How the U.S. Banking Structure Compares to the Rest of the WorldFo.pdf

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How the U.S. Banking Structure Compares to the Rest of the World Foreigners arriving in the United States are often overwhelmed by the number and kinds of financial institutions that exist. The structure of the banking industry in the United States is quite different from that of other industrialized countries. America is the only country that does not have a true national banking system in which a relatively small number of banks have a large number of branches located throughout the country. The reason is that the U.S. banking system is governed by both federal and state regulations. Until the Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Act was passed in 1994, interstate banking was prohibited. As a result, the United States has nearly 12 times the number of banks that other industrialized countries have. Japan has only about 1 percent as many commercial banks as the United States. (Note that means separate legal entities, not branches or offices.) Because the United States has more banks, they are usually smaller than those in the rest of the world. And U.S. banks may become even smaller in a relative sense as banks in the European Union (EU) increasingly offer complete banking services throughout all of the EU countries. In addition, the EU has allowed universal banking—the right of banks to offer a complete line of banking-related services and to own shares of stock in other companies since 1988. In 1999, U.S. banks were allowed to engage in universal banking. (A) Why do you think that U.S. banking laws were changed? Solution In the U.S there are so many commercial banks because a single bank can’t operate between states. Interstate banking is not legalized there. Universal banking like acquiring shares and offering other services were also prohibited in the country. But the things are changed now, because banks are allowed to engage in universal acts and services since the year 1999. It indicates the changing of banking laws in the country..

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76 CHAPTER 4 Federal Reserve System L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: LO 4.1 Discuss how the Federal Reserve System (Fed) responded to the recent fi nancial crisis and Great Recession. LO 4.2 Identify three weaknesses of the national banking system that existed before the Federal Reserve System was created. LO 4.3 Describe the Federal Reserve System and identify the fi ve major components into which it is organized. LO 4.4 Identify and describe the policy instruments used by the Fed to carry out monetary policy. LO 4.5 Discuss the Fed’s supervisory and regulatory functions. LO 4.6 Identify important Fed service functions. LO 4.7 Identify specifi c examples of foreign countries that use central banking systems to regulate money supply and implement monetary policy. W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . . In Chapter 3 we discussed the types and roles of fi nancial institutions that have evolved in the United States to meet the needs of individuals and businesses and help the fi nancial system operate effi ciently. We also described the traditional diff erences between commercial banking and investment banking, followed by coverage of the functions of banks (all depository institutions) and the banking system. By now you also should have an understanding of the structure and chartering of commercial banks, the availability of branch banking, and the use of bank holding companies. You also should now have a basic understanding of the bank balance sheet and how the bank management process is carried out in terms of liquidity and capital management. Selected information also was provided on international banking and several foreign banking systems. W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . . The last two chapters in Part 1 address the role of policy makers in the fi nancial system and how international trade and fi nance infl uence the U.S. fi nancial system. In Chapter 5 you will have the opportunity to review economic objectives that direct policy-making activities. We Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4.1 U.S. Central Bank Response to the Financial Crisis and Great Recession 77 then briefl y review fi scal policy and how it is administered through taxation and expenditure plans. This is followed by a discussion of the policy instruments employed by the U.S. Treasury and how the Treasury carries out its debt management activities. You will then see how the money supply is changed by the banking system, as well as develop an understanding of the factors that aff ect bank reserves. The monetary base and the money multiplier also will be described and discussed. Chapter 6 focuses on how currency exchange rates are determined and how international trade is fi nanced. H O W T H I S C H A P T E R A P P L I E S T O M E . . . Actions taken by the Fed impact your ability to borrow money and the cost of, or i.

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The US had a national bank during the first few decades after its birth before it was abolished. Today, we have the Federal Reserve. What are the differences between the Federal Reserve and a National Bank (specifically, with regard to their intervention policies and powers for acting within the economy)? Solution The two Banks of the United States (the First and Second) were nothing like the modern Federal Reserve system. For example, the First was prohibited from buying government bonds (one of the main roles of the Federal Reserve system is to buy and sell government bonds). Further, neither of the national banks had any role in regulating the banking system. They were simply the only interstate banks allowed. All other banks had to be confined to one state. The national banks primary impact on the money supply was to require smaller banks to pay them in silver and gold to redeem checks deposited in the national banks. By contrast, the Federal Reserve system actively regulates banks, requiring them to maintain a percentage of their deposits as reserves. It actively sets two rates: the rate at which it loans money to banks to cover reserve shortages (called the discount rate) and the rate it pays on excess reserves. The latter power is relatively new. Previously the Federal Reserve did not pay interest on excess reserves. The Federal Reserve also sets a target for the funds rate, which is the average rate at which banks loan money to each other. The funds rate target is what most people mean when they refer to the Federal Reserve setting interest rates. The Federal Reserve has two main ways to affect the funds rate. First, it publishes a target rate for the average. Second, it buys and sells government bonds in what are called open market operations. When it buys bonds, it adds money to the system, reducing the number of banks that need to borrow and increasing the number of those with money to lend. This pushes the average rate to fall, as there are more lenders and fewer borrowers. When it sells bonds, it pulls money from the system, reducing the number of banks with money to lend. The Federal Reserve can also compete with lenders by loaning money to banks at the discount rate. This decreases the number of banks looking to borrow from other banks, which would push rates down. It rarely does this however. Most banks prefer to borrow from other banks, as there are fewer restrictions. The Federal Reserve also has two ways to influence how much banks keep in reserve. First, it sets an explicit reserve requirement. Every bank must keep that much in reserve. Second, it can pay interest on excess reserves. The higher that rate, the more likely banks are to keep excess reserves instead of loaning them to individuals, companies, or other banks. This would push up the funds rate average, as fewer banks loan. Again, the two Banks of the United States were not central banks the way that the Federal Reserve is. Yes, they could print banknotes, but so .

