss five variables affecting arterial blood flow and blood pressure
· Discuss several factors affecting blood flow in the venous system
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
As noted earlier, hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid due to gravitational pull, usually against the wall of the container in which it is located. One form of hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure, the force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart. Blood pressure may be measured in capillaries and veins, as well as the vessels of the pulmonary circulation; however, the term blood pressure without any specific descriptors typically refers to systemic arterial blood pressure—that is, the pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation. In clinical practice, this pressure is measured in mm Hg and is usually obtained using the brachial artery of the arm.
Components of Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure in the larger vessels consists of several distinct components (Figure): systolic and diastolic pressures, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
When systemic arterial blood pressure is measured, it is recorded as a ratio of two numbers (e.g., 120/80 is a normal adult blood pressure), expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.
Systemic Blood Pressure
The graph shows the components of blood pressure throughout the blood vessels, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures.
Pulse Pressure
As shown in Figure, the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure is the pulse pressure. For example, an indivi ...
The force of circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is taken using two measurements: systolic (measured when the heart beats, when blood pressure is at its highest) and diastolic (measured between heart beats, when blood pressure is at its lowest).A blood pressure measurement is a test that measures the force (pressure) in your arteries as your heart pumps. Blood pressure is measured as two numbers: Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats.
The document provides information on measuring blood pressure, including:
- Defining systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the pressure when the heart contracts and relaxes. Normal ranges are less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Explaining methods of measurement, including using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope on the brachial artery. Factors that can affect readings are also discussed."
This document discusses vital signs and provides detailed information about assessing and interpreting blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, describes the equipment used for measurement including sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes, identifies assessment sites on the body, explains Korotkoff sounds heard during measurement, outlines the procedure for taking a reading, and reviews factors that can affect blood pressure values. Abnormal readings and variations like auscultatory gaps are also addressed.
This lab examines cardiovascular and respiratory variables like heart sounds and blood pressure. Students will listen to their partner's heart sounds at different areas of the chest to identify the four major sounds. They will also measure their partner's blood pressure using both palpation and auscultation methods at rest and while changing positions to observe postural effects. The document provides background on heart sounds, blood pressure components, and procedures for accurately measuring blood pressure.
This document provides instructions on measuring and interpreting vital signs including temperature, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure. Key steps are outlined for properly measuring each vital sign, such as counting respirations for 15 seconds and multiplying by 4. Normal ranges are given for each sign with notes on abnormal readings. Blood pressure classification ranges from normal to hypertensive are also provided.
The document discusses the physiology of the cardiovascular system, specifically arterial blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. It describes the functions of arterial blood pressure in maintaining tissue perfusion and capillary hydrostatic pressure. It also discusses various physiological variations in arterial blood pressure related to factors like age, sex, body region, meals, exercise, sleep, emotions, temperature, position, and respiration. Finally, it outlines the rapid mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure, including the baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor mechanism, central nervous system ischemic mechanism, adrenal medulla hormones, and antidiuretic hormone.
This document discusses blood pressure measurement. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the maximum and minimum pressures in the arteries. It describes Korotkoff sounds which are used to measure blood pressure. It explains the normal blood pressure range and the different methods for measuring blood pressure directly and indirectly. It emphasizes the importance of properly maintaining equipment and using appropriate techniques for accurate measurement.
Cardiac output as you know is made up of heart rate and stroke volume. At rest, these are relatively constant however with exercise the heart beats faster, and more blood is pumped out with each beat. These factors both contribute to a rise in BP, as would any other factor that caused the heart to speed up
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
This document describes an experiment to measure changes in respiratory parameters in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The experiment uses a spirometer interfaced with a computer to collect tidal volume data before, during, and after each challenge. Key respiratory measurements - tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation - are recorded and compared between the different conditions to observe how respiration is altered to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels.
This document discusses various cardiovascular measurements. It begins by describing the objectives of learning about measurements like ECG, blood pressure, and cardiac measurements. It then focuses on describing methods of measuring cardiac function, including blood pressure, electrocardiogram, stress tests, and angiography. The document provides detailed information about indirect and direct blood pressure measurement techniques, such as using a sphygmomanometer, catheterization, and percutaneous insertion. It discusses measuring locations like the arterial, venous and pulmonary systems. In closing, it briefly overview's heart anatomy.
The document contains 3 tables that report blood pressure and heart rate measurements from 2 experiments. Table 1 shows baseline blood pressure measurements. Table 2 shows blood pressure responses to exercise, with increased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures. Table 3 shows heart rate measurements at rest, maximum during exercise, and time taken to recover. The summaries show that exercise increases heart rate and blood pressure, and it takes longer for the body to return to normal resting levels after stress.
The document contains 3 tables that report blood pressure and heart rate measurements from 2 experiments. Table 1 shows baseline measurements. Table 2 shows measurements after exposure to cold water, with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure decreasing, and heart rate increasing. Table 3 shows resting, maximum, and rebound heart rates over time from the cold water experiment.
1. Computer
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
10
as Vital Signs
Since the earliest days of medicine heart rate has been recognized as a vital sign—an indicator of
health, disease, excitement, and stress. Medical personnel use the heart rate to provide clues as to
the presence of many medical conditions. Reflex changes in heart rate are one of the body’s most
basic mechanisms for maintaining proper perfusion to the brain and other tissues. Low blood
volume caused by bleeding or dehydration results in the heart beating faster as it attempts to
maintain adequate blood pressure. Excitement, stress, and anxiety activate the nervous system,
which may also speed the heart rate and raise blood pressure.
By the second half of the 19th century a non-invasive method for measuring blood pressure had
been invented. Called a sphygmomanometer, this instrument is still in use today allowing us to
measure this important vital sign.
Blood pressure is a measure of the changing fluid pressure within the circulatory system. It
varies from a peak pressure produced by contraction of the left ventricle, to a low pressure,
which is maintained by closure of the aortic valve and elastic recoil of the arterial system. The
peak pressure is called systole, and the pressure that is maintained even while the left ventricle is
relaxing is called diastole.
Blood pressure and heart rate are interrelated, and both are influenced by the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic activation raises blood pressure in addition to
pulse. After an initial activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the increase in blood
pressure stretches nerve fibers in the baroreceptors (see Figure 1). This results in a reflex
activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which, through actions opposite to those of the
sympathetic nervous system, helps to restore homeostasis.
In this experiment, you will observe how the heart and circulatory system respond to cold
stimulus applied peripherally. Cold will act as a noxious stimulus, activating the ―fight or flight‖
response through the sympathetic nervous system.
Figure 1
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 1
2. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
Obtain graphical representation of heart rate and blood pressure.
Compare heart rate and blood pressure before and after exposure to cold stimulus.
Observe an example of sympathetic nervous system activation (―fight or flight response‖).
MATERIALS
computer Vernier Blood Pressure Sensor
Vernier computer interface ice water bath
Logger Pro towel
Vernier Hand-Grip Heart Rate Monitor or saline solution in dropper bottle
Vernier Exercise Heart Rate Monitor (only for use with Exercise HR Monitor)
PROCEDURE
Part I Baseline Blood Pressure Determination
1. Connect the Blood Pressure Sensor to Channel 1 of the Vernier computer interface. There are
two rubber tubes connected to the pressure cuff. One tube has a black Luer-lock connector at
the end and the other tube has a bulb pump attached. Connect the Luer-lock connector to the
stem on the Blood Pressure Sensor with a gentle half turn if it is not already attached.
2. Open the file ―10a Heart Rate and BP‖ from the Human Physiology with
Vernier folder.
3. Attach the Blood Pressure cuff firmly around the upper arm, approximately
2 cm above the elbow. The two rubber hoses from the cuff should be
positioned over the biceps muscle (brachial artery) and not under the arm
(see Figure 2).
4. Have the subject sit quietly in a chair with forearms resting on his/her lap,
or on a table surface. The person having his or her blood pressure
measured must remain still during data collection; there should be no
movement of the arm or hand during measurements.
Figure 2
5. Click to begin data collection. Immediately begin to pump until the
cuff pressure reaches at least 160 mm Hg. Stop pumping. The cuff will slowly deflate and the
pressure will fall. During this time, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and the
pulse will be calculated by the software. These values will be displayed on the computer
screen. When the cuff pressure drops below 50 mm Hg, the program will stop calculating
blood pressure. At this point, you can terminate data collection by clicking . Release
the pressure from the cuff, but do not remove it.
6. Enter the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures in Table 1.
Part II Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Cold
7. Connect the receiver module of the Heart Rate Monitor to Channel 2 of the Vernier computer
interface. Open the file ―10b Heart Rate and BP‖ from the Human Physiology with
Vernierfolder.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 2
3. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
8. Set an ice water bath on the floor, next to the subject’s feet.
9. Prepare to collect data.
a. Sit in a chair.
b. Prepare to submerge your foot in the ice water bath by removing your shoe and sock.
c. Position your foot adjacent to the ice water bath, but do not put it in the bath yet.
10. Set up the Heart Rate Monitor. Follow the directions for your type of Heart Rate Monitor.
Using a Hand-Grip Heart Rate Monitor
a. The receiver and one of the handles are marked with a
white alignment arrow as shown in Figure 3. Locate
these two arrows.
b. Have the subject grasp the handles of the Hand-Grip
Heart Rate Monitor so that their fingers are in the
reference areas indicated in Figure 4. Hold the handles
vertically.
c. Have someone else hold the receiver near the handles
so that the two alignment arrows are pointing in the
same direction and are at approximately the same Figure 3 Figure 4
height as shown in Figure 3.Note: The receiver must
stay within 60 cm of the handles during data collection.