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1. Research Topic: Research the problem of livelock in a networked environment. Describe how its consequences differ from those of deadlock, and give a real-life example of the problem that’s not mentioned in this chapter. Identify at least two different methods the operating system could use to detect and resolve livelock. Cite your sources. Solution A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing. Livelock is a special case of resource starvation; the general definition only states that a specific process is not progressing. A real-world example of livelock occurs when two people meet in a narrow corridor, and each tries to be polite by moving aside to let the other pass, but they end up swaying from side to side without making any progress because they both repeatedly move the same way at the same time. Livelock is a risk with some algorithms that detect and recover from deadlock. If more than one process takes action, the deadlock detection algorithm can be repeatedly triggered. This can be avoided by ensuring that only one process (chosen randomly or by priority) takes action. Source is from wikipedia , Deadlock Methos to detect and resolve livelock : 1. Limiting interupt arrival rates. 2. Polling to provide fairness. Polling and auditing are the best methods to detect for livelock. In a multiprocessor environment, detecting a timeout would quickly throw the flag that a livelock has occured. Once detected, Having an established master CPU resolve the livelock and redistribute to slaves in a pre-emptive measure would be a relatively graceful way to reach a solution..

1. Research Topic Research the problem of livelock in a networked e.pdf

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While George travels for two months, Mary agrees to house and care for George’s three horses at her stables. The parties agree that Mary will pick up the horses on the first day of George’s trip and George will pay Mary when he returns. George returns home from his travels and finds that Mary never picked up the horses. George sues. What result? a. The court will apply common law and Mary will lose. b. The court will apply the UCC and Mary will lose. c. The court will apply common law and Mary will win. d. The court will apply the UCC and Mary will win. Chef Jacquie is scheduled to teach a cooking class to three students. The class tuition is $1,100 per student. In the class each student cooks a French meal under Jacquie’s expert supervision, and receives a cookbook (worth $30) and a cooking pan (worth $150). Tory, one of the students, tells Jacquie the day before the class that she will be unable to attend and requests a refund. Jacquie denies the refund and Tory sues. Tory claims that the UCC should govern the contract, and Jacquie argues that it should be covered by the common law. Who is right? d. Jacquie, because the agreement was a bilateral contract Olivia agrees that she will bring Desiree a cherry pie every Monday for a month in exchange for $15 per week. Olivia delivers a pie to Desiree for four weeks, and Desiree pays her each time. Olivia continues to deliver Desiree pies every Monday, and Olivia continues to pay, for another five weeks. On the tenth week, Olivia brings a pie and Desiree refuses to pay. Olivia sues for payment. What result? d. Olivia will win. The court will rule that they had an implied contract. Interactive Data Corp. hired Foley as an assistant product manager, and over the next six years Interactive steadily promoted him. Interactive officers repeatedly told Foley that he would have his job as long as his performance was adequate. They also distributed an employee handbook that specified termination guidelines that included a mandatory seven-step pre-termination procedure. Foley learned that his supervisor was under investigation by the FBI, and he told Interactive officers. Shortly thereafter, Interactive fired Foley. He sued, claiming that Interactive could only fire him for good cause, after the seven-step procedure. Who wins?a. Tory, because everyone in the class receives a cookbook, pan and food.b. Tory, because the cost of the class was more than $500.c. Jacquie, because the class is primarily a service. d. Jacquie, because the agreement was a bilateral contract Olivia agrees that she will bring Desiree a cherry pie every Monday for a month in exchange for $15 per week. Olivia delivers a pie to Desiree for four weeks, and Desiree pays her each time. Olivia continues to deliver Desiree pies every Monday, and Olivia continues to pay, for another five weeks. On the tenth week, Olivia brings a pie and Desiree refuses to pay. Olivia sues for payment. What result?a. Desiree will win. Olivia assumed the risk of.

While George travels for two months, Mary agrees to house and care f.pdf

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What law mandate SMEs in Ghana; Small and Medium-size Enterprises to keep accounting records?. Solution All \'small and medium scale enterprises\' (SMEs) , state-owned organisations, and private organisations are required to use the IFRS for SMEs starting with their financial statements for 2010.IFRSs are designed to apply to the general purpose financial statements and other financial reporting of all profit-oriented entities. The International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) is issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).Section 4 sets out the information that is to be presented in a statement of financial position and how to present it. The statement of financial position (sometimes called the balance sheet) presents an entity’s assets, liabilities and equity as of a specific date—the end of the reporting period..

What law mandate SMEs in Ghana; Small and Medium-size Enterprises to.pdf

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What is the leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job and/or technology is present and operating? Solution A substitute is an individual or thing acting or utilized in place of another that renders leadership not only impossible but rather unnecessary.Although it is said that, “For organizational members to increase organizational and personal outcomes, they should be able to obtain both guidance and positive feelings from their work settings and that effective leadership is defined as the ability to supply subordinates with required guidance and good feelings which are not being given by other sources. A substitute like a routine job and/or technology is never , “so strong as to totally overwhelm the leader, or so weak as to need subordinates to rely entirely on him” .Thus a leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job and/or technology is present and operating is to give subordinates with required guidance and positive feelings that the substitute does not provide..

What is the leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job an.pdf

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What function is associated with skeletal muscle cellsA. Some can.pdf

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What is ATP and how does it work Using what youve learned about c.pdf

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