11. With the subject sitting quietly, click to begin data collection.
a. At 40 s, instruct the subject to submerge his/her foot in the ice water bath.
b. Immediately pump the bulb pump of the Blood Pressure Sensor until the cuff pressure
reaches at least 160 mm Hg. Stop pumping.
c. At 70 s instruct the subject to remove his/her foot from the ice water bath.
d. As data collection continues, the cuff will slowly deflate and the pressure will fall. During
this time, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures will be calculated by the
software. When the cuff pressure drops below 50 mm Hg, the program will stop
calculating blood pressure.
e. The subject should remain seated and allow data collection to continue for the full 240 s
data-collection period.
12. Enter the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures in Table 2.
13. Click and drag over the area of the heart rate graph where the resting (―baseline‖) heart rate
is displayed (15–40 s). Click the Statistics button, . The Statistics box will appear with the
statistics calculated for the selected region. Record the mean resting heart rate, to the nearest
whole number, in Table 3.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 3
4. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
14. Move the statistics brackets to highlight the region of the graph beginning at 40 s (when the
foot was immersed in the ice water bath) and ending at the first peak (see Figure 6). Record
the maximum heart rate value to the nearest whole number in Table 3. In the corresponding
Time column record (to the nearest whole number) the x value displayed at the lower left
corner of the graph.
Figure 6 Figure 7
15. Move the Statistics brackets to enclose the region of the graph beginning at the first peak and
ending at the lowest point in the valley that follows (see Figure 7). Record the minimum
heart rate value to the nearest whole number as the Rebound heart rate in Table 3. Record the
x value in the corresponding Time column.
Human Physiology with Vernier 10 - 4
5. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
DATA
Table 1–Baseline Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure
(mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
115 59 86
Table 2–Blood Pressure Response to Cold
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure
(mm Hg) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
135 68 72
Table 3
Heart rate Time
Condition
(bpm) (s)
Resting heart rate 120.7
Maximum heart rate 142 20
Rebound heart rate 105 90
DATA ANALYSIS
1. Describe the trends that occurred in the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial
pressure, and heart rate with cold stimulus. How might these responses be useful in ―fight or
flight‖ situation?
With the cold stimulus, the systolic pressure increased, while the diastolic pressure decreased as
well as the mean arterial pressure. In a fight or flight situation, these responses would be
useful in that they would regulate the body temperature and adrenaline to kick in causing the
body to react in a fast manner.
2. As a vital sign, blood pressure is an indicator of general health. A high blood pressure
(140/90 or higher) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and strokes. Collect the
systolic and diastolic pressures for the class and calculate the average for each. Rate the class
average blood pressure using the follow scale:
Blood Pressure Category
140/90 or higher High
120–139/80–89 Pre-hypertension
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6. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure as Vital Signs
119/79 or below Normal
The majority of the class’ blood pressure lied in the normal category and a few resulted in the
pre-hypertension category. After collecting 10 different classmate’s diastolic and systolic
pressure’s, the average for diastolic pressure was 84 while the average for systolic was 160.
3. How long after immersion did your heart rate reach its maximum value? Explain the
physiologic mechanism that led to this change in heart rate.
It took 20 seconds for the heart rate to reach its maximum value. This change in heart rate is
because of the body’s reaction to the ice which caused the heart to beat faster, which then
results in the length of time after each heart beat to decrease.
4. Describe the changes in heart rate that occurred after the maximum value. How can you
explain the minimum heart rate value? How would you explain the heart rate variations seen in
the remainder of the experiment?
The heart rate decreased 37 bmp after the maximum value because the heart was going back to a
regular heart rate after being shocked by the cold temperature. The minimum heart rate is the
normal rate of the heart before it was altered by the ice. The heart rate variations explain
what happens to our bodies when we are put in drastic situations in this case the foot in the
ice it causes our heart rate to increase and our heart to work more in order to maintain a
steady heart rate.
5. How long after the maximum heart rate did it take to arrive at your rebound heart rate? What
can you say about the relative speed of physiologic response to a stimulus vs. the speed of
mechanisms that are designed to maintain homeostasis?
It took 90s in order for my heart rate to decrease from my maximum heart rate to my rebound
heart rate. The speed of physiologic response to stimulus is faster than that of the speed of
mechanisms that are designed to maintain homeostasis because my physiologic response
immediately affects my heart rate and blood pressure whereas the speed of mechanisms that
are designed to maintain homeostasis take place after my blood pressure and heart rate have
risen and began pumping that blood faster to maintain homeostasis.
6. If the heart rate is too slow there is inadequate blood pressure to maintain perfusion to the
brain. This can lead to loss of consciousness (fainting). Keeping in mind the autonomic
nervous system responses that you observed in this experiment, explain the sequence of
events that results in a severely frightened person fainting.
If you become extremely frightened, your ANS will stimulate the vessels in your muscles of your
body preparing you to "fight or flight." Basically, you are expanding the amount of blood and
oxygen for your limbs to use to help you either escape your frightening situation or fight back.
However, sometimes people soil themselves because the dilation of your vessels below your
head can lower the ultimate blood pressure throughout your circulatory system. If the blood
pressure becomes low enough, this causes your brain to receive less oxygen and therefore you
pass out.
